LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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IGNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



ECLECTIC MANUAL, No. i. 



8 YLLi^BUS 

O F 

ECLECTIC MATERIA MEDICA 

AND THERAPEUTICS. 

COMPILED 

FEOM NOTES TAKEN FROM THE LECTURES OF 

FREDERICK J. LOCKE, M. D. 

Dean of Faculty and Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Eclectic 
Medical Institute, Cincinnati, O. 

EDITED, 

WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL ADDITIONS, 

BY 

HARVEY W. FELTER, M. D. 

Demonstrator of Anatomy and Quiz-Master m Chemistry and Pharmacy in the 
Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, O. 



WITH NOTES ON SPECIFIC MEDICINES, 

BY JOHN URI LLOYD, 

Professor of Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Toxicology in the Eclectic Medical 
Institute, Cincinnati, O. 




m 29 1B35 

CINCINNATI. 
JOHN M. SCUDDER'S SONS. ^ J"^ 
1895. 






^% 



V 



Copyright, 1895, by 
FREDERICK J. LOCKE, M. D. 



PRE FACE. 



The urgent demands, repeated from year to year by the 
students and graduates of the Eclectic ^.ledical institute 
who have hstened to the lectures on Materia Mcdica m 
that institution, that Professor Locke shoula prepare a 
work on this subject is the only apology ottered for the 
advent of this book. A short time since, an imperfect, lim- 
ited edition of "Xoteso/i the Lectures oj Proj. Locke" was 
issued by members of the class, and since it has become 
necessary to supplant that work with this one. These 
notes have been corrected and are embodied in this work, 
with many additions. This book is therefore offered merely 
as a series of notes upon the drugs herein considered. 

In many instances it was found necessary to crowd 
much material into one short paragraph, consequently the 
matter is merely presented as fragmentary notes, as few 
words as possible being employed to express the fact in ques- 
tion. The eitort has been to make the subject-matter correct 
and of use to the student rather than a striving after literary 
effect. Therefore many of the notes stand as they were 
gleaned from the lecture. 



4 PREFACE. 

In addition to the therapeutical matter, pharmacological 

notes, including botanical origin, constituents, composition, 

solubilites, etc., together with a preliminary section on forms 

of medicine, have been added by the editor. Our thanks 

are hereby extended to Prof. J. U. lyloyd, who has kindly 

furnished authoritative descriptions of such specific medicines 

as differ markedly in physical properties from other fluid 

preparations of similar drugs. Fluid preparations herein 

mentioned, when not otherwise specified, refer to the 

Eclectic Specific Medicines. 

H. w. F. 
Cincinnati, O., April 15, 1895. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Materia Medica treats of medicines in all their relations — 
their origin, modes of preparation, and their action on the 
animal economy. 

Therapeutics treats of the application of medicines for 
the prevention or cure of disease. Therapeutics may be 
empirical or rational. 

When we administer a remedy in a given pathological 
condition, because we have known it to succeed in like con- 
ditions, while at the same time the manner in which it acts 
is not well understood, we give it empirically . 

When we give a remedy with a knowledge of its physio- 
logical action, to antagonize a certain morbid condition, we 
give it on the rational plan. 

Therapeutics and pathology are so intimately connected, 
that unless the latter be well understood, theoreticall}^ as 
well as practically, it is almost impossible to be a good the- 
rapeutist ; hence the therapeutist takes cognizance of the 
morbid processes existing — the pathology of the disease — 
and the physiological and therapeutical effects of remedies. 

Action of Medicines — The action of all medicines is 
ph^^sical, vital, or chemical; or a medicine may act in all 
three of these ways. The influence of all medicines is, to 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

a great extent, vital, for their action could only be exerted 
in a living body. Medicines have also a primary and a sec- 
ondary action, the one often being the opposite of the other. 
Thus, the first action of opium is stimulant; the secondary, 
narcotic. 

Disease — "Disease is a departure from health. The first 
study of medicine — anatomy — gives us a knowledge of 
healthy structure. The second study of medicine — ^physi- 
ology — notes all the activities of this healthy structure under 
normal conditions, and gives us a standard of healthy func- 
tion. From this standard of structure and function we 
make the measurement of disease. 

"It may be well to understand first of all, that the diseased 
man is in a worse condition than the well one. To the ex- 
tent of his disease he is incapacitated for his work, and his 
sensations are painful instead of pleasurable. He loses his 
flesh, his strength, his functional activities, and is below the 
normal condition. He who fails to recognize that disease is 
a wrong life, and that impairment and debility are its essen- 
tial features, has no business to practice medicine. 

"We say of the healthy man that he is able to do a man's 
work in the world, and do it pleasurably. We say of the 
healthy part, it is able to do the work of the part, and do it 
pleasurably. When a man can not do his work he is sick ; 
to the extent that he cannot do his work, is the gravity of 
his sickness. When his efforts to do the things he has been 
accustomed to are unpleasant or painful, he is sick, and the 
extent of the unpleasantness is frequently the measure of the 
disease. When an organ or part can not do its work, it is 
sick, and the extent of the impairment is the measure of the 
wrong. When an organ or part gives unpleasant or painful 
sensations, it is sick, and these are also the measure of dis- 
ease in some cases. 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

"In thinking of disease as a wrong life, rather than some- 
thing that has taken possession of a man — ^that he has 
caught, or that has caught him — we have made an import- 
ant advance. It is his Ufe that we have to deal with, and it 
is his life impaired. It is death that we meet in the sick 
chamber. To the extent and gravity of the disease, death 
is taking the place of life. Death comes in the impairment 
of structure and function ; life comes with its restoration to 
the normal condition. We should be conservers of the life, 
and to do this we should restore the conditions of health, in 
so far as we have control over them." — Scudder^ s Materia 
Medica, pp. 33, 34. 

Expression of Disease — ' 'It is a fact that disease has defi- 
nite expression, which may be studied and learned. The 
same condition of disease will give the same expression, so 
that, having learned the language of disease, we have a cer- 
tain guide in diagnosis. It will not be amiss in this connec- 
tion to remind the reader of the absolute law that like causes 
produce like effects. If the symptom or expression is the 
effect, like symptoms must show like conditions. 

*'It may be urged that the symptoms of disease are some- 
times masked, or that the evidence of grave disease may be 
covered up by symptoms of minor wrongs (usually of the 
nervous system), or that patients and nurses may mislead 
the physician. This may be the case, but knowing the 
many deceptions which may lead him astray, the doctor 
guards himself against them. "He who is forewarned is 
thrice armed. ' ' 

"The common methods of diagnosis, which names diseases 
and classifies them, does not serve our purpose in therapeu- 
tics, however useful it may be in studying the natural his- 
tory of disease. In this method the most diverse conditions 
of disease may be covered by the same name, and he who 
prescribes for or at names is sure to go wrong. 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

In modern therapeutics we associate certain remedies with 
certain expressions of disease, the remedy proving curative 
in such cases. Thus we say that a broad, pallid, and dirty 
tongue indicates a condition of disease which will be met by 
sodium sulphite ; a dusky red, with brown coating, indicates 
a condition which will be met by hydrochloric acid ; a bluish 
appearance of the face, like one who has been long exposed 
to cold, is met by baptisia ; a pallid mucous membrane, with 
pultaceous or fibrinous deposit, is met by Phytolacca ; a 
small, frequent pulse is met by aconite ; a full, frequent 
pulse is met by veratrum ; a small, sharp pulse, with nerv- 
ous hypersesthesia, is met by rhus ; dullness, disposition to 
sleep, coma, dilated pupils, are met by belladonna ; distinct 
periodicity in disease is met by quinine, etc. , etc. 

How this relation between disease expression and drug 
action has been determined m.ight be made an interesting 
study, if we had time. Suffice it to say, that much of it has 
grown from observation of the effects of medicine when 
given in the ordinary empirical way. Careful observers 
have noticed that in some cases the medicine was markedly 
curative, whilst in others it was not. They would remark 
some peculiarity or special symptom in the cases benefited, 
and would afterward give the medicine where that peculi- 
arity or symptom was observed ; and thus the relation 
between such expression or symptom and the drug could be 
established. In other cases the relation has been established 
by careful experimentation on the sick. Some peculiar 
action of the drug, or some peculiar want of the patient, 
would suggest a peculiar drug. It would be used again 
and again, until the relation between disease expression and 
drug action was established. In still other cases the relation 
has been established by proving the remedy on healthy per- 
sons, and determining by this its quality of action, and its af- 
finity for special parts. This is the homoeopathic method, and 



INTRODUCTION. \) 

the law they insist upon is, similia similibus. But it is also 
the physiological method ; for, the influence of a drug having 
been determined, as to its quality and selection of special 
organs, parts or functions for its action, the agent is em- 
ployed when such action is required. A remedy being some- 
thing which opposes disease, we are quite correct when we 
say it is aiitipatJiic. 

"It is well to bear in mind that a remedy is a force which 
opposes disease. It may not seem so when we take the ma- 
terial in our hands, and to all our senses it ma}^ seem inert. 
But locked up in its molecules is a wonderful power, some- 
times in the smallest compass, which is sufficient to change 
the entire current of life, and make it flow in a different 
direction." — Scudder' s Mat. Med. pp. 42, 44. 

Therapeutic Axioms — Regarding the treatment of dis- 
ease Prof. J. M. Scudder lays down the following axioms: — 

"In disease there is always impairment of life, therefore 
remedies should alwaj^s conserv^e the life, and increase the 
patient's power to resist disease, and regain his normal 
condition. ' ' 

"If the cause of disease is present it should be removed 
or neutralized, unless such removal by remedies is more dan- 
gerous to the life of the patient than its continued presence." 

"We do not use remedies because they have been 'highly 
recommended,' or have been found useful in named diseases, 
by writers or teachers of medicine ; we use them because in 
the particular case there are evidences of disease calling for 
the particular remedy. We do not prescribe at names, but 
for conditions ; we are not governed by authorit}^, but by 

obser\^ation and the simple rules of reason." Scudder' s 

Materia Me die a ^ pp. 34, 37, 38, 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

Application of Medicines. — Medicines are applied chiefl}^ 
to the skin and mucous surfaces ; to the subcutaneous are- 
olar tissues ; occasionally to serous tissues, wounds, ulcers, 
etc. ; and rarely by intravenous injection. 

I. To THK Skin, or Extkrnai, Integumknt. 

There are three general methods of applying remedies to 
the skin : enepidermatic , epidermatic ^ and endermatic . 

a. By the eriepidermatic method, the medicine is applied to 
the skin without friction. Examples : Baths, fomentations, 
sinapisms, poultices, blisters, etc. 

b. By the epidermatic method the medicine is applied to the 
skin withfridioji. Examples : Ointments, liniments, etc. 

c. By the endermatic method, the medicine is brought in 
direct contact with the denuded derma, the epidermis 
having been first removed by means of a blister, cantharides 
or ammonia generally being emploj^ed. The medicine sub- 
sequently sprinkled upon the raw surface is quickly absorbed. 
Examples : Morphine, quinine, etc. 

II. To THE Mucous Surfaces, or Internai, Integument. 

a. To the Nasal or Pituitary Me7nbra7ies, by mxcans of 
insufflations, douches, and atomization. 

b. To the Tracheo-brojichial Membra^ies, by instifflation , 
i7ihalatio7i , and atomization. 

c. To the Gastro-i7itestinal Me7nbra7ies, by i7igestioii. 
Examples : Powders, pills, tablets, triturations, mixtures, 
extracts (solid and fluid), infusions, decoctions, vinegars, 
wines, tinctures, solutions, lozenges, etc. 

d. To the Rectocolic Membra7ies. Medicines are applied 
to these parts both in solid and liquid form : ( i ) solid, sup- 
positories and ointments ; (2) fluids enemas, lavements or 
clysters. 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

e. ^o i^i^ Urmo-geiiital Mejnbra7ies,. hy ViLQ^ins oi bougies, 
medicated oint?ne?its , and injections. 

f. To the Utero-vaginal Membranes, by means of oint- 
ments and injections. 

III. By Way of the Subscutankous Areolar Tissues. 

Medicines to take effect quickly are applied to these parts 
hypodermically, /. e., by the injection of small quantities of 
solutions, by means of the hypodermatic syringe. 

IV. By Intravenous Injection. 

By means of transfusion, and by the inj ection of medicinal 
substances directly into the veins. This is too dangerous a 
method to require consideration on our part. 

Forms of Medicine — Medicines are divided into three 
classes, viz. : Solids, Liquids, and Gases or Vapors. 

The chief solid forms are the powder, trituration, tablet, 
pill, extract, resin, oleoresi?i, co7if ection, and lozenge. For 
external use are the poultice, oi?it?nent, cerate, plaster, and 
suppository . 

The principal liquids are the aqua (medicated water), ^;^- 
fusio7i, decoctioji, vinegar, mixture, elixir, glycerite, mucil- 
age, collodioji, solutiofi, spirit, fluid extract, specific medicine, 
tincture, syrup, honey, and wine. For external use, the 
liniment, lotion, and bath. 

Gaseous medicines are usually emploj^ed as inhalatiojis , or 
as vapors, produced by means of atomization, with a spray- 
apparatus, or other means. 

Powders {pulveres) are medicines reduced to various 
degrees of fineness, by means of mechanical force, or by 
such means of precipitation as elutriation and levigation. 
The degrees of fineness in powders are usually designated 



12 INTRODUCTION. 

b}^ numbers, as No, 40, 60, etc. , the numbers having refer- 
ence to the number of meshes to the linear inch in the sieve 
through which the powder has been passed. According to 
the U. S. P. , powders are designated as follows : 

A very fine powder — No. 80. 

A fL7ie powder — No. 60. 

A moderately fine powder — No. 50. 

A coarse powder — No. 20. 
Powders are also, (i) simple 2.vA (2) compou7id. Exam- 
ples: (i) Powdered Rhubarb. (2) Dover's Powder. 

Triturations {triturationes') are made by triturating 
(rubbing) a medicinal substance with sugar of milk, the 
latter being employed simply as a diluent. Triturations 
containing one part in ten, are denominated first decimal 
trituratio7is (Ix); one part of the foregoing with nine parts 
of milk sugar, second decimal (^^^^ , and so on. 

Tablets are moulded or compressed medicated candies, 
usually prepared from triturations, with the addition of some 
excipient to cause the ingredients to adhere together. For 
permanent chemicals, they form convenient and reliable 
forms of medicine, but when made of delicate plant constit- 
uents, no dependence can be placed upon them. 

P11.1.S {pilulcE') are small, ovoid, spherical, or lenticular 
bodies, composed of a medicine, or medicines, combined with 
substances termed excipients, which cause them to retain 
their shape and firmness. Pills are usually composed of 
active subtances ; are generally sugar or gelatin coated, and 
are intended to be swallowed whole. A very large pill is 
denominated a bolus. 

Extracts {extractd) are prepared by evaporating the 
solutions, alcoholic or otherwise, of vegetable medicines.' 
They are either solid or semisolid in consistence. They 



I 



IXTRODUCTIOX. 13 

may h^{\) simple or (2) compoujid. Examples: (i) Kx- 
tractum Aconiti, (2) Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. 

Rksins (resincs) are the solid resinous constituents of 
vegetable substances, usually prepared by precipitation of an 
alcoholic solution of the drug in simple or acidulated water. 
Exafnple : Resina Podophylli (podophyllin). 

Oi^KORESiNS {oleore since) consist generally of oils (fixed 
and essential) associated with resins, and extracted from 
the crude drug by means of ether, the latter being subse- 
quently evaporated. Example : Oleoresina Capsici. 

Confections {coiifectiones), which also include electu- 
aries and co7iserveSy are soft solids, composed of vegetable 
bodies prescribed by means of sugar or honey, or both. 
Example : Confectio Rosae. 

I/OzENGKS ( i'r^<r/^<?i" — trochisci) are solid, cand}^ -like masses, 
usually discoid or round in shape, composed of powdered 
drugs combined with sugar and mucilage, and sometimes 
flavored. Example : Trochisci Acidi Tannici. 

PouivTiCES (cataplasmata) are formed of such substances 
as, when wet, will be more or less tenacious, and will accom- 
modate themselves to parts to which they are applied. They 
are employed to soften and relax the tissues, and at the same 
time exclude the air. They may or ma}^ not be medicated. 

Oii^TMis.'i^Ts{unguenta) are fatty preparations of about the 
consistence of cold lard, which substance (or vaseline) 
usually constitutes their bulk. When applied to the skin 
the}" are softened and rendered fluid by the heat of the bod}-. 
They may be medicated or unmedicated, and are applied 
generally by inunction, hence their name.- 

Cerates {cerata) are unctuous bodies intermediate in 
consistence between the ointment and plaster. They are 
sufficiently soft to be easily spread upon muslin with a 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

Spatula, and when applied to the skin adhere, but do not 
become soft enough to liquefy at the body temperature. 
Their most abundant constituent is wax, hence their name. 
They are ( i ) simple and (2) jnedicated. Exa7nples : (i) 
Ceratum, (2) Ceratum Cantharis. 

Pi^ASTKRS ( emplastra ) are substances usually spread upon 
some kind of skin or fabric, and intended to be applied to 
the exterior of the body. They require heat to spread them. 
When applied to the body they adhere but do not become 
soft. They are composed chiefly of lead plaster (oleate of 
lead) or some resinous bod}^, and may be simple or medi- 
cated. 

Suppositories (suppositoria) are rolled, moulded, or 
pressed solid bodies, usually prepared from cacao butter and 
some medicinal agent, and intended for introduction into the 
pelvic orifices. Sometimes wax or spermaceti is added to 
give them hardness, so as to prevent them from melting 
during hot weather. 

The fluid preparations are the following : 

Mkdicatkd Waters {aqu^s) are solutions of volatile sub- 
stances, usually oils or camphors, in water. They are pre- 
pared by several methods, as by direct solution in hot or 
cold water, or by filtering water through some inert powder 
or cotton impregnated with the volatile body. They are 
employed chiefly as vehicles. 

Infusions (^infusa) are solutions of the soluble constitu- 
ents of vegetable drugs prepared by pouring upon the drug 
usually hot water, and allowing the product to macerate and 
cool. They are usually prepared of the strength of one part 
of the material to sixteen of water ; the U. S. P. directs one 
in twenty, for ordinary infusions. The strength of infusions 
of powerful drugs, like digitalis, should always be indicated 



IXTRODLXTIOX. ■ 15 

in the physician's prescription. The}^ differ from decoctions 
in not being prepared by boihng. 

Dkcoctions {^decoda) are also aqueous solutions of the 
soluble principles of vegetable drugs, but, unHke infusions,, 
are prepared by boilmg the drug in water. The same 
remarks regarding the strength of infusions apply to decoc- 
tions. Decoctions are usually boiled from ten to fifteen 
minutes. Remember that the process is the opposite to that 
for preparing infusions. In the latter, hot or cold water is 
employed, and if hot, the product is allowed to cool ; in the 
decoction, cold or warm water is employed and the prepa- 
ration is boiled. 

Vinegars {aceta) are solutions of the active constituents 
of drugs in vinegar, or preferably dilute acetic acid. As 
many alkaloidal principles are best dissolved in these men- 
strua, these preparations (of certain drugs, as lobelia, san- 
guinaria, etc.), are very excellent medicines. 
, Mixtures {mistur<^^ are aqueous fluid preparations, hold- 
ing in suspension insoluble powders, or other substances. 
When the substance held in suspension is an oil, the prepa- 
ration is termed an emulsion. As an example of the first, 
we have chalk mixture ; of the last, emulsion of cod-liver 
oil. Mixtures are intended for internal use. 

Eeixirs (^elixir ia) are sw^eetened, aromatic and spiritu- 
ous solutions, designed as vehicles for small amounts of 
active medicines. As a class they are very unsatisfactory, 
though pleasant, preparations. 

Glycerites {glycerita), or glyceinnes, are mixtures or 
solutions of medicines in glycerin. They are intended for 
both external and internal exhibition. 

MUCII.AGES (jniicilagines') are more or less viscid, thick, 
and adhesive fluids, prepared by extracting the mucilagin- 
ous constituents of plants with water, or aqueous solutions 



16 , INTRODUCTION. 

of gums, or starch. Some are prepared with heat, while 
others are not. Mucilage of slippery elm, and some others, 
are best prepared with ice-cold water. 

Coivi^ODiONS {collodia) are fluid solutions of gun-cotton 
(pyroxylin), in a mixture of alcohol and ether. They 
may be (i) simple or (2) medicated. Examples : (i) Collo- 
dium ; (2) Collodium cum Cantharidi. 

Solutions {solutio), or I^iquors {liquor es) are such 
solutions of non-volatile materials, as are not included in 
decoctions, infusions, syrups, and mucilages. I^iquor Gutta- 
perchae, or solution of Gutta-percha, is, however, an excep- 
tion ; this solution being effected by means of chloroform 
instead of water. 

Spirits {spiritus) are solutions of essential oils and other 
volatile substances in alcohol. They are practically the same 
as essences, though the latter are usually stronger, though 
prepared in the same manner. 

Fluid Extracts {extracta fluida) are fluid alcoholic pre- 
parations of vegetable drugs, prepared by percolation, and 
subsequent concentration of a portion of the percolate by 
evaporation. Alcohol constitutes the bulk of the menstrua, 
though water and glycerin, in varying proportions, are often 
used with it. Ether is also employed, as in Fluid Extract 
of Lactucarium. Fluid Extracts of Triticum and Castanea 
are prepared with boiling water. 

Fluid extracts are so constructed as to reprCvSent one grain 
of the crude drug in each minim of fluid extract. As a part 
of this one grain is made up of the extracted inert matter — 
plant dirt — the preparation can not be said to represent the 
active constituents of the drug, grain for minim. They are 
made from dried crude drugs, hence they necessarily vary in 
actual medicinal strength. They are, as a rule, concentrated 
tinctures. They may be simple or compound. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

Specific Medicines are concentrated liquids, and mosth^ 
alcoholic plant preparations. They are made of materials 
in their best condition, and are designed to be their exact 
medicinal representatives. 

The most exhaustive investigations, in a pharmaceutical 
way, have been applied to this class of remedies, the aim 
being to make them exceptionally clean and high in quality. 

They are for the most part very light in color, and are, 
generally, nearly free from plant dirt and colored impurities. 

Specific Medicines are employed in very small doses, and 
physicians using them can carry much medicine in a very 
small compass. These remedies are exclusively Eclectic, 
having been evolved by the united efforts of their manufac- 
turers, and the foremost Eclectic ph3^sicians. They are now 
used by physicians of all schools of medicine. 

Tinctures {tinctura) are alcoholic solutions of vegetable 
(and sometimes mineral) substances. They are prepared by 
maceration or percolation, generally the latter. They are 
practically identical with fluid extracts, though their degree 
of strength is much lower than that of the latter. Tinctures 
are extensively used. Like fluid extracts they contain their 
relative proportion of plant-dirt and other colored impuri- 
ties. Tinctures made from fresh bruised or crushed herbs, 
b)?- maceration, are known as Tinctures of Fresh Herbs, 
or tincturcB herb arum recejitiu-}}!. 

HoMCEOPATHic Mother Tinctures are prepared (i) by 
expressing the juice from freshly-gathered plants, and mix- 
ing that juice with an equal bulk of alcohol, allowing it to 
stand eight days in a dark, cool place, and flnally filtering 
the product ; ( 2 ) by mixing two parts of alcohol with three 
parts of the comminuted plant, straining the liquid through 
new muslin, and proceeding further as above directed ; (3) 
by taking two parts of alcohol to one part of the comminuted 



18 INTRODUCTION. 

plant and macerating them together for eight days in a well- 
filled bottle, and lastly, decant^* ng, straining, and filtering : 
(4) by taking alcohol, five parts, to the comminuted drug 
(vegetable or animal), one part, macerating eight days, 
shaking twice daily, and lastly, decanting, straining, and 
filtering the product. 

Syrups {syrupi) are concentrated aqueous solutions of 
sugar, or thick solutions of sugar in aqueous medicated solu- 
tions. They are (i) simple y (2) medicated, or (3) flavored. 
Examples: (i) Simple Syrup; (2) Syrup of Iodide of 
Iron ; (3) Syrup of Lemon. 

Honeys {mellita) are preparations related to the syrups, 
but differing in the substitution of honey for syrup. 

Medicated Wines i^vini medicata) are fluid preparations, 
in which the soluble medicinal principles are dissolved in 
wine. 

lyiNiMENTS ( linijnenta) are fluid, or semifluid prepara- 
tions, usually oleaginous, though alcohol or even water may 
be employed as the base, intended for external use, and to 
be applied with friction. Cotton seed or olive oil is usually 
preferred as a base. Some liniments are perfect solutions, 
while others are mere mixtures ; certain soft solids, which 
will liquefy at the temperature of the body, are also denom- 
inated liniments. 

Lotions {lotio7ies) or washes are solutions of medicinal 
bodies in water or other menstrua, designed chiefly to be 
applied to locaHzed regions for their topical influence. 

Baths (bahiea) are general washes designed to be ap- 
plied to the whole surface of the body. They may be 
simple or medicated. 



INTRODUCTION. 



19 



Classification of Remedies. — Though no absohite classi- 
fication can be made for remedies, we have adopted the fol- 
lowing, from Scuddef s Materia Medic a, page 97, as that 
which best serves our purpose in this work : 






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20 KMKTICS, 



EMETICS 



Emetics are agents, which, by their action upon the term- 
inal filaments of the gastric nerves, or upon certain nerve 
centers, excite vomiting. Kmetics are divided into two 
classes — specific and mechanical, or irritant. 

The mechanical (irritant) emetics act by their bulk, or by 
the irritation they produce. 

Specific emetics are absorbed and act by stimulating the 
vomiting center in the brain ; or, having an affinity for the 
mucous membrane of the stomach, act on the terminal 
branches of the pneumogastric nerve. 

The action of the mechanical emetic is confined princi- 
pally to the stomach, which is emptied of its contents. 

The Specific emetic not only evacuates the stomach, but 
it influences the muscular, nervous and vascular systems, and 
produces general relaxation. 

Mechanical Emetics are indicated when we desire simply 
to evacuate the stomach, as in cases of poisoning, etc., or to 
dislodge foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. In this 
class we have such agents as mustard, zinc sulphate, com- 
mon salt, etc. 

Specific Emetics are indicated when we desire to produce 
^a^eneral relaxation, arrest spasm, and in the early stage of 
fever, for their local and constitutional effects. To this class 
belong such agents as lobelia, ipecac, and apomorphine 
hydrochlorate. 



EMETICS 21 

Specific Indications. — Emetics, saj^s Prof. John M. 
Scudder, are specifically indicated where ' ' the tongue is 
broad, full, dirty, and especiall}^ coated at its base. There 
is sometimes nausea, disgust for food and drink, and every- 
thing taken seems to stop at the stomach. The patient 
complains of sensations of weight and oppression at the 
epigastrium." — Materia Medica, page 112. 

Contraindications. — Emetics are contraindicated, as a 
rule, where there is a marked determination of blood to the 
brain, as in cerebral congestions, apoplexy, and phrenitis ; 
in pregnancy, hernia, aneurismal or other organic diseases 
of the circulatory organs ; marked gastro-intestinal irritation 
or inflammation ; and in advanced inflammations or fevers, 
and in all cases where there is marked debility. 



ZINCI SULPHAS. Zinc Sulphate. 

Synonyms. — Sulphate of Zijic, White Vitriol. 

Description. — Zinc sulphate is produced by the action 
of sulphuric acid on metallic zinc. It occurs in commerce 
in the form of transparent, odorless, colorless cr3^stals, hav- 
ing a metallic, astringent taste. Upon exposure to air, it 
eflioresces, becoming whitish, and, for this reason, should be 
kept in well stoppered containers. Soluble in water (0.6), 
boiling water (0.2), and glycerin (3). Alcohol does not 
dissolve it. Its aqueous solution is acid in reaction. 

This is a salt having the appearance of sulphate of mag- 
nesium. Its properties are emetic, astringent, tonic, anti- 
spasmodic, and escharotic. It is an active emetic, and even 
when injected into the veins produces emesis. 

It is a valuable remedy in diseases of the larvmx. 



22 e:me:tics. 

R. Sulphate of Zinc, grs. ij. to x. 

Aqua, flij. M. 

Sig.— Use as a wash or gargle. 

It serves an excellent purpose when applied to the remains 
of a nasal polypus after removal by the surgeon. It is a 
good escharotic when made into a paste with glycerin. 

The following formula provides a good injection for gon- 
orrhoea in the chronic form : 

R. Sulphate of Zinc, grs. iv. 
Sulphate of Morphine, gr. j. 
Aqua, fl S iv. M. 

It is a good remedy, used for its emetic action, in cases of 
narcotic poisoning; also in some cases of membranous croup, 
and other spasmodic affections. 

If applied to ulcers, it stimulates the tissues, lessens the 
discharge, and promotes granulation. For this purpose — 

R. Sulphate of Zinc, grs. ij. to v. 
Aqua, fl. §j. M. 

For ulceration of the rectum — 

R. Sulphate of Zinc, grs. vj. 

Tinct. Opii (lyaudanum), gtt. xx. 

Aqua, fl. gviij. M. 

Sig.— Inject fl. gj. 

For vaginal leucorrhoea — 

R. Sulphate of Zinc, grs. iv. 

Aqua, flsviij. M. 

Sig. — Use as an injection. 

A strong solution ( 3 j . to aqua O j . ) forms an excellent 
dressing for wounds where gangrene threatens. 

DosK. — To produce emesis, from 10 to 15 grs. in water. 
This may be repeated two or three times. 

Its use is contra-indicated if irritant poisons have been 
takeUo 



EMETICS. 23 

IPECACUANHA, Ipecac. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 
A. Richard, Nat. Ord., Rubiacecs. Brazil, New Granada, 
and Boli^da. 

Ceuef Active Constituent. — Emetine, the emetic prin- 
ciple, exists in the root in combination with ipecacuanhic 
acid. 

Specific Ipecac. — This has a dark, brown-red color, be- 
ing one of the few dark, cloudy Specific Medicines. It is 
capable of mixing clear with water, or mixtures of water 
and alcohol, being, for this reason, a great improvement on 
such preparations as the fluid extract. Being very concen- 
trated, care must be taken in its administration. 

This is a wild plant, growing in rich, damp w^oods in Bra- 
zil, etc. The root is the part used. In the market it comes 
in the form of annulated stick-like roots, their color being 
gray or yellow. Its properties are imparted to water or alco- 
hol, but the solution is precipitated by tannic acid. It enters 
into the combination known as Dover's Powder, as follows: 

R. Ipecacuanha, 

Opium, aa. in fine powder, 5 j. 

Sugar of Milk, 3J. M. 

Sig. — Dose, from three to ten grains. 

This relieves pain and induces sleep. 

A tincture and a syrup are also in use. To prepare the 
latter — 

R. Tincture of Ipecac, flsij. 
Simple Syrup, fl 5 xiv. M. 

This ma}' be used as an emetic or an expectorant. 

Powdered Ipecac mixed with lard will produce an eruption 
on the skin if applied to it. In the form of a powder it is 
an irritant to mucous surfaces — so much so that some per- 
sons can not handle it on that account. It produces in them 
symptoms resembling those of spasmodic asthma. Given in 
doses of from five to twenty grains, it is an emetic. In doses of 



24 KMETICS. 

two grains it is diaphoretic. In doses of a half-grain to a 
grain it is a good expectorant. In doses of from^five to fifteen 
grains it loosens the bowels. Its first effect is stimulant ; 
after which it produces nausea and emesis. 

Ipecac may be used in every case where an emetic is needed, 
being the mildest of the specific emetics. In cases of nar- 
cotic poisoning it may be used with good results, though it 
is not so rapid in its action as zinc sulphate. Its action is 
marked upon the pneumogastric nerve. While it is a spe- 
cific emetic, it may also act as a topical emetic. 

Ipecac is the most suitable emetic when the stomach is to 
be unloaded of undigested aliment. Acute indigestion, bil- 
ious attacks, accompanied with sick headache, and other 
forms of headache, depending upon difficult digestion, may 
often be cut short with an emetic dose of the powdered drug. 
It is used as an anti -emetic in cases of nausea from sympa- 
thetic troubles, for which — 

Be. Ipecac, grs. v. 

Aqua, fl^iv. M. 

Sig. — Take a teaspoonful every hour. 

This agent makes a good combination with cathartics as 
podophyllin. It renders them less irritating, and favors their 
absorption, besides exerting a favorable impression upon the 
liver. 

It is contraindicated in nausea from organic diseases of the 
stomach. It is indicated by a constricted and elongated 
tongue in connection with other symptoms indicating an 
emetic. 

In nausea, with a broad, flabby, and slimy tongue, give 
ipecac in full emetic doses. In such doses it influences the 
circulation and the secretions, and is a good agent in most 
cases where a revulsive is needed. It relieves congestion, 
equalizes the circulation, and clears the stomach for the re- 
ception of other remedies. 



EMETICS 25 

In intermittent fever, where quinine has not been sufficient, 
Ipecac will give good results. In chronic ague it is espe- 
cially efficient. Begin treatment with emetic doses and bring 
the system slowly under its influence, after which give 
smaller doses with warm water until complete emesis results. 
This cures many times when quinine utterly fails. It is use- 
ful in stomach troubles dependent upon malarial influence, 
and may be used freely to give relief. If the disease returns 
give quinine. Ipecac is also used as a diaphoretic. For this 
purpose it is valuable in many cases of acute rheumatism. It 
is an excellent remedy in the stomach and bowel troubles of 
children. In convulsions arising from irritation of the 
bowels in children, it should be given in powder — one tea- 
spoonful of Ipecac in a half teacupful of sweetened warm 
water — the dose of the mixture being a teaspoonful one after 
another, allowing but a very short inter\'al to elapse between 
doses, until emesis is effected. 

Ipecac is also a good remedy in troubles of the respiratory 
organs, such as acute bronchitis, difficult breathing, and in 
croup (combined with Aconite). It may be given with good 
results to women troubled with difficult respiration during 
pregnancy. 

R. Spec. Ipecac, gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl ^ iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every one to four hours. 

In spasmodic affections of the throat, as croup, if fever is 
present, give Ipecac in alternation with Aconite; if a mem- 
brane is present, alternate it with Bryonia. It is not as good 
as Lobelia in catarrhal affections of the throat. Given in 
small doses it is stimulant; in large doses depressant. If dr}- 
ness of the membranes is a marked feature, the syrup is a 
good form of administration. Ipecac is beneficial in many 
kinds of cough. If it be a dry form of- cough give nauseant 



26 KMKTICS. 

doses ; if secretion is abundant give a small (stimulant) dose. 
In that form of spasmodic cough in which the expectoration 
is bloody, the dose should be neither large nor small, say 
one drop of specific Ipecac in a teaspoonful of water every 
ten or fifteen minutes. 

Combined with Aconite or Bryonia it is an excellent rem- 
edy in pneumonia. In whooping cough it also serves a good 
purpose, but is inferior to I^obelia. It is also an excellent 
remedy to remove hoarseness or congestion of the vocal 
cords, the result of colds. 

R. Specific Ipecac, gtt. v. to vj. 

Aqua,fllj. 
Sig. — Vaporize and inhale, or use it in a spray 

atomizer. 

This gives almost instant relief. 

In full doses it relieves spasmodic asthma, though it is in- 
ferior to Lobelia if the spasm is severe. Combined with 
Aconite it serves a good purpose in cholera infantum ; like- 
wise in other diarrhoeas. It may be used with Nux vomica 
in bowel troubles, especially of teething children, provided 
the face and tongue are pale and there is pain in the abdo- 
men, with nausea and vomiting. If fever is present use it 
with Aconite. If the child is nervous and there is marked 
pain give it with Chamomile. If there is a tendency to spasm 
give it with Gelsemium. Ipecac is especially valuable in 
the diarrhoea of teething, in which the tongue is coated 
white, and the stools are offensive, green and bloody, and ac- 
companied with marked nausea. In chronic diarrhoea, 
accompanied with gastric irritability, belching of gases, etc. , 
Ipecac, in small doses, may be alternated with bismuth sub- 
nitrate (five grains) every hour. In dysentery it is truly a 
specific. 



EMETICS. li 

R. Specific Aconite, gtt. x. to xv. 

Specific Ipecac, gtt. x to xv. 

Magnesium Sulph., oj- 
. Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Take a teaspoonful every i to 3 hours. 

If desirable it may be combined with Opium. 

Ipecac is good in some cases of hemorrhage. In hemor- 
rhage from the uterus in abortion give it in doses of one drop 
every few moments, pushing it to nausea, but just short of 
emesis, and it will arrest the flow. It is a good agent in 
bleeding from the nose (epistaxis) in doses of one drop. In 
case nausea is produced it is not objectionable. When given 
to arrest hemorrhage of the stomach or bowels give it in 
doses of one drop. Ipecac may be employed in bleeding 
piles or bleeding from the urethra, with difficult urination. 
It is a first-rate drug in controlling difficulties after partu- 
rition. Use Aconite with it if fever is present. 

Ipecac is indicated by the following symptoms in addition 
to those previously given : Irritation of bronchial mucous 
membranes, irritation of stomach or small intestines, nausea 
and dysentery. 



SINAPIS, Mustard. 

Synonyms. — (i) IV/izfe Mustard; (2) Black Mustard, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The seed of {i)Brassica alba, (I^inne) 
Hooker filius et Thompson, and (2) Brassica nigra, (Unne) 
Koch ; Nat. Ord. , CrucifercB. Indigenous to West Asia and 
South Europe, but naturalized throughout the United States 
and greater part of Europe and Central Asia. 

Chief Active Constituent. — The most active body is 
the Volatile Oil of Mustard. 

These are common, well-known plants. The seed is the 
part used in medicine. Mustard is emetic, stimulant, lax- 
ative, diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant. 

The dose ranges from one-half to thirty grains. 



28 ' KM]eTlCS. 

In doses of a teaspoonful, it is prompt and efficient in its 
^action, producing speedy emesis. As a counter-irritant it is 
speedy but temporary in its effects. It blisters the skin if 
applied for any great length of time. When used as an 
emetic, warm water should be given to assist its action, and 
emesis 77iust be secured before leaving the patient. If this 
does not result, the quantity taken may poison the individ- 
ual. Mustard poisoning produces burning pain in the stom- 
ach, and inflammation of the mucous coat, which, if severe, 
causes the peeling oif of this membrane. 

It is a good emetic to employ in cases of delirium tremens 
and in narcotic poisoning ; in both cases a stimulant emetic 
is demanded. 

As a draught applied to the skin, ten minutes is generally 
long enough if the skin is tender. It should never be left 
on more than forty minutes. If the parts are blistered by 
it, treat it as you would any other burn. It should be used 
with caution on children. 

It may be employed in coma and febrile affections ; in 
aches and pains, as earache or toothache, it serves a valuable 
purpose. The mustard draught is a good agent to arouse a 
patient from insensibility, stupor, or syncope. 

A tablespoonful or more may be added to sufficient water 
to bathe in, and get its medicinal effects in this way. For 
this purpose its use is advisable in the exanthemata, in cases 
where the eruption is tardy, or where there is retrocession 
of the same. 

Make a sinapism, of it with vinegar, if a slow action is de- 
sired, but if a rapid action is wanted, use black mustard, 
with enough cold or tepid water to make it into a paste ; 
spread it on a cloth, covering the mustard with another cloth 
to prevent its coming in contact with the skin. A mustard 
plaster should never be made with hot water, as the latter 
destroys the effectiveness of the drug. After the removal of 



KMKTICS. ZV 

a mustard draught, always thoroughly wash and dr}^ the 
parts to which it has been applied 

If long action is wanted, mix it with vinegar. This is a 
good application to relieve sudden and severe pain, as neu- 
ralgia, acute pain in lungs or other parts.' A sinapism ap- 
plied between the thighs will re-establish suppressed menses. 

Cramps are reheved by the application of a sinapism ap- 
plied to the part affected. It should not be forgotten for 
this purpose in cramps of the limbs in cholera. 

Mustard is of value in chronic rheumatism and dropsy. 
Use from one to three tablespoonf uls of it to a pint of water. 
Apply locally. 

Dose. — The emetic dose is a teaspoonful, repeated every 
ten or fifteen minutes till the desired result is obtained. As 
a diuretic, take one-half a wineglassful three times a da 3^ of 
the following preparation : 

R . Mustard Seed, 5 j . 

Cider, Oj. Macerate. 

LOBELIA. Lobelia, 

Synonyms. — Indian Tobacco y Emetic Weed, Vomit Weed, 
Puke Weed, etc. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The leaves, tops, and seeds of Lo- 
belia ijiflata, Linne. Nat. Ord., Lobeliacece. Common 
throughout the United States. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Lobeline, combined in the 
plant with lobe lie acid, is the active principle. 

Specific Lobelia. — This preparation is made of Lobelia 
seed, and not the herb. It contains the oil of the seed, and 
when it is dropped into water a milky liquid results. The 
odor of specific Lobelia reminds one of an oil, and its mix- 
ture with water is to some persons disagreeable. A^ery small 
amounts are sufficient to give the effects of Lobelia, and 
large doses act as an emetic. 



30 EMKTICS. 

Ivobelia is an annual plant growing wild in old fields. It 
grows one or two feet high, and bears many small blue 
flowers. It possesses an irritating odor, dependent upon a 
volatile oil, and a peculiar burning taste when first taken 
into the mouth. The entire plant, except the root, is em- 
ployed. It should be gathered in August and September, 
and dried in the shade. 

lyobelia is, perhaps, the most important emetic in the 
materia medica, being more thorough in its action, though 
less mild, than Ipecacuanha. The burning taste imparted 
continues long in the fauces, and the impression made very 
much resembles that produced by tobacco. 

A tincture may be made with alcohol, but it also imparts its 
virtues to water and acetic acid. It is best administered in 
tincture, or aqueous infusion ; a decoction should not be em- 
ployed, as boiling impairs its virtues. The therapeutic 
action of this drug depends upon the size of the dose admin- 
istered. Given in sufiicient doses it is emetic, but in small 
doses it is stimulant. It acts also as a sedative (in nauseant 
doses) and antispasmodic. As an antispasmodic it has no 
superior outside of the anaesthetics. It is a local irritant, 
but does not produce inflammation. It makes a decided 
impression on the nervous system, acting particularly on the 
parts supplied by the pneumogastric nerve. In small doses 
it affects the muscles, both voluntary and involuntary, acting 
first upon the latter. It stimulates the nerves controlling 
digestion and secretion, and makes the whole sympathetic 
system more sensitive. Its effects, however, are transient. 

Used when there is slowness of pulse resulting from want 
of innervation, it remedies this defect by its stimulating in- 
fluence upon the nervous system. It corrects this abnormal 
circulation more readily than any other agent. 

Ivobelia, in small doses, increases the flow of urine, and 
augments the other secretions, animates the countenance, 



EMETICS 31 

brightens the e3res, and renders the senses more acute. Large 
doses are powerfully depressant. If given insufficient dOvSes 
it is narcotic, being classed by some as onl}^ second in power 
to tobacco. As a sedative it ranks between Aconite and 
Veratrum. It has been used since about 1793, when Thom- 
son introduced it to the profession. 

In addition to its other properties, it is a good alterative, 
and as such is employed in syphiHs. On account of its anti- 
spasmodic quahties, it is a ver}^ valuable agent in the treat- 
ment of spasmodic asthma. Allopaths, as a rule, know very 
little about this remedy, and, though using more dangerous 
agents, they seem to be afraid of this drug. Poisoning may 
result from an overdose of this agent, though such cases are 
very rare. When it does occur there are S3^mptoms of great 
burning in the fauces and stomach , gastric distress, purging 
and vomiting, great anxiety, pronounced muscular relax- 
ation, profuse sweating with great debility, convulsions, and 
death. 

As compared with Ipecac it is more thorough and less 
mild. When an intense antispasmodic effect is wanted, I^o- 
belia is preferable. As an antispasmodic it is equalled by 
few, and excelled b}^ no other agents. For this effect it may 
be given by mouth or rectum. For an emetic use one or t\yo 
teaspoonfuls of Lobelia to three or four tablespoonfuls . of 
warm water. 

In all kinds of spasmodic action it is valuable, using it as 
follows : Take of Lobelia leaves and seed enough to fill any 
convenient sized vessel. Cover this with alcohol. Let it stand 
two weeks and it is ready for use. Dose, from one drop to 
one teaspoonful. Use dilute alcohol for this tincture. 

Use the following in whooping cough : 

R. Tinct. Lobelia, flsj. 

Syr. Simplex, fl 5 ij. M. 
Sig. — Dose, from half to one teaspoonful. 



82 ■ KMKTICS. 

It may be employed even where vomiting is an accompani- 
ment of the disease, for it will assist in clearing the air pas- 
sages of mucus. This prevents the spasmodic fits of cough- 
ing and exerts a stimulant action. The syrup is a good 
form of administration for small children. 

For spasmodic asthma use the following : 

R. Tr. I^obelia, fl 5 ij. to fl 5 j. 

Simple Syrup, fl^j. 
Sig. — Dose, one-half to one teaspoonful, or give 

specific lyobelia, gtt. v. every 15 minutes. 

Ivobelia is useful in all forms of croup. By its action the 
air passages are cleared and respiration becomes easier. Lo- 
belia is a good remedy in respiratory diseases. In cough 
with constriction of the chest, or prsecordial oppression, no 
other remedy equals it. Congestion of the heart, lungs, etc. , 
is relieved by it. In colic, due to an overloaded stomach, 
by its cleansing action on the stomach and the muscular re- 
laxation it produces, Lobelia is a very good agent when 
given to emesis. 

The following treatment will cure anything in the way of 
colic : Give ten drops of the tincture at a dose until the pa- 
tient vomits freely. If this is not sufficient give a hypoder- 
mic injection of morphine Lobelia is a good drug in the 
treatment of angina pectoris. Give in sensible doses or carry 
to complete emesis if necessary. In hysteria. Lobelia with 
Capsicum will generally relieve, unless the disease be due to 
uterine troubles. 

Administered in the eruptive diseases. Lobelia promotes 
determination of blood to the surface and rapidly develops 
the eruption on the skin. In topical poivSoning, especially 
by Rhus, apply cloths dipped in a solution of specific Lobelia 
one part and water six parts, and give small doses of the drug 
internally. It may likewise be applied to poisoned wounds. 

It may be beneficially employed in cases of delayed labor 



EMETICS. 33 

to promote relaxation of the os uteri, when the latter is thick 
and rigid, and to prevent laceration. 

lyobelia is indicated by a small and feeble, or full oppressed 
pulse, labored action of the heart, with pain and difficult res- 
piration. To sum up, it is specific in spasmodic asthma, an- 
gina pectoris, rigidity of the os uteri, vagina or perinseum, 
with thickening. It is our best muscle relaxant and is indi- 
cated where there is excessive secretion and accumulation of 
mucus within the bronchise. 



SANGUINARIA. Bloodroot. 

SY^OiHYMS.—Red Puccoo}i, Indian Pahit , Bloodwort, etc. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The rhizome of Sang ulnar ia cana- 
densis^ Linne, Nat. Ord., Papaveracece. Common in the 
United States. 

Chief Active Constituent.— The alkaloid sangninarine, 
a white principle which combines with nitric acid to form 
Sanguinarine nitrate^ a red powder, soluble in water, syrup, 
and alcohol. 

Specific Sanguinaria has a deep red color and a sharp 
acrid taste. It leaves a scratching sensation in the throat and 
a peppery taste in the mouth. When dropped into water made 
alkaline with ammonia, the red color disappears, a milky 
liquid resulting. Any sour acid added to this liquid in ex- 
cess produces a red or j^ellow solution. 

This is a small, well-known plant, a native of America. 
It grows in rich, moist woods and is among the earliest of 
our plants to blossom. The rhizome is the part used in 
medicine. It should be collected in autumn and carefully 
dried in the shade. 

The tincture, syrup, and Sanguinarine nitrate are in com- 
mon use. 

Prepare a tincture by macerating eight ounces of the drug 
in sixteen ounces of sixty per cent, alcohol. I^t stand two 



34 EMETICS. , 

weeks. A syrup may be made by macerating two ounces of 
the rhizome in cider vinegar, one pint. To this add loaf 
sugar, two pounds. Another syrup may be made by taking 
Sanguinarine nitrate gr. j. simple syrupfisj. Dose, one 
to thirty drops. 

Constriction of the throat is relieved by doses of five drops. 
Sanguinaria is emetic, stimulant, tonic and emmenagogue. 
It forms an ingredient of some escharotic pastes. It is a good 
stimulant to the mucous surfaces, especially of the respira- 
tory organs. 

It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and thus im- 
proves nutrition and secretion. This agent is seldom used 
alone as an emetic, but forms a good combination with other 
emetics by its stimulant influence. Used alone it is too 
harsh. Employ it when a stimulant expectorant is wanted, 
and it will give relief. It is good in chronic troubles when 
cold feet and hands, with a feeble circulation, is a marked 
symptom. Here the patient will be benefitted by its use, 
given in alternation with iron. It is a good agent in chlorosis. 

Sanguinaria acts upon the bronchial membranes as a stim- 
ulant and expectorant. Furthermore it acts well as a stim- 
ulant upon all mucous surfaces. In membranous laryngitis 
it is an excellent remedy. By its action, when given first in 
small doses, the membranes become detached, and its alter- 
ative influence favors the cure of the disease. In this case 

give : 

R. Acetous (Vinegar) Tr. Sanguinaria, fl^ss. 

Syr. Simplex, fl ^ iiiss. M. 

Sig. — Dose, from a few drops to a teaspoonful. 

Do not give often enough to produce emesis. At least 
emesis should not be brought on before the membrane has 
loosened. Wrap the throat in a flannel wrung out of hot 
water. From three to five drop doses of Sanguinaria act as 
a stimulant to mucous surfaces with increased secretion from 



EMETICS 6b 

the bronchise. It likewise acts beneficially in diseases of 
the stomach with increase of mucus. Upon the vegetative 
system of nerves and upon the circulation its action is direct, 
hence it is useful in pulmonary and bronchial affections, 
croup, rheumatism, diseases of the liver, scrofula, amenor- 
rhoea and passive dropsy. 
For difficult expectoration : 

R. Vinegar Tr. Sanguinaria, 

Tr. Prunus Virginiana, aa. fl oij. 
Syr. Simplex, fl 5 iiiss. M. 

Sig. — Dose, teaspoonful every two or three hours. 

This forms a valuable stimulant tonic and alterative. 

Sanguinaria is a good remedy in pulmonary phthisis to aid 
expectoration. By its influence on the mucous surface it is 
a good remedy in nasal catarrh where there is much sneez- 
ing attended w^ith an acrid discharge. In spasmodic con- 
ditions it is not equal to Lobelia, but where secretion is 
profuse it is just the remedy. In pneumonia first give spe- 
cific Aconite or specific Veratrum, and after the inflammatory 
stage has passed give specific Sanguinaria, in drop doses, as 
an expectorant and stimulant. 

In small doses Sanguinaria is a reliable cholagogue. It is 
a good agent in chronic affections of the liver when there is 
pain in this region accompanied with constipated bowels and 
bad taste in the mouth. Use equal parts of Sanguinaria and 
Podophyllum, one or two drops on sugar three or four times 
a day. 

Sanguinaria, in small doses, is a good alterative. In 
chronic skin diseases and dropsical affections it is valuable, 
for by its stimulant action it promotes absorption, betters 
innervation and places the stomach in a good condition. It 
is of value as a local application to ulcerated conditions of 
the orifices of the body. With zinc chloride it is used in a 
paste for cancers. In diluted form it is stimulant ; in con- 



36 EMKTICS. 

centrated form it is escharotic. Its use is indicated by a 
sense of burning and constriction in the fauces, with free 
secretion. It will be found a valuable agent, given either 
alone or in alternation with other remedies, in many con- 
ditions accompanied with feeble circulation and cold extremi- 
ties. With these indications, together with chilliness, it is a 
good remedy for sick headache. Give one drop of specific 
Sanguinaria every half or one hour. 



APOCVNUM, Canadian Hemp. 

Synonyms. — Indian Hemp (improperly), Bitter Root. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The root of Apocymwi cannabiniim, 
Linne, Nat. Ord., Apocyyiacece, Common in the United 
States. 

Specific Apocynum Cannabinum. — This preparation is 
of a dark whisky color and when first made is clear and 
transparent. By age it usually deposits a white, floculent 
precipitate which is of no consequence as it is a kind of rub- 
ber and not of any value in therapy. The clear liquid can 
be used in confidence after filtration or decantation. In very 
cold weather large crystals of cane sugar have been de- 
posited. 

This is a perennial plant, a native of America, growing 
two or three feet high, having a milky juice and a root some- 
what resembling that of Ipecac. The root is the part used 
in medicine. Its properties are emetic, cathartic, diuretic, 
alterative and tonic. In doses of forty to sixty drops it is 
emetic and cathartic. In small doses it is diuretic, tonic and 
expectorant ; in large doses it is a hydragogue- cathartic. 

In bronchitis, pharyngeal catarrh and laryngitis it assists 
to remove the secretions. For cough, if dry and short, give 
one drop of specific Apocynum. 



KMETICS. 37 

It is a good remedy in syphilis and chronic skin diseases, 
and in scrofula, acting as an alterative and tonic. 

It may be employed with advantage where there is slight 
losses of blood— passive hemorrhages. In passive menor- 
rhagia where the flow is too frequent it may be advantage 
ously emplo3^ed. Chronic metritis and rheumatism are re- 
lieved by its use. 

Its use is indicated by an oedematous condition of the 
tissues and a puffy condition of the eyelids. In rheumatism 
with these indications it will assist other anti-rheumatics. 

Apocynum is the remedy in drops}^ It is suited to atonic 
conditions of the system, as in anaemia, but it should not be 
given when the pulse is full and strong. By its use the ab- 
sorbent system is stimulated and tone given to the blood 
vessels, thus removing the oedematous infiltration and pre- 
venting further exudation. In the dropsy following scarlet 
fever it is a good agent, and may be employed alone or wdth 
other remedies that will act upon the heart and kidneys, as 
Digitalis and Squill. It is especially good in dropsy follow- 
ing ague. Dropsical affections with heart trouble, as dilata- 
tion of the ventricles, will be benefitted by the following : 
One to ten drops every hour, or an infusion of the root (5J. 
to aqua Oj.) in doses of one to two teaspoonfuls every 
hour, or : 

R. Digitalis Infusion, fl 3 iv. 

Specific Apoc3mum, fl 3ss. M. 
Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every three houi-s. 

This acts as a. heart tonic. This remedy is helpful in 
hydrocephalus and anasarca. 

It is of value in any dropsy of an atonic character ; some- 
times, in this condition, it is emploj^ed as an emetic. More 
often, however, small doses are to be preferred. 

In atonic dyspepsia when there is puffiness of the eye- 
lids and constipation. 



38 KMETICS. 

B. Specific Apocynum, gtt. v. to xij. 

Aqua, fl ^ iv. M. 

Sig.— Take a teaspoonful at bed-time, or take 

one drop of specific Apocynum in a little 

water after each meal. 

The dose of specific Apocynum is from the fraction of a 
drop to five drops. 



APOMORPMIN^ HYDROCHLORAS. 

Apomorphine Hydrochlorate, 

Description. — This salt occurs in very small, white, or 
grayish-white, shining needle crystals. It has no odor, and 
to the taste is feebly bitter. Upon exposure to air and light 
it acquires a greenish tint. Soluble equally in water and 
alcohol (about 45), and but very sparingly soluble in chlo- 
roform or ether. 

This is an alkaloidal salt made by heating together, in a 
closed tube, hydrochloric acid and morphine. It is a power- 
ful emetic, producing vomiting in from two to five minutes 
when given hypodermatically in doses of one-fifteenth grain 
in water. Its maximum dose ( ^ gr. ) should be adminis- 
tered only in extreme cases, as in narcotic poisoning. 

Apomorphine reduces the force and volume of the circula- 
tion and stimulates the respiratory centers. In large doses 
it may produce inflammation. This agent is very good for 
hypodermatic use, and very rapid in its action. In cases of 
narcotic poisoning it is useful if given early, but if not given 
early its effects are not produced. By way of stomach one- 
tenth grain may be used as a dose. In doses of one-six- 
teenth grain, by mouth, it is expectorant. The solution 
must be fresh or it is not good. Tetanus and hiccough may 
be treated with it. 



EMETICS. 39 

CUPRI SULPHAS. Copper Sulphate, 

Synonyms. — Blue Stone, Blue Vitriol, Cupric Sulphate, 
Sulphate of Copper. 

Description — This salt is produced by acting on copper 
with sulphuric acid. It forms large, deep-blue, transparent, 
odorless cr3^stals, having a metallic and nauseous taste. Ex- 
posed to the air, the crystals part with the water of crystalli- 
zation, becoming coated with a whitish powder. Soluble 
in cold water (2,6), boiling water (0.5), and nearly insoluble 
in alcohol. 

As an emetic Sulphate of Copper is valuable in cases of 
narcotic poisoning, working more quickly than sulphate of 
zinc. From three to five grains is an emetic dose. It makes 
a good application in purulent ophthalmia. For this purpose : 

R . Sulphate of Copper, gr. j . 

Aqua, fl3 j. M. 

Sig. — Use as eye drops. 

Apply the solid stick {^blue- stone pencil) to granulations 
in the treatment of granular conjunctivitis. 
In gonorrhoea use the following : 

R. Sulphate of Copper, gr. j. 

Aqua, flsj- M. 

Sig. — Inject once or twice dail5\ 

The same preparation may be used in the same way in 
leucorrhcea. 

Copper Sulphate makes a good application for indolent 
ulcers. It removes dead tissue, and by its stimulant effect 
promotes healthy granulations. 

Use the following to remove warts : 

R. Sulphate of Copper, grs. xx. 
Aqua, flaj. M. 

Sig. — Apply to the wart}^ gro\\1:h. 

For ulceration of the mouth or gums : 



40 EMETICS. 

R. Sulphate of Copper, grs. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl sj. M. 

Sig.— Apply to the ulcerated surface. 



SODII CHLORIDUM. Sodium Chloride 

Synonyms. — Common Salt, Table Salt, Sea Salt. 

Description. — Pure sodium chloride occurs in permanent, 
transparent, colorless, cubical crystals, or as an odorless, 
white, crystalline powder, of a pure saline (salt-like) taste. 
Soluble in cold water (2.8), and in boiling water (2.5) ; insol- 
uble in chloroform and ether, and nearly so in alcohol. 

Common salt, in large doses, is emetic and cathartic ; in 
small, stimulant, tonic, anthelmintic, styptic, and refrigerant. 

Salt has given good results when administered in cholera 
infantum and dysentery. It is a good antiseptic to add to 
poultices to be applied to gangrenous ulcerations. Applied 
to glandular swellings, sprains, and bruises, it acts as a dis- 
cutient. A hot salt pack is of value in many painful condi- 
tions. It gives relief in after-pains, pain in the chest, pneu- 
monia, pleurisy, toothache, etc. Salt water and vinegar, 
locally applied, sometimes arrest brain troubles, if used early. 
In this form it is a valuable counter-irritant in throat affec- 
tions. It may also be ased as a gargle. It is particularly 
applicable where there are flabby fauces. 

Douche for nasal catarrh : " * 

R. Sodium Chloride, 3 j. 

Aqua, Oj. M. 

Sig. — Use at blood temperature as a douche. 

In haemoptysis, administer salt in bulk, small quantities at 
a time. In protracted fevers, where but -little nourishment 
can be taken, give an occasional pinch of salt. 

Salt is a good emetic to use in cases of narcotic poisoning. 
Sick headache is often relieved also by an emetic dose of salt. 
For these purposes give four drachms of the drug in some 



e:mktics. 41 

warm water. Some cases of constipation yield to the continued 
use of small doses of salt. 

In chronic granular ophthalmia, dissolve about twenty 
grains of salt in the water used to bathe the eye. 

Remember that salt is the antidote to nitrate of silver. A 
solution of salt should always be at hand when a solution of 
silver nitrate is to be applied to the conjunctiva. 



ANTIMONII et POTASSfl TARTRAS, 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. 

Synonyms. — Tartar Emetic, Tartarated Antimony, Tar- 
tarized Antimony . 

Description. — This compound is produced when oxide 
of antimony and bitartrate of potassium (cream of tartar) 
are boiled together. This salt forms transparent, colorless 
crystals, which, on exposure to air, become opaque and 
white ; or it may be had in a granular white powder devoid 
of odor, but possessing a taste at first sweet and afterwards 
disagreeably metallic. Soluble in cold water (17) boiling 
water (3). Alcohol, in which it is insoluble, precipitates it as 
a crystalline powder from its solution in water. 

This agent is emetic, but is never so employed by members 
of our school of medicine. Its specific use is in that form of 
broncho-pulmonary disease known as capillary bronchitis. 
It should be emplo3^ed only in minute doses. The 2x or 3X 
homoeopathic triturations, given in about two grain doses 
ever}^ two hours, are about the proper forms of administra- 
tion ; the stronger trituration for adults, the weaker for 
children. It is specifically indicated by the increased secre- 
tion from the broncho-pulmonary mucous surfaces, with lack of 
power to expectorate. Breathing is difficult, suffocative and 



42 EMETICS. 

wheezing, the bronchial rales loudly subcrepitant, the cough 
rattling, the pulse feeble, and the extremities cool. A pallid 
surface covered with cold, clammy sweat, frequent urging 
to empty the bladder and bowels, with uneasiness in hypo- 
gastrium, are also indications. With this disease-picture 
before us, it will be found of value in croup, asthma, bron- 
chitis, bronchorrhoea and pneumonia, all with free secretion, 
but difficulty in raising the sputa, the effort being feeble and 
attended with a feeling of faintness. 



EUPHORBIA COROLLATA. Large Flowering Spurge. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The bark of the root of Euphorbia 
corollata, lyinne, Nat. Oxdi.., EiiphorbiacecE. United States, 
growing in meadow lands ; abundant in the South. 

This agent is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic and expec- 
torant. It is powerfully emetic in large doses ; smaller doses 
produce hydragogue catharsis ; small doses are expectorant 
and diaphoretic, and relieve irritation. As an emetic, give 
from ten to twenty grains of the powdered root with warm 
teas. Judgment must be used in its employment, for it is a 
harsh drug, and may produce, in injudicious doses, gastro- 
intestinal inflammation. 

In medicinal doses it relieves gastric irritation and assists 
digestion. Use it where the tongue is furred and there is 
a bad taste in the mouth, loss of appetite and constipation. 
Small doses are beneficial in dysentery and diarrhoea with 
large evacuations, accompanied by tenesmic pains. It is a 
remedy also for cholera morbus and cholera infantum. It 
relieves aphthous conditions in children, the trouble being 
associated with vomiting and diarrhoea. Administer it in 
the diarrhoea of consumption . 



KMK'rics. 43 

For all of the above conditions employ it as follows : 

R. Specific Euphorbia cor., gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

It is a good remedy when indicated. Its range of action 
is chiefly confined to the gastro-intestinal mucous membranes, 
relieving irritation and increasing the activity of the parts. 
Properly used, as above directed, it controls intestinal irregu- 
larities, cures constipation, and improves both gastric and 
intestinal digestion. 

As an emetic it is sometimes employed in dropsy. 



EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA. American Ipecac, 

Synonyms. — Ipecacuanha Spurge^ Wild Ipecac. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The root oi Euphorbia Ipecacuajiha, 
lyinne, Nat. Ord. , Eicphovbiacecs. Sandy soils of the United 
States near the Atlantic shores. 

This drug is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic and expectorant. 
Its action is the same as that of Euphorbia corollata, though 
it is much milder in its effects. It must not, however, be 
given in overdoses. Twenty-five grains of it have produced 
prolonged and alarming hypercatharsis. Its medicinal uses 
are the same as those of the preceding drug. 

Small doses relieve irritation of the gastro-intestinal mu- 
cous surfaces. It acts, in part at least, like Ipecac, and in 
stomach and bowel disorders, may sometimes be substituted 
for that drug. Its diaphoretic and expectorant qualities 
likewise resemble those of Ipecac. 

This drug is indicated by persistent gastric irritation, irri- 
tative dysentery or diarrhoea, and in dropsies with the mucous 
surfaces greatly irritated. It is reputed a sure cure for bil- 
ious colic. 



44 KMKTICS. 

As an emetic it may be useful sometimes in fevers — bilious 
and malarial — and in dropsy. 

The usual prescription for this drug for its specific effects 
will be : 

R. Spec. Euphorbia Ipecac, gtt. v. to x 
Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — A teaspoonful every one or two hours. 



CATHARTICS. 45 



CATHARTICS. 



Cathartics are agents, which, by their action upon the 
intestinal tract — by increasing peristalsis and stimulating 
the mucous coat — cause alvine evacuations. 

Cathartics may be divided into several kinds, ^s picrgative, 
drastic, hydragogue and cholagogue. 

Laxatives^ or aperieyits, though generally classed with the 
cathartics, may be considered as forming a separate class, so 
mild is their action, which is the causation of but feeble or 
at most gentle evacuation, with but little or no increase of 
the intestinal secretions. Examples: Sulphur, rhubarb, 
magnesia, manna, etc. 

Cathartics, as a rule, act briskly, evacuating the bowels, 
and, at the same time, so impressing the intestinal and neigh- 
boring glands that their secretions are augmented and thrown 
into the intestinal canal. As a rule, the whole system is 
pronouncedly impressed by their action. Examples : Podo- 
phyllin. Iris, Jalap, etc. 

Purgatives are the milder cathartics. Examples: Senna, 
Cascara sagrada, castor-oil, rhubarb. 

Drastics operate harshly, often provoking emeto-cath arsis, 
and occasionally inducing gastro-intestinal inflammation. 
Examples : The resinous cathartics, as a rule, such as Podo- 
ph^dlin, scammony, Gamboge, Euphorbium, etc. 

Hydragogues are those cathartics which induce a free ex- 
halation from the intestinal glands and produce copious, 



46 CATHARTICS. 

watery stools. Examples : Klaterium, magnesium sulphate, 
Jalap, etc. 

Cholagogues impress the liver, stimulating hepatic secre- 
tion and freely induce bilious evacuations. Examples : 
Podophyllin, Colocynth, Iris, etc. 

There are also minor subdivisions, such as : 

Emeto-cathartics^ which induce both emesis and catharsis. 
Example : Colocynth. 

Emme7iagogue cathartics^ those which act ^'ndirectly upon 
the pelvic viscera of the female, promoting thereby the men- 
strual flow. Example : Hellebore. 

Refrigerants have a tendency to reduce bodily heat. Ex- 
amples : Potassium bitartrate, magnesium and sodium sul- 
phates. 

While several drugs have been mentioned above as exhib- 
iting the action of each class, it must be borne in mind that 
many of them might partake of the qualities of several classes, 
according to the peculiarity of the drug and the dose admin- 
istered. Thus, while Podophyllin is a drastic cathartic, it 
may also be a cholagogue ; while castor-oil is a laxative, it 
may also be a purgative ; Hellebore, though a hydragogue, 
is indirectly emmenagogue. 

Cathartics may, with much propriety, be divided into 
mechanical {irritant) and specific cathartics. In this respect 
they resemble the emetics. 

The inechanical cathartic irritates the mucous surfaces, 
and causes an increase of secretion and peristaltic action. 
Example : Common salt in large doses. 

Specific cathartics, like the same class of emetics, may pro- 
duce their effects without entering the stomach, as when 
absorbed from an abraded surface. They are usually ad- 
ministered by stomach, however. Examples : Aloes, rhu- 
barb, Colocynth, etc. 

Some cathartics act both as irritant and specific agents. 
Examples : Gafnboge, Podophyllin. 



CATHARTICS. 47 

PODOPHYLLUM, May Apple. 

Synonyms. — Mandrake, Indian Apple, Wild Lemon, Rac- 
coon Berry. 

Botanic Aiv Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Podophyl- 
lum peltatum, lyinne, Nat. Ord., BerberidacecE. Plentiful in 
the United States. 

Chief Active Constituent. — The active principle is 
the Resiyi of Podophyllum, better known as Podophylli^i. 
There are two kinds of Podophyllin in commerce — a light 
yellow and a dark gray, almost brown, powder. The last is 
the kind originally prepared by Prof. John King, and is the 
only kind that should be employed. The yellow powder is 
produced by means of alum, and is much more liable to 
gripe than the brown preparation. Podophyllin has a strong 
May-apple odor, is soluble in alcohol and partially in ether 
and boiling water. 

Specific Po'dophyi^i^um is of a brown-yellow color and 
preserves the odor and taste of the drug. A few drops in 
water dissolve colorless, but a large amount makes the 
water milky, and a still larger amount precipitates white 
fiocculi. For this reason aqueous mixtures should be well 
stirred before being administered. 

This is a well-known native plant growing in nearly all 
parts of the United States. Podophyllin is the best cathartic 
in use. Its action reaches every portion of the body. Podo- 
phyllum imparts its virtues to alcohol and partially to water. 
To make a tincture of Podophyllum take eight ounces of 
the root and macerate it two weeks in a pint of alcohol, strain, 
and it is ready for use ; dose, from one to ten drops. A 
second decimal trituration of resin of Podophyllum is 
also used. A higher trituration may be used if desirable. 
This is convenient and the best form for its administration. 

The remarks in this lecture refer to Podophyllin, the resin, 
and not to Podophyllum, the root, unless otherwise stated. 



48 CATHARTICS. 

There are various opinions regarding Podophyllm ; some 
regard it like Jalap, while others think it is too harsh to be 
given. It is not like Jalap in action, but in a concentrated 
form it is exceedingly drastic. In a diluted form it is not 
drastic. It differs from every other cathartic in that it is 
slow in action and its effects are prolonged, making a per- 
manent impression. It may operate the second twenty-four 
hours more than during the first. 

It is cathartic, emmenagogue, cholagogue, eliminative, and 
emeto-cathartic. In large doses it produces watery dis- 
charges, pain in the abdomen, and cramps in the bowels. 

It is a powerful irritant to the entire intestinal canal, and 
by its intense action may even destroy life ; som^ agents in- 
crease and others lessen its action. Both Hyoscyamus and 
lyCptandrin modify its griping. It never acts very gently 
when there is excess of acid in the stomach ; in that case 
give bicarbonate of sodium before the Podophyllin to neu- 
tralize the acid. Salt is to be avoided while using it. 

Given in full doses it checks digestion, so if full doses are 
required, give one-fourth to one-half grain of Ipecac or 
Hyoscyamus in connection with it to lessen its severe action. 
It works very nicely with Leptandrin. It is contraindicated 
when there is irritation of the intestinal tract. In doses of 
one-tenth grain Podophyllin is a stimulant to the sym- 
pathetic nervous system, especially affecting the solar plexus. 

This is a good agent in atonic dyspepsia. It is indicated 
where there is hepatic torpor, bad taste, heart-burn, flat- 
ulence and vomiting after meals. If constipation is present 
give doses of one-tenth grain; if not, one-twentieth grain. 
It is useful also in the treatment of headache when there is a 
feeling of fullness, weight, and vertigo. Give doses of one- 
tenth grain every two hours ; this generally overcomes the 
trouble. 



CATHARTICS. 49 

With biliousness, constipation, and high-colored urine, 
bitter taste and bilious vomiting, give doses of one- twentieth 
to one-eighth grain four or five times a day. 

In liver troubles, acute and chronic, it is indicated by a 
sense of fullness in that region, pain in the back of the neck 
and in the left shoulder, and high-colored urine. Use twenty 
grains of the trituration in half a glass of water ; give of this 
a teaspoonful every three hours. 

It is a good remedy in jaundice in children. Use of the 
trituration ten to fifteen grains in half a glass of water ; take 
a teaspoonful of the mixture every three hours. If the 
stools are white give it till colored stools appear. 

The clay-colored stools indicate that it should be used. 
Specific Chionanthus may be employed with it if desired. 

It is the very best remedy we possess for constipation in 
children. We must use it for its mild effects, and so that it 
will act slowly, therefore, use the 2x trituration, grs. xxx, 
with a full teaspoonful of brown sugar in half a glass of 
water ; let the child take a teaspoonful three or four times a 
day. No matter how young the child, this is a safe and suc- 
cessful remedy. Its effects, however, may not be apparent 
until the second day. Do not give cathartic doses of Podo- 
phyllin if you wish it to overcome constipation or to act as a 
cholagogue. All cholagogues act best when the stomach 
contains but little food. 

For coHc in children, with hard and dry stools and flat- 
ulent distension of the abdomen, give it as just recommended. 
It is useful in sore mouth, where mouth washes are inefficient, 
and is indicated by excessive salivation. The washes are to be 
employed and Podophyllin given internally. It is a good 
remedy in diarrhoea, both acute and chronic, with watery, 
frothy, and painful evacuations. Give doses of one-fourth 
grain every four hours, and after its action subsides the diar- 
rhoea is over. For chronic diarrhoea use one one-hundredth 



50 CATHARTICS. 

grain two or three times a day. It is equally good in 
dysentery, using one-third grain or less at a dose. Consti- 
pation of the upper part of the intestinal tract is removed by 
it. In bilious fever, with yellow coat on the tongue and in- 
testinal torpor, use one-fourth to one-half grain every three 
or four hours. Use it in ague in connection with Cinchona. 

Podophyllin is a good remedy in the treatment of piles 
when resulting from a torpid liver, impeding the portal cir- 
culation. If great straining occurs at stool give doses of 
one-fourth grain twice a day. Sulphur is excellent in this 
condition. Podophyllin is useful in dropsy. Use one grain 
triturated with five drachms of cream of tartar. Make four 
or five powders and give one every three or four hours. 
It is valuable in some cases of cough, and where there is 
dark color around the eyes and the skin sallow or yellow, 
give Podophyllin. It may be employed in cases of rheu- 
matism, in some heart troubles, and in some brain disorders, 
with dizziness and pain in the head. Podophyllin is a good 
alterative and as such is used in syphilis. It is also indi- 
cated by full tissues, full veins, full abdomen, headache and 
dizziness, weight in the head and imperfect control of the 
muscles. 

Podophyllin acts upon the whole glandular apparatus. It 
restores the secretory power to the kidneys. There is one 
condition in which Podophyllin should be given in large 
doses, and that is to remove gall stones. This is indicated 
by bad taste, dull pain in the right hypochondrium, or sharp, 
tearing pain, with diarrhoea, and sometimes constipation 
with vomiting of bile. Here give two grains of Podophyl- 
lin at night. When it begins to operate, which it usually 
does by morning, give .six fluid ounces of olive oil. Specific 
Podophyllum, or the common tincture, may be employed in 
the foregoing conditions, though Podophyllin is generally 
preferred. 



CATHARTICS. 51 

In apthse do not forget borax : R. Sage tea, one cup, 
borax, one drachm, and sweeten with honey or sugar. Use 
as a w^ash and give in connection with it small doses of Po- 
dophjdlin. 

Podophyllin should be given in doses of from one one- 
hundredth to one-half grain. It is best used in trituration. 



RHEUM. Rhubarb. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The root of Rheum officinale, ^-di- 
\on, ^at.Ord., Po/j'gonacea^. Indigenous to China. Other 
species furnish a portion of the commercial root. They are 
all placed in two classes, however — the European and Chi- 
nese (Kast Indian). Russian or Turkey rhubarb is no lon- 
ger an article of commerce. 

Specific Rheum has a dark red color, and by age is in- 
clined to throw down a j^ellow sediment. When this occurs 
the bottle should be well shaken before its contents are used. 
When added to water a yellow coloration results, accompa- 
nied with turpidity. The addition of an alkali or of sodium 
or potassium bicarbonate turns the aqueous solution red. 

Several varieties of rhubarb root are on the market. Chi- 
nese rhubarb is most used, and constitutes the official species. 
The European is the poorest grade. In Tartary the plant 
grows spontaneously. The root should be sound, moderately 
heavy, compact, of a good color, and free from worms, to be 
fit for use. Its properties are cathartic, laxative, stomachic, 
and astringent. Make a tincture as follows : Use sixteen 
ounces of 60 per cent, alcohol to eight ounces of the root. 
Macerate two wrecks, filter, and it is ready for use. It may 
also be used in the form of a syrup. To simple syrup eight 
ounces, add one ounce of the tincture ; or, specific Rheum, 
fl3J., to simple syrup, fl 3 xv. Combine with this a few 
drops of the essence of anise. Doses of one-half to one drachm 
may be given to infants. 



52 CATHARTICS. 

In doses of from thirty to sixty grains of the powdered 
root to adults, it is a purgative, but in doses of five grains it 
is stomachic. A cordial may be made as follows : 

R. Ground Rhubarb Root, coarse, 
Peppermint Herb, 
Bicarbonate of potassium, aa, '^iij. M. 

On this pour four pints of boiling water, and let it macerate 
in a warm place two hours ; then strain it and while still 
warm add two pounds of white sugar. After the sugar has 
melted and the liquid is cold, add one pint of diluted alcohol 
and one-half ounce of essence of peppermint. The dose of 
this is from one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful. This is my 
favorite cleansing remedy, and the agent for undue acidity 
of the prima vies. 

A similar preparation may be made in dry form (comp. 
powder of rhubarb and potassa), by using equal parts of 
ground rhubarb root, peppermint herb, and bicarbonate of 
potassium. Rhubarb acts primarily as a cathartic, but sec- 
ondarily it is astringent. It does not produce watery evacu- 
ations, and is tonic, in small doses. Its astringency is les- 
sened by adding a carbonated alkali. It acts on the muscu- 
lar coat of the whole intestinal tract, but especiall3r on the 
duodenum. It may be given to a mother to influence the 
bowels of a nursing child. Its beneficial effect comes from 
its tonic action on the bowels. It leaves no tendency to diar- 
rhoea, and hence it is an excellent cathartic in cases of great 
debility, as in low forms of fever. It is valuable in the con- 
stipation of dyspeptics, with hepatic torpor. The cordial 
may be used in such cases. 

R. Neutralizing Cordial, fl 5 ij- 

Specific Podophyllum, 3 ss. M. 
DOvSe, one teaspoonful. 

Or, aloes may be added to it in pill to move the bowels. In 
dysentery it is a good agent. It may be given to unload the 



CATHARTICS. Od 

Upper bowel. When a gentle evacuant and stimulant is 
wanted, rhubarb is a very good drug. For this use the fol- 
lowing : 

R. Rhubarb Root, 
Leptandra Root, 
Gentian Root, aa. oj. 
Cardamom Seed, 3j. 
Dilute Alcohol, Oj. Macerate. 
Sig. — Dose, one or two fluidrachms. 

This makes a very good laxative tonic. Rhubarb is of 
'service in gout or rheumatism, if the patient is constipated. 

When a gentle laxative is needed it may be given during 
parturition. The cordial may be given in the nursing sore 
mouth of children. In cases of indigestion rhubarb may be em- 
ployed, using the cordial. As a purgative in the bowel com- 
plaints of children, it is a very good remedy. It is indicated 
by irritation of the stomach, with vomiting, nervous irrita- 
tion, debility, and convulsive contraction of the muscles, 
especially of the abdomen. Its non-irritating properties 
make it suitable for use when a stronger remedy is objec- 
tionable. 

Rhubarb, in connection with specific Leptandra, may be 
employed when a laxative is required after typhoid fever. It 
is a good laxative and stomachic for those accustomed to 
alcoholic stimulants. During convalescence from delirium 
tremens, use the following : 

R. Leptandra, Rhubarb, Gentian, all in powder, aa. 3 j. 

Ginger, sij. 

Dilute Alcohol, Oj. Macerate. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful. 

A red, pointed tongue, evidencing gastro-intestinal irrita- 
tion, indicates rhubarb as the remedy. 

For its specific use, add from thirty to forty drops of spe- 
cific rhubarb to four ounces of water. Dose, one teaspoonful. 



54 CATHARTICS. 

COLOCVNTM, Bitter Apple, 

Synonyms. — -Bitter Ciiciunber, Bitter Gourd. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The peeled fruit of Citrullus Colo- 
cynthis^ Schrader ; Nat. Ord. , CucurbitacecB, Southern 
Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

This is a trailing plant with an annual root. The prostrate 
stem resembles a cucumber vine, and the fruit is about the 
size of an orange It is grown in Europe, especially in Spain. 
The fruit is white, full of seeds, and bitter. Alcohol or ether 
fully, and water imperfectly, extract its virtues. 

Colocynth is a powerful drastic, hj^dragogue cathartic. It 
causes dryness of the throat, and decreases the frequency of 
the heart's action. As a cathartic it is seldom given alone, 
but may be combined with other agents to increase their 
action. 

The compound extract of Colocynth is composed of Ext. 
Colocynth i6 parts. Aloes 50 parts. Cardamom Seed 6 parts, 
Resin of Scammony 14 parts. Soap 14 parts, Alcohol 10 parts. 

In doses of from five to ten grains, this is an active cathartic. 
It is a good derivative to employ in cerebral congestion, coma, 
and apoplexy. One part of Podophyllin, five parts of pow- 
dered Colocynth, and fifteen parts of Aloes, may also be used 
in combination. Colocynth is a good remedy in passive 
dropsy from visceral obstruction, provided the patient is not 
debilitated. By its hydragogue action it draws a great amount 
of serum from the blood and tissues. 

Paralysis of the bladder may be relieved by this agent, 
since such a condition is sometimes relieved by irritation and 
stimulation of the rectum. 

Colocynth is a specific cathartic. It is alwa3^s contraindi- 
cated by inflammation and debility. When taken by the 
mouth in large doses, it produces severe colic, nausea, and 
vomiting. This effect is produced by its irritation of the 
rectum, and the vomitino^ is a svmtjathetic action. The best 



CATHARTICS. 55 

preparation to use is the first decimal solution, /. <?., one part 
of specific Colocynth to nine parts of alcohol. 

It is a good agent in dyspepsia, when there is a bitter taste 
in the mouth, bloating of the stomach after eating, and col- 
icky, or sharp, cutting pains in the region of the umbilicus. 

For this purpose mix one part of the specific Colocynth 
with nine parts of alcohol. Add of this from one to ten 
drops to water fl 5 iv. ; the dose being a teaspoonful ever}^ 
three or four hours ; or, a teaspoonful after meals will work 
wonders.. Used in this manner, it is much more efficient 
than in large doses. 

For bilious or worm colic, it is a very important remed3\ 
It is a good remedy in many diseases of the liver. Use it 
when the patient complains of sharp, darting pains in the 
region of the liver, with constipated bowels and abdominal 
distension. Colocynth acts quickly. If it does not give 
relief in a half hour, it will not help at all. Give it in small 
doses frequently repeated. It makes a decided impression 
upon the nervous system. It is a good agent in some cases 
of difficult breathing, when the trouble is from derangement 
of the pneumogastric. It does good service in chronic diar- 
rhoea, when the stools are slimy and attended with sharp, 
cutting pain, and distension of the abdomen. In this con- 
dition use one or two drops in water, fl 3 iv. Dose, a tea- 
spoonful. 

It is serviceable in some cases of dysentery. Dose, a tea- 
spoonful of the above mixture every three or four hours. If 
fever is present, give it with Aconite. Neuralgia, especially 
of the fifth nerve, is sometimes relieved by this agent. It is 
a remedy for sciatica, or other forms of rheumatism, when 
the pain is sharp and cutting. In these troubles it has cured 
when other drugs have failed. 

It acts specifically upon the reproductive organs of the 



56 CATHARTICS. 

female. Give it when colicky pains precede or accompany 
menstruation. It must not be administered to pregnant wo- 
men, or abortioii is likely to result. Give teaspoonful doses 
of a mixture of from five to ten drops in four ounces of 
water, for menstrual wrongs. 



LEPTANDRA. Black Root. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Veronica 
Virginica^ lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Sa^ofulariacecs. A plant com- 
mon in the United States. 

Spkcific lyEPTANDRA has a brown, nearly black color, 
and possesses the peculiar odor of the drug. This odor is 
strengthened when a little specific lyCptandra is mixed with 
water, and such mixtures are always turbid, and throw down 
resinous precipitates. Mixtures of specific Leptandra and 
water should be shaken before being administered. 

This is one of our best known indigenous plants, growing 
from three to four feet high, and flowering in July or August. 

Its medicinal properties may be extracted by alcohol or 
water. A tincture is prepared by using two parts of 75 per 
cent, alcohol to one part of the root; the dose being from one 
to ten drops. 

We use the tincture, extract, powdered root, and lyCptan- 
drin. The drug is cholagogue, laxative, cathartic, and tonic. 
The green rhizome is an active purgative, but not a good 
one ; while the dried drug produces no great constitutional 
disturbances. 

This agent is a very good one in chronic affections of the 
mucous surfaces. It increases the tone of and benefits the en- 
tire glandular system. In large doses it causes profuse se- 
cretion in and running off from the bowels. This comes 
from its action on the mucous surfaces. It also acts specifi- 



CATHARTICS. 5/ 

cally on the liver, promoting its secretions. It is employed 
in dyspepsia when the lattter results from atony of the 
stomach or liver. 

Use a trituration of one part of Leptandrin to nine parts 
of sugar of milk. It increases the solid constituents of the 
bile. Podophyllin and Leptandrin occupy the same place 
with us that blue mass does with the Allopaths. Leptandra 
is a good tonic. It is useful in bilious troubles when the pa- 
tient suffers from drowsiness, cold extremities, and hot and 
dry skin. Its use is further indicated by a dull, aching pain 
in the region of the liver and of the left shoulder, frontal 
headache, sallow skin, furred tongue, bitter taste in the 
mouth, and constipation. Use it until the glandular secre- 
tions of the intestines are freely discharged. 

It is very efficient in bilious fever, when a remedy not de-. 
pressing is wanted. It is a good drug in intermittent fever 
when there is great feebleness. Ague, after the disease has 
been broken with quinine, may be treated with lyCptandra. 
It is a good cholagogue for children. 

It is a valuable agent in diarrhoea when stools are watery, 
and contain much mucus, with dull pain in the region of the 
umbilicus. When food passes poorly digested it tones up 
the alimentary tract, and, at the same time, cleanses it. It 
is a good remedy in the diarrhoea of teething children with a 
sallow appearance of the skin and tenderness in the region 
of the liver. 

Use it with the neutralizing cordial of Rhubarb as follows: 

R. Neutralizing Cordial, fl 5 ij. 

lyCptandra, fl^iij. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two or four hours. 

lyCptandra is of service in jaundice and chronic enteritis. 
In dysentery it is more valuable in the chronic than in the 
acute form, being best adapted to that form likely to termi- 
nate in chronic entero-colitis. The indications here are diz- 



58 CATHARTlCvS. 

ziness, cold extremities, headache, pain in the bowels and 
liver, and great mental depression, amounting to gloominess. 
With these conditions it will be of service in any disease. 
Some cases of dropsy are improved by L^eptandra. It stim- 
ulates absorption, and thus benefits in this disease. The 
dose of specific Leptandra ranges from ten to fifteen drops. 



ALOE. Aloes. 

Synonyms. — (i) Socotrine Aloes, (^2) Barbadoes Aloes, (3) 
Cape Aloes, Hepatic Aloes, etc. 

Botanic Aiv Origin. — The inspissated juice of (i) Aloe 
Perryi, Baker ; (2) Aloe vera (lyinne), Webb ; and (3) other 
species of Aloe ; Nat. Ord. , Liliacece. Chiefly natives of 
Africa and Asia. 

Chikf Active Constituent. — Aloin. 

Aloe plants are grown in Africa and Asia. The leaves of 
the plant are cut and the juice exudes; this is collected and 
boiled down, forming the Aloes of commerce. This, how- 
ever, is of an inferior grade. The best product, and that 
which is official, is that which has been dried by sun heat. 
Several varieties are in the market. Barbadoes Aloes are 
the strongest, but Socotrine Aloes are best for medicinal use. 
Purified Aloes, or that which should be employed in medi- 
cine, is prepared from Socotrine Aloes. 

Aloes is cathartic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, emmena- 
gogue, and anthelmintic. As a cathartic it acts very slowly 
and exerts its influence upon the lower bowel, but produces 
no watery discharges. It acts on the muscles of the intestines, 
increasing peristalsis and the circulation in them by its stim- 
ulant influence. In small doses it is a tonic and general 
stimulant. If from five to ten grains are put on a raw sur- 
face it produces evacuations, or if given to a nursing female 
it purges the child. It also stimulates the stomach and sex- 
ual apparatus. It is contra-indicated in inflammatory con- 



CATHARTICS. 59 

ditions, especiall}^ of the lower bowel. It quickens circula- 
tion and slightly increases temperature ; therefore, it should 
not be employed where there is much fever and inflammation. 
If Aloes are given at bed-time the action occurs the next 
morning, generally, it being slow in action. The amount 
required to produce catharsis varies, sometimes one or two 
grains purge, and again ten grains will not produce this 
result. If the liver is active, small doses are effective ; if not, 
larger doses are required. When the stools follow one 
another rapidly they usually contain bile. Aloes is not 
generally to be used in hemorrhoidal conditions of the bowels, 
but if no inflammatory conditions are present, and there is 
great torpor, constipation and plethora, the agent, in small 
doses, may sometimes be used. Aloes is a good agent in 
habitual constipation, especially if lack of tone is the most 
prominent feature. 

R. Aloes, gr. j. 

Powd. Ipecac, gr. ss. 

Ext. Nuxvom., grs. }{. M. Make a pill. 
Sig. — Give after eating, i, 2 or 3 per da3^ 

Its purgative effect is not desired. Use small doses to 
begin wath and increase the dose if necessar>^ After the 
bowels become loose, leave off the morning pill, then the 
evening pill, and lastly the dinner pill. In the constipation 
of anaemic females take from one to three pills ( after each 
meal) composed of reduced iron, myrrh, and aloes, aa. gr. 
one. The greater the torpor of the bowels the more strongl}^ 
Aloes is indicated. This pill \s411 improve digestion. 

Aloes is useful in some cases of amenorrhoea w^ith torpor 
and constipation. Use Aloes, grains five or six, alone or in 
combination with other agents. 

It is a good agent in great debilit}^ of the uterus. Give 
one drop of the tincture three or four times a day, or use the 
following : 



60 CATHARTICS. 

R. Aloes, o j. 

Castile Soap, 3 j. M. 
Make thirty pills. 
Sig. — Dose, from one to three pills. 

In amenorrhoea use the following : 

li. Aloes, 

Myrrh, aa. 5 j. 
Make thirty pills. 
Sig. — Give one to three pills. 

Aloes with Ipecac does not produce so much irritation as 
when given alone. Using Hyoscyamus with it will accom- 
plish the same result, the combination being less griping. 
Do not give Aloes to pregnant women, or an abortion may 
result. The cathartic dose of Aloes is from one to ten grains. 



ELATBRIUM. Elaterium, 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The sediment deposited from the 
juice of the fruit of Ecballimn Elaterium (lyinne), A. Richard ; 
Nat. Ord., CuairbitacecB. 'X:\As>'^\2.n\.\s,XhQsquirti7ig cuciim- 
ber of Northern Africa, Western Asia, and Mediterranean 
Europe. It is cultivated. 

DESCRIPTION. — The best kind of Elaterium com.es in flat 
or partly curled fragments or cakes, often exhibiting the 
imprint of the muslin upon which it is dried. It is light, 
easily broken, pale green, if fresh, becoming gray or pale 
buff in color with age, has a faint tea-like odor, and an acrid, 
very bitter taste. About fifty per cent, of it is dissolved by hot 
alcohol. It should contain twenty-five per cent, of Elaterin. 

Chikf Activk Constituent. — Elaterimim or Elateriii 
forms colorless, shiny crystals, without odor, but possessing 
a very bitter, sub-acrid taste. Soluble in chloroform (2.4), 
ether (543), alcohol (337), boiling alcohol (34), boiling 
water (1820) and cold water (4250). As will be obsen^ed 
it is but verv little soluble in water. 



CATHARTICS. 61 

Specific Klatkrium has a greenish color and is intensely 
energetic as a remedy. Mixtures of specific Elaterium and 
water must be well mixed each time they are administered, 
for any sediment that forms must be evenly commingled in 
order to avoid the danger of an overdose. 

This is a twining plant having something of the appear- 
ance of a melon vine. In its native state it is perennial, but 
some cultivated varieties are annual. 

The expressed juice of this fruit is used in medicine. 

Elaterium is a drastic hydragogue cathartic, and is the 
purgative remedy for plethoric conditions of the body. Its 
action is very debilitating and hence it must not be employed 
in cases of debility, nor of acute intestinal inflammation. It 
is the most powerful drastic hydragogue cathartic in use. 

Given in dropsy, if the patient does not vomit, it produces 
very good results. It causes profuse watery discharges 
from the mucous surfaces of the stomach and bowels. It is 
likewise eliminated partly through the kidneys, and thereby 
increases their secretions. In small doses it relieves irritation 
of the mucous surfaces, but in larger doses it is highly irri- 
tant to them. 

It is good in those cases attended by a constant painful 
sensation in the neck of the bladder, the urine passing quickly, 
but leaving an uncomfortable feeling. Use the following : 

R. Elaterium, grs. ij. 

Alcohol, fl5j. M. 
Sig. — Add five drops to water fl 5 iv. and give a 

teaspoonful every three hours. 

If this affects the bowels too much lessen the dose. Its 
use as a specific for chronic inflammation of the neck of the 
bladder was first pointed out by Prof. King. Given in 
small doses ( i drop of the above tincture in a little water) it 
is a good remedy in chronic gastritis. In dropsy with liver 
trouble use the following : 



62 CATHARTICS. 

R. Elaterium, gr. j. 

Podophyllin, grs. ij. 

Powd. Ext. Colocynth Comp., gr. xvj. 

Ext. Hyoscyamus, q. s. to make a pill mass. 

Make eight pills and give one every three hours until the 
bowels move freely. This favors the removal of the effused 
dropsical material. 

In dropsy with heart complication use : 

R. Elaterium, gr. j. 

Powd. Digitalis, 3ss. 

Powd. Squill, 3SS. 

Ext. Hyoscyamus q. s. to make a pill mass. 

Make twenty pills and give one or two every three hours 
until the bowels move freely ; after that give one or two each 
day. 

For uraemic convulsions, with general dropsy, especially 
after scarlet fever : 

R. Elaterium, gr. j. 

Powd. Ext. Colocynth Comp., gr. xv. 

Make eight pills and gi\^ one every hour until the bowels 
move freely. Dropsy results from an inequality between 
absorption and exhalation, and Elaterium removes the ac- 
cumulated surplus, thus restoring the normal equilibrium. 

Be careful not to give it in too large doses or it will vomit. 
The usual dose of Elaterium is from one-twentieth to one- 
eighth grain ; of Elaterin from one-thirty-second to one-six- 
teenth grain. 



HELLEBORUS. Black Hellebore, 

Synonym.- — Christmas Rose. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome and rootlets of Hellc- 
borus niger, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., RanuncidacecE . Southern 
Europe, blooming in the winter time, hence its name, Christ- 
mas Rose. 



CATHARTICS. 63 

This is a perennial plant. Its root is about the size of a 
straw and ver}- bitter. Its medicinal virtues may be ex- 
tracted b}' alcohol or water, though more thoroughly with 
alcohol. It is cathartic, emetic, emmenagogue and acro- 
narcotic. In large doses it is poisonous, but in small doses it 
increases the action of the bowels and organs connected 
there^vith. It is used in cases of insanit}^, both maniacal 
and melancholic, when produced by disorders of the liver or 
stomach. It is likewise a good remedy in similar acute con- 
ditions when produced by menstrual troubles. It is stimulant 
to the female reproductive organs when given in small doses. 

As a derivative it is a good agent. 

It is a good remedy for dropsy resulting from atonic con- 
ditions of the bowels, though here it is inferior to Apoc3'num. 

It is also a good drug in dropsical effusions into serous 
membranes (with deficient absorption), the result of inflam- 
mation. 

Helleborus with Bryonia is a good combination in dropsy 
of the chest (h^^drothorax). 

In dropsy following measles or scarlet fever, Helleborus, 
Digitalis, Apocynum, and Bryonia are our best remedies. 
The dose of Helleborus ranges from the fraction of a drop to 
five drops. 



JALAPA. Jalap. 

Botanical Origin. — The tuberous root or tubercles of 
Ipomea Jalapa, Xuttall ; Nat. Ord., Convolvulacea;. Eastern 
slope of the x\ndes of Mexico, and introduced into Jamaica 
and India. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Convolvulin, or Jalapicr- 
giii, a compound resinous glucoside. 

J ALAP Specific has a dark brown red color, and when 
mixed with water forms at first a milk}^ liquid and then pre- 
cipitates. Such mixtures must be well stirred or shaken be- 
fore being administered. 



64 CATHARTICS. , 

This is a very old remedy, having been in use since 1610. 
It is a twining, annual plant, growing in Mexico. Its root 
is the part used in medicine, being in the form of a pear- 
shaped tuber, and possessing a rather sweet, acrid taste. 

The active principle of the plant is contained in its resin 
( Coiivolvulin) . A good tincture is made by macerating three 
ounces of Jalap with a pint of 60 per cent, alcohol. Dose, 
one drachm. 

It is also used in powder. Its action is rendered more 
agreeable by combining a small amount of ginger with it. 
Dose, fifteen to thirty grains. 

An extract is also employed. Dose, five to twenty grains. 

Resin of Jalap is given in doses of five grains. 

A compound powder of Jalap with cream of tartar is made 
thus: R Jalap, §iij. 

Cream of Tartar, 3 vj . 
Ginger, 3ij. M. 

Sig. — Dose, 30 to 60 grs. in water every three hours. 

Anti-Bii,ious Physic : — 

R Jalap, powd., 5viij. 
Senna, powd., ^xvj. 
Ginger, powd., ^j. Triturate. 
Sig. — Dose, a large teaspoonful in sweetened water. 

Jalap is a good cathartic, being rapid and safe in its action, 
and affecting the entire alimentary canal. It is a safe drug 
in fevers when an evacuation of the intestinal tract is needed. 
It is suited to excited conditions of the system, and may be 
employed whenever a cooling effect is desired It is a good 
agent to use when the rectum is impacted with hard matter, 
for as it produces great secretion, the expulsion of the mass 
is favored. It is a good purgative in the early stage of gon- 
orrhoea, especially if the patient is fleshy and plethoric. Use 
a teaspoonful of the anti-bilious physic every six hours until 
the bowels are thoroughly evacuated. 



CATHARTICS. 65 

Anti-bilious ph5'sic, in moderate doses, is a good laxative 
to employ in inflammatory states of the biliary apparatus. 

This agent does not produce any unpleasant uterine or 
hemorrhoidal troubles. In fact it is a good laxative in hem- 
orrhoids where a stimulating physic is contraindicated. It 
is a good derivative in diseases of the brain. It is useful in 
some cases of constipation which result from dryness of the 
mucous surfaces due to deficient secretion from the intestinal 

glands. Give Jalap, five grains, in ^he morning from day to 
day. 

Jalap is a good vermifuge. For this purpose use the fol- 
lowing : 

R. Santonine , grs. jij . 

Jalap, grs. xxx. Triturate. 

Make six powders and give one every six hours. 
The usual dose of Jalap is from twenty to forty grains. 



RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. Cascara Sagrada. 

Synonyms. — Sacred Bark, C/iitte77i Bark. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The bark of Rhamniis Purshiana, 
DeCandolle ; Nat. Ord., RhaDinacecs . Indigenous to Pacific 
Coast of the United States. 

This remedy is obtained from the bark of a small tree 
which grows on the Pacific Slope and in neighboring regions. 

It is cathartic and tonic in its action. It is a valuable 
remedy for habitual constipation, toning up the entire intes- 
tinal tract. For the same reason it is a good remedy in 
dyspepsia with constipation. Give doses of ten drops of spe- 
cific Rhamnus after each meal. It is a very good agent in 
hemorrhoids, with constipation, resulting from loss of tone. 
Give from ten to fifteen drops of specific Rhamnus three or 
four times a day. In habitual constipation it may be neces- 
sary to give doses of a teaspoonful for a time, and afterwards 
reduce the dose to a few drops three times a day. 



66 CATHARTICS. 

COLCHICUM. Meadow Saffron, 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The corm (tuber) and seeds of Col- 
chicinn atdiminale, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Liliacecs. Indigenous 
to Europe 

Chikf Active ConstituKnt. — The alkaloid Colchicine, a 
powerful poison. 

C01.CHICUM Specific is made of Colchicum seed. It has 
a color near that of whisky, and when added to water causes 
milkiness. 

This is a perennial plant flowering in August, September, 
or October, and yielding its fruits the following summer. 
The leaves are over a foot in length, and the flowers are pale 
purple, lilac, or rose-colored. The plant grows in rich soil 
both in Europe and America, where it is cultivated. Its 
root (corm), which is bitter and acrid, is the part used in 
medicine, as are also the seeds ; the tincture from the latter 
is the best preparation. The activity of the root varies at 
different seasons of the year. It is best when gathered in 
July, when it is about a year old ; the seeds should be col- 
lected about the middle of July or the first of August. It is 
one of the best blood medicines of the vegetable kingdom. 
It is the remedy for gout. Colchicum is a cathartic and gen- 
eral sedative. In large doses it is an irritant poison. Given 
in small doses it increases all the secretions — those of the 
skin, liver, bowels and kidneys. It is a good remedy in 
some cases of rheumatism. In doses of one-half ounce it is 
an acro-narcotic poison, producing symptoms of cholera, 
headache, pain in the bowels, muscles and feet, with loss of 
consciousness and decreased circulation. Death has been 
caused by it. 

Colchicum in small doses is stimulant. In gout it is spe- 
cific ; on account of its eliminative action it removes from 
the body the morbid material upon which the disease de- 
pends. It should be given in large or small doses as the 



CATHARTICS. bi 

case may indicate. Begin with twenty drops in four ounces 
of water ; dose, a teaspoonful every hour. If this is not 
enough give doses of five drops. 

Wine of Colchicum is sometimes best, being given in doses 
of from thirty to forty drops. When this acts upon the 
bowels freely its use should be stopped. 

The best results come from its slow and silent action. In 
rheumatism of the heart, when there are indications for al- 
kalies, this remedy may be given in alternation with an 
alkali. Here the wine may be used in ten-drop doses, or 
thirty drops of specific Colchicum may be added to four 
ounces of water ; dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

This agent is a good one to employ in chronic rheumatism 
with effusion into the joints and pain of a tearing character. 
The joint is swollen, and the pain aggravated by heat. It is 
also useful in rheumatic iritis. It gives good results in gon- 
orrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and enlargement of the liver. Give 
it in any of these conditions when associated with a gouty 
diathesis. Large doses are very depressing, and should not 
be given in cases of debility. Remember that its principal 
value is in the treatment of gout. 

Dose of the ordinary tincture of the root is from ten to 
sixty drops ; dose of the ordinary tincture of the seed, ten to 
forty drops ; of specific Colchicum, from one to ten drops. 
The smaller doses are always to be preferred, and the action 
of the drug should be carefully watched. 



TARAXACUM. Dandelion. 

Botanical Origin.— The recent root of Taraxacum offi- 
cinale ^ Weber ; Nat. Ord., Compositis. This root should be 
collected in the autumn. Common- throughout the world. 

This is a small plant with j^ellow blossoms, irregular leaves 
and stem with milky juice, common in our country, and 
flowering in early spring, and again in late autumn. This 



68 CATHARTICS. 

root is used in medicine and must be recent ; the dry root is 
practically valueless. 

Its principal effect is exerted on the duodenum. It in- 
creases the flow of bile into the intestines. 

It is cholagogue, laxative, diuretic and alterative. It is 
not a very active remedy, and is better adapted to chronic 
than to acute diseases. It is a good alterative in some skin 
diseases, scrofula, syphilis, and rheumatism, especially when 
some liver trouble is present. In fact all diseases depending 
upon derangements of the liver will be benefited by its use. 
For chronic jaundice : 

R. lycptandrin, gr. j. 

Kxt. Taraxacum, gr. ij. M. 
Make into a pill. Dose, one or two daily. 

In gout and dropsy from three to five grains of extract of 
Dandelion may be given several times a day. 

It is a very useful remedy in many cases of atonic dyspep- 
sia with debility and liver trouble. A saturated tincture of 
the green root is made with alcohol (sixty-five per cent.) 
Dose, from ten to twenty drops. 

The dose of specific Taraxacum is from five to fifteen drops. 



JUGLANS. Butternut. 

Synonym. — White Walnut. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The bark of the root of Jitglans 
ciiierea, lyinne ; Nat. Ord. , Juglaiidacea;. The U. S. P. 
directs the bark collected in Autumn. Indigenous to the 
United States. 

The inner bark of the root of the Butternut is obtained 
in the Spring, and its medicinal virtues may be extracted by 
water or alcohol. In large doses it is emetic and cathartic, 
but in small doses it is a mild intestinal stimulant and laxative. 

To prepare the extract, fill a vessel with the bark, boil 
with water, strain, boil again till it is in a syrupy condition, 



CATHARTICS. 69 

remove to a water-bath, and continue to boil until the prod- 
uct assumes an extract consistence. Dose, from one to five 
grains. 

In minute doses, as teaspoonful doses of a mixture of thirty 
drops in water four ounces, Juglans influences the skin and 
mucous membranes. It is a good remedy in habitual consti- 
pation, for which use the following : 

R. Extract of Butternut, 5 j. 

Ext. Nux Vomica, grs. v. M. 
Make forty pills. 
Sig. — Two pills three times a day. 

The same pill is serviceable in indigestion with gastric 
irritability, flatulence, acid eructations, and deficient gastric 
secretion, giving one after each meal. This remedy is a good 
one in dyspepsia, and in diarrhoea with tenesmus, offensive 
discharges, and a burning sensation. Give specific Juglans 
from one to ten drops. It is a good laxative in rheumatism 
when the bowels are constipated. It is a valuable remedy 
in scrofula and chronic skin diseases when used as an altera- 
tive, in doses ranging from one to ten drops of specific Juglans. 
It is indicated where skin disorders assume a vesicular or 
pustular character. 

In such diseases of the respiratory organs as chronic 
pharyngitis, bronchitis, or laryngitis, with increased secre- 
tion, when a cathartic influence is needed, this remedy may 
be given. When a cathartic action is desired give the ex- 
tract in ten grain doses. 



SENNA, Senna, 

Synonyms. — (i) Ale xandina Senna, (2) India Senna. 

Botanical OriCxIN.— The leaflets of (i) Cassia acutifolia, 
Delile ; and (2) Cassia angnstifolia, Vahl ; Nat. Ord., 
Leg2uninosa>. East and Central Africa. 



70 CATHARTICS. 

Chikf Active Constituent. — Cat liar tic acid, an amor- 
phous black, feebly acid, cathartic principle. 

This plant is a native of Egypt, but it also grows in 
Europe. Alexandria Senna is the best kind. It is bitter, 
though somewhat fragrant, owing to the presence of a vola- 
tile oil. Its action is principally on the small intestines, and 
constipation does not follow its use. It is slightly stimulant 
and cathartic. It is not much used alone but generally in 
combination with some other agent. Given with sugar it 
makes a good mixture. Bitter substances assist its action ; 
aromatics, sugar, ginger, and manna lessen its griping ten- 
dencies. For its cathartic effect use the following : 

R. Senna. 

Peppermint herb, aa. 5j. M. 
On this pour one pint of boiling water, let it stand 

until bold, filter and it is ready for use. 
Sig. — Give a wineglassful every morning. Do 

not use a decoction. 

Senna acts well in connection with Rhubarb. Use equal 
parts of Senna and syrup of Rhubarb. It is a good agent in 
both bilious and wind colic. It is a good purgative in the 
forming stage of bilious and other fevers, especially in chil- 
dren. It is contra-indicated by a gastro-intestinal inflam- 
mation, and even where there is but gastric irritation and 
general debility. The following are very good cathartics : 
Compound powder of Senna and Jalap (anti-bilious physic). 

R. Jalap, 3viij. 

Senna, 5 xvj. 

Ginger, ij. M. 
Sig. — One teaspoonful. 
R. Fl. Ext. Senna, 

Fl. Ext. Rhei, aa. flaj. 

Oil of Menth Pip. gtt. ij. M. 

Dose, one teaspoonful every three hours, until the desired 
action results. 



CATHARTICS. 71 

Whenever a stimulant action is desired ginger or pepper 
may be added to Senna. Epsom salts increase its action and 
render it more efficient as a cathartic. 

The dose of specific Senna is from thirty to sixty drops. 
The leaves of American Senna (Cassia Marilandica) have a 
similar, though feebler action, to that of Senna. 



OLEUM RICINI. Castor OH. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The fixed oil expressed from the 
seeds of Riciniis communis, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., Eiiphorbiacecs. 
Indigenous to India. 

Description. — A colorless, viscid, thick, odorless oil, of 
a mild and peculiarly nauseous taste, followed by a slightly 
acrid after-taste. It is freely soluble in alcohol (an equal 
part) ; in absolute alcohol (all proportions). Ether also 
dissolves it. 

This oil is obtained from the seed of the Ricimis communis, 
raised in Asia for this purpose, and in the United States 
chiefly for ornament. Pure castor oil should not be yellow, 
and should be ^odorless until after having been exposed to 
the air, when it becomes nauseous. Always use a fresh oil. 
The seeds of the plant are poisonous ; twenty of them, when 
swallowed, having produced death. The seed is a very vio- 
lent emeto-cathartic, two or three being sufficient to purge, 
and cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
>stomach and intestines. In cases of poisoning by it, give 
morphine and bismuth internally, and apply a sinapism over 
the abdomen. In the process of manufacture of the oil, the 
poisonous principle is removed, so that the former is very 
bland and safe to use. 

Castor oil is employed as a cathartic and laxative. If it 
be applied to the abdomen of children, with brisk friction, 
it will purge, or if introduced under the skin the same result 



72 CATHARTICS. 

may be obtained. Very delicate children are purged by the 
smell of it. In doses of two or three ounces, it will produce 
uneasiness of the stomach and vomiting. In doses of half 
an ounce every two hours, it acts as a cathartic. It relieves 
uneasiness in the bowels, and induces a tendency to sleep. 
The evacuations produced by it are generally liquid after the 
collected fecal matter is discharged. 

Its continued use destroys the appetite, owing to its irri- 
tant influence on the stomach. It is a good cathartic in the 
diseases of children when an evacuant of the bowels is needed. 
In diarrhoea resulting from the presence of irritating sub- 
stances in the intestinal tract, this is a good remedy. It is 
an excellent agent for the reifioval of undigested and un- 
wholesome food. It is Useful in those cases where the secre- 
tions of the bowels are mucous or bloody. It is a good rem- 
edy in some cases of dysentery. If in a mild form, this dis- 
ease is generally relieved by giving a tablespoonful, with 
tincture Opium, ten to fifteen drops, once or twice a day. 

After the administration of a vermifuge, castor oil pro- 
motes the expulsion of the worms. After parturition, if an 
evacuant is needed, castor oil is a very good means, if given 
in tablespoonful doses. It is a very good remedy in the diar- 
rhoea of phthisis. The greatest objection to its use is its un- 
pleasantness. It may be disguised somewhat by giving it 
with warm milk, coffee, or lemon juice, but the best thing 
for this purpose is the froth of ale. Water should not be 
given after the oil, as it increases the disagreeable taste. 
After giving the oil, wipe the mouth and teeth with a clean 
cloth. The ordinary dose of castor oil is a tablespoonful. 



OLEUM TtGLIL Croton Oil. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The fixed oil which is obtained by 
expressing the seeds of Croton Tiglhim, Linne ; Nat. Ord., 



CATHARTICS. 73 

EuphorbiacecB. A native of India and the Phillippine Isles. 
It is cultivated. 

Description. — Croton oil is viscid, varies in color from 
light yellow to reddish brown ; has a peculiar feeble odor, and 
hot, acrid taste, leaving an unpleasant after-taste, which per- 
sists for many hours. It is soluble in alcohol (60), ether, 
chloroform, essential and fixed oils. 

This oil is a very powerful drastic, hydragogue cathartic, 
very speedy in action, and producing purgation in one or 
two hours. One seed has been known to destroy life. It 
may be emploj^ed when a powerful derivative action is needed, 
as in some cases of inflammation of the brain, orwhenaver}^ 
rapid action is desired. In tases of poisoning it may be given 
with castor oil. This lessens its severity and gives it a free 
access to the alimentar}- tract. Dose, one drop of croton oil 
in a teaspoonful of castor oil. Because of the small amount 
needed to act it is a good agent in some cases where the pa- 
tient refuses to take medicine. This is sometimes the case in 
acute mania with furious delirium. One drop placed on the 
tongue w^ill produce catharsis. Generally one or two drops 
will be given in soup or gruel. In lead colic, one drop may 
be given every two or three hours. It maj^ be emploj^ed in 
dropsy and in extremely bad cases of obstinate constipation. 
It should never be administered if inflammation is present. 

Croton oil is used locally as a counter-irritant, as in spinal 
neuralgia and dangerous cerebral disease from retrocession of 
measles or other cutaneous diseases. 

In chronic inflammation of the respiratory organs, in rheu- 
matism or lumbago, its use as a local application is beneficial. 
Use the following : 

R. Croton Oil, Oil of Amber, aa. fl^ ij. 
Oil of Turpentine, fl 5 iv. M. 

A small amount of this embrocation is to be applied over 
the affected part every three hours until it becomes pustu- 



74 CATHARTICS. 

lated. The oil may be given in the form of pills made with 
bread crumbs. Use two drops of the oil, and enough of 
alcohol to dissolve it. Make four pills. 

Croton oil should be employed only in extreme cases. 

Keep the oil out of the eyes. 



OLEUM OLIV^, Olive Oil. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The expressed fixed oil from the 
ripe fruit of Olea europcea, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Oleacece. Asia 
and Mediterranean Europe. Cultivated. 

Description. — A pale yellow or greenish yellow oil, 
pleasant in odor, sweetish in taste, becoming slightly acrid 
with age, but not easily acquiring rancidity. Alcohol but 
sparingly dissolves it ; ether and chloroform, however, dis- 
solve it freely. 

This oil is made from the fruit of the Olive, a native of 
Asia. It is odorless, rather sweet and pleasant to the taste. 
It is nutritious and is used as food in some places, though 
not so extensively as formerly. It is cathartic and laxative, 
though it is seldom given as a cathartic. To produce the 
cathartic effect it must be given in doses of two or three 
ounces. It is laxative in doses of from one to two ounces. Ad- 
minister to infants in from one to four drachm doses. It is a 
good agent to use in case of poisoning with concentrated caus- 
tic alkalies. Give the patient all the olive oil he can swallow. 
It unites with the alkali, forming a neutral soap, which is 
inert. 

It is a good agent to prevent poisoning by lead in persons 
who work with that article. In bites or stings of insects use 
a compress containing warm olive oil on the wounded part. 

If a bug or insect gets in the ear, tip the head over side- 
ways and fill the ear with oil. This brings it out dead or 
alive. 



CATHARTICS. i r> 

This oil is a. good remedy in consumption and colliquative 
sweating. It is also a desirable lubricant for surgical instru- 
ments. Use it on specula and catheters. If the latter can 
not be introduced inject the oil into the urethra. This pro- 
duces sufficient relaxation so that the instrument will enter 
freely. 



MAGNESII SULPHAS. Magnesium Sulphate 

Synonyms. — Epsom Salt, Sulphate of Magnesia. 

Description. — Magnesium sulphate occurs in small pris- 
matic or needle-like crystals, colorless, and without odor, but 
possessing a saline, cooling, and bitter taste. The crystals 
resemble those of zinc sulphate, and somewhat those of oxalic 
acid, both of which have been mistaken for Epsom salt, serious 
consequences resulting therefrom. Not soluble in alcohol. 
Soluble in cold water (1.5) and in boiling water (0.7). 

This salt is found native of many localities, but the manu- 
facture of it is extensively carried on. It is a safe, mild 
purgative. If given on an empty stomach it increases the 
flow of urine, being eliminated partly by the kidneys. It is 
a good refrigerant and its action in fevers with great heat, is 
very good for this reason. The amount of fluid in which it 
is given determines to some extent its action. If the dose giv- 
en is large the more it is diluted the more efficient it will be. 
It should be given the first thing in the morning and always 
well diluted. A concentrated dose of two ounces has produced 
death. It also answers a good purpose as an evacuant in 
fevers. 

It is one of the very best remedies for dysentery. Give it 
in large or small doses as indicated. If the patient has been 
constipated give it in full doses with a little Ipecac, but in 
dysentery following diarrhoea give it in small doses. 



76 CATHARTICS. 

R. Magnesium Sulphate, gr. xxx. 
Specific Aconite, gtt. v. 
Specific Ipecac, gtt. x. 
Aqua, fl g iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, one teaspoonful every one or two hours. 

Dose for constipation, one or two drachms of the sah ; 
for dysentery following diarrhoea, one or two grains. 

The action of this remedy is principally exerted upon the 
upper portion of the digestive tract. It is valued as a hydra- 
gogue cathartic, as its use may be continued for a great 
length of time with no evil effects. In fact, it may be given 
for a longer period than any other hydra gogue cathartic in 
the materia medica. This fact makes it a good agent in the 
treatment of dropsy, for which use the following : 

R. Magnesium Sulphate, 

Potassium Bitartrate, aa. ^j. 
Sulphur, 3 j . 

Oil of Peppermint, gtt. iij. M. 
Sig.— One teaspoonful in water every two or three hours. 

After it has acted freely give it in smaller doses. When 
the bowels are obstructed by impacted feces do not forget that 
this agent will remove the trouble. Here it may be given in 
doses of from ten grains to one drachm. If other remedies 
are being vomited give it in doses of ten grains until the 
bowels are evacuated. 

It is the remedy for painter's colic (lead colic). Use from 
a teaspoonful to one ounce in four ounces of water, and add 
enough sulphuric acid to make it pleasantly sour. It is a 
good agent, when combined with Podophyllin or lyCptandrin, 
in jaundice. It is contra-indicated in great debility brought 
about by old age or wasting disease. 

Epsom salt is not to be given in cholera. It is also a dan- 
gerous remedy to administer to one suffering from chills. 

A dose of this agent is usually from a half drachm to a 
drachm. 



CATHARTICS. 77 

POTASSII BITARTRAS. Potassium Bitartrate. 

Synonyms. — Cream of Tartar, Acid Potassium Tartrate. 

Description. — Bitartrate of potassium occurs in commerce 
in colorless or faintly opaque crystals ; or more generally in 
retail trade as a permanentj white, gritty, odorless powder. 
Its taste is pleasantly acid. It is but very little soluble in 
alcohol, but is soluble in cold water (201), and more freely 
in boiling water (16.7). 

This salt is formed from the juice of grapes and is obtained 
in the manufacture of wine when alcohol precipitates it, leav- 
ing it on the sides and bottom of the cask. It is originally 
in the form of large white crystals, but in market it occurs in 
white powder. It is both cathartic and refrigerant, increas- 
ing the secretion of the bowels. As a laxative it is mild and 
pleasant and must be given in doses of from half a drachm to 
a drachm. It can not be taken as long as Kpsom salt. In 
doses of twenty grains it is diuretic. 

If its use be continued too long it will produce disturbance 
of the digestive organs, causing flatulence and griping. The 
following preparation is a good one : 

R. Cream of Tartar, ^ss. 
One lycmon, sliced. 
White Sugar, lb ss. 
Water, Oiij. M. 

lyCt this stand an hour, filter, and it is ready for use. A 
dose of this is a wineglassful. It makes an excellent drink 
in fevers. 

When used with sulphur this salt forms a good remedy for 
piles and constipation. Use equal parts of sulphur and cream 
of tartar. Dose, a teaspoonful. It is a good hydragogue for 
children. In dropsy after scarlet fever, use the following : 
R. Cream of Tartar, 5 ss. 
Juniper Berry, 5 ss. 
Boiling Water, Oj. M. 



78 CATHARTICS. 

IvCt stand one or two hours, filter, and give in doses of a 
a wineglassful three or four times a day. 

The usual dose of Cream of Tartar is from one to three 
drachms. 



SODII PHOSPHAS, Sodium Phosphate, 

Synonyms. — Phosphate of Soda, Sodium Orthophosphate, 

DkscripTion. — This salt is in the form of large odorkvSs 
and colorless crystals of a cooling and pure saline taste. Ex- 
posed to air the crystals effloresce, parting gradually with 
about twenty-five per cent, of their water of crystallization. 
Soluble in cold water (5.8), and boiling water (1.5). Not 
soluble in alcohol. 

Sodium phosphate is cathartic only when given in large 
doses. It is not desirable, however, for this purpose on account 
of the griping it produces. In small doses it is laxative and 
cholagogue. It is a good remedy for diarrhoea of infants when 
the stools are white and green. In the jaundice of infants, 
with impaired nutrition, it is also a good remedy. It is in- 
dicated by a pallid tongue and mucous membranes. Admin- 
ister to infants, five to six grains in warm milk. It is also a 
good agent in the jaundice of adults resulting from catarrh 
of the gall ducts. Use twenty or thirty grains of sodium 
phosphate three or four times a day. It will radically cure 
hepatic colic. Give twenty grains in a wine-glassful of water 
after each meal. Continue this treatment three months or 
longer. Administer an anaesthetic when very severe. 

For habitual constipation take one drachm (in water) of 
sodium phosphate night and morning. Bilious headache 
( habitual or recurring ) in nervous debilitated persons is bene- 
fited by ten or fifteen grains of this salt in milk or water 
four or five times a day. 

This is a good remedy in obstinate constipation with colic 
and indigestion. Use one drachm in two ounces of water. 



CATHARTICS. 79 

It is not a good cathartic ; it gripes and is not pleasant. 
It is a very good but slow agent in some obstinate cases of 
bilious headache. Twenty grains of it may be given in wa- 
ter after meals. 



POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS, 

Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, 

Synonyms. — Rochelle Salt, Tartrated' Soda, SodcB et Po- 
tass cb Tartras. 

Description. — Transparent, colorless, prismatic crystals, 
or more generally found in commerce as an odorless, white 
powder, having a taste both cooling and saline. The cr3^stals 
effloresce somewhat in a dry atmosphere. Practically insol- 
uble in alcohol ; soluble in cold water (1.4), and in boiling 
water (less than i). 

Rochelle salt is originally in the form of crystals, but it 
generally appears in market as a powder. This drug forms 
the basis of so-called Seidlitz Pow^der. This popular powder 
varies much in proportion of contents unless the official 
directions be followed. One form of it may be prepared by 
using the following amounts : 

R. Rochelle Salt, grs. cxx. ) -^. 

Bicarb, of Sodium, grs. xl. j P P • 

Tartaric Acid, grs. xxxv. White paper. M. 

This preparation makes a good laxative. It is of value to 
check nausea and vomiting. Dissolve the contents of each 
paper separately, pour the two solutions together, and drink 
while effervescing. Rochelle salt is laxative, cathartic, 
refrigerant, and diuretic. In doses of from twenty to thirty 
grains it does not purge, but in doses of from two to four 
drachms it is a cathartic. 

It is a valuable remedy in rheumatism with undue acidity 
and constipation. It corrects the condition of both blood 
and bowels. Use from forty grains to two drachms as often as 



80 CATHARTICS. 

may be necessary. It is useful in cases of excessive secretion 
of uric acid, but when the phosphates are deposited in the 
urine it is contra-indicated. 



MAGNESIA. Magnesium Oxide. 

Synonyms. — Calcined Magnesia, Light Magyiesia, Mag- 
nesia Usta, Oxide of Magnesia. 

Description. — A light, white, odorless, and practically 
tasteless (or but feebly alkaline taste) powder almost in- 
soluble in alcohol and water. Diluted acids dissolve, or rather 
produce salts which are soluble in them. Calcined Mag- 
nesia should not effervesce when treated with dilute acids, 
thus showing the absence of carbonates. It must be kept 
from the atmosphere in tightly stoppered bottles. 

The properties of oxide of magnesium are laxative and ant- 
acid. Its action depends upon the amount of acid it may 
come in contact with. If no excess of acid is present, in the 
stomach or bowels, it may produce no visible effect, so in 
administering it follow the dose with lemonade. It is pleas- 
ant in both taste and action. It is not depleting. The 
evacuations produced by it are feculent, but if acid in con- 
siderable amount is present they are watery. It is slow in 
action, requiring five or six hours, and is mild, safe, and 
efficient. It is a good laxative in the bowel troubles of chil- 
dren, as follows. Where there are green stools and excoria- 
tions : R. Oxide of Magnesium, grs. v. 

Rhubarb, grs. ij. to iij. M. 

If there be derangement of the stomach wnth undue acid- 
ity, give it in doses of from thirty to forty grains. It is a 
good agent in the vomiting of pregnancy with undue acidity. 
Sick headache, with the acid condition, is relieved by its use. 
Heartburn and sour taste in the mouth are also relieved by 
it. It is a good antidote to such poisons as acetic, hydro- 
chloric, tartaric and other acids 



CATHARTICS. 81 

Poisoning from Arsenic is partially antidoted by this 
agent. For this purpose it may be employed when hydrated 
sesqui-oxide of iron is not at hand. 

In cases of poisoning with the acids give a teaspoonful of 
Magnesia in water every few minutes until the acid is neu- 
tralized. It is a good remedy in diabetes and in gravel, an 
acid condition of the urine being present. Use it in one or 
two drachm doses as a purgative. The dose of this drug for 
infants is from five to ten grains ; for older children from 
ten to thirty grains. The same dose may be used as an 
antacid. 

This form of Magnesia should be preferred to Carbonate 
of Magnesium for infants, from the fact that the latter, when 
in contact with acids in the stomach and bowels, liberates its 
gas (carbon dioxide), the distension produced thereby fre- 
quently inducing colic, an accident which should be avoided 
if possible in treating little children. Husband's Magnesia 
is an old and exceptionally fine Oxide of Magnesium. Heavy 
Magnesia (Magnesia Ponderosa, U. S. P.), is a more con- 
densed form of Magnesium Oxide, with which it agrees in 
all respects except bulk. 



SODII SULPHAS. Sodium Sulphate. 

Synonym. — Glauber' s Salt. 

Description. — Sodium sulphate occurs in large, trans- 
parent, colorless prisms, or in odorless, granular crystals, 
possessing a bitter and saline taste. Exposed to air it 
quickly effloresces, losing all its water. In hot weather 
(above 91.4° F. ), it melts in its water of crystallization. It 
is not soluble in alcohol but is dissolved by glycerin. It is 
soluble in cold water (2.8) and more soluble in warm (93.2° 
F. ) water (about 0.25) than in boiling water (0.47). It 
should be kept in close containers. 



82 CATHARTICS. 

This salt is used more as a laxative than as a cathartic. It 
is a very plentiful compound, resulting as a by-product in 
the making of hydrochloric acid. It is cathartic if given in 
sufficient doses. In small doses it is diuretic. As a remedy 
in dysentery it is a very good one. Use some acid, as sul- 
phuric or hydrochloric, with it. Give doses of a tablespoon- 
ful every hour or two in water. A favorite compound with 
many of our school for this complaint is the old White 
I^iQuiD Physic : 

R. Sodium Sulphate, lb. ss. 
Water, O iss. 

Dissolve and add : 

Nitric Acid, fl^j. 
• Hydrochloric Acid, fl 5 j. 

Dose, a tablespoonful every hour until free evac- 
uations occur and then continue in smaller 
doses. 

The waters of some springs contain much of this salt and 
are very efficient in the prevention of renal or biliary calculi. 
Some waters contain as much as half the weight of their 
solid constituents of this salt. The following forms a good 
artificial Carlsbad water for the same purpose : 

R. Sodium Sulphate, 5 vj. 

Sodium Bicarbonate, 5 iss. 

Sodium Chloride, 5 iss. 
Dissolve in a gallon of soft water. 

Let the patient drink two or three glassfuls during the 
day. This is also a good agent in bilious headache. Let 
the patient drink half a glassful the first thing in the morn- 
ing. If constipated take two or three glassfuls a day. This 
works on the bowels and thus removes the cause of the 
trouble. 

It is of service in gout or rheumatism when an alkali is 
indicated. It may also be employed in habitual constipa- 
tion when the mucous membranes are dry. Gall stones, 



CATHARTICS. 83 

chronic jaundice, and chronic hepatic congestion, as well as 
chronic catarrh of the bladder and overactivity of the kid- 
neys, often yield to this combination. 



MAGNESII CARBON AS. Magnesium Carbonate. 

Synonym. — Carbonate of Magnesia. 

Dejscription. — This compound occurs as a smooth, white 
powder. In commerce it is nearly always found in light, 
friable masses (square or oblong cakes) of a pure white 
color, odorless, and nearly tasteless. Exposure to air does 
not affect it. Water scarcely dissolves it ; alcohol not at all. 
Dilute acids, however, effect its solution, or rather change it 
to a soluble salt, brisk effervescence accompanying the act 
of solution. 

Magnesium carbonate acts much like magnesia, and may 
be employed where the latter is of service. It is not, how- 
ever, so well suited for administration to small children, or, 
for that matter, to adults, where there is a hypersecretion of 
acid in the gastro-intestinal tract. When given in such a condi- 
tion it rapidly liberates a gas which is likely to cause a pain- 
ful distension of the stomach and bowels. It is a good rem- 
edy for adults for sickness at the stomach. A teaspoonful 
administered every night is said to be effectual in removing 
warts. Dose, as an antacid, grs. xv. ; as a laxative, oj- ; 
as a purgative, 5 ij. 



CAMBOGIA. Gamboge. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The gum-resinous exudation from 
Garcinia Hayiburii, Hooker filius; Nat. Ord., Guttiferce. In- 
digenous to Cambodia, Siam, and Cochin China. 

De:scripTion. — Gamboge comes in hollow cylindrical 
"pipes' ' externally striated lengthwise. It has a waxy , shell- 
like fracture, and is orange-red in color. When powdered 



84 . CATHARTICS. 

it is bright yellow. -It has no odor but a very acrid taste. 
Inhaled the powder produces sneezing. It dissolves partly 
in alcohol and in ether. 

This gum-resin is at first almost tasteless but is quickly 
followed by a very acrid sensation. Water precipitates it 
from its solutions. Gamboge is a powerful hydragogue 
cathartic. In small doses, however, it acts as a stimulant to 
the abdominal organs, stimulating the glands. Five grain 
doses act as an emeto-cathartic in about two hours. 

Gamboge may be employed in dropsy. Give two or three 
grains, triturated with sugar, three or four times a day. It 
is contra-indicated in inflammation of the gastro-intestinal 
tract. 



SCAMMONIUM. Scammony, 

Botanical Origin. — The resinous exudation obtained by 
incision from the living root of Convolvulus Scammonia, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Convolvulace^s. 

Description. — Irregular, angular fragments or circular 
cakes, porous, internally of a green -gray or blackish color, 
breaking with an angular, resinous fracture. It has a 
slightly acrid taste, and its odor is peculiar, somewhat resem- 
bling that of cheese. When powdered it is gray or green- 
gray. At least three-fourths of it should dissolve in ether. 
It is slightly soluble in water, but more freely in alcohol, 
and almost wholly in boiling dilute alcohol. 

Scammony is cathartic, vermifuge and derivative. The 
commercial Scammony should be given in doses of from fif- 
teen to twenty grains ; virgin Scammony, five grains. 

As a cathartic it may be employed in dropsy, when the 
strength of the patient will permit its use. It is always 
contra-indicated in debility and inflammations. 



CATHARTICS. 85 

PRUNUM. Prune. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The fruit of Prumis domestic a, 
I^inne ; Nat. Ord., Rosacecs. Indigenous to Western Asia. 
Extensively cultivated throughout most temperate countries. 

Prunes are laxative and nutritious. As a laxative food 
they are very useful during convalescence from fevers. A 
sauce of prunes regularly taken at* each dinner meal will 
overcome habitual constipation. 



TAMARINDUS. Tamarind. 

Botanical Origin. — The preserved pulp of the fruit of 
Tamarindus indica, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., LegiiminoscB. In- 
digenous to India and the tropical portions of Africa; also 
naturalized in the West Indies. There are three grades : 
East Indian, preserved without sugar ; West Indian, masses 
preserved with sugar ; Egyptian, cakes preserved with sugar 
and often mouldy. 

Tamarind is laxative, refrigerant, and antiseptic. It is a 
good laxative for fevers, when an acid, cooling drink is 
required. Give the pulp in water. It is employed in the 
preparation of confection of Senna. 



MANNA. Manna. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — A concrete, saccharine exudation 
from Fraxinns Ornus, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., Oleacece. Medi- 
terranean Basin. 

Description. — Flattish, three-edged pieces ; eight by 
two inches, though usually in smaller, irregular fragments, 
easily broken, porous, crystalline, and white internally, and 
yellow- white externally. It has a sweet taste, with some 
bitterness and acridity, and the odor of honey. There are 
four commercial grades : Large Flake Manna, large, yellow- 
white fragments ; Small Flake Majina, smaller fragments, 



86 CATHARTICS. . 

often of a brownish color; Common Manna (or Sorts), in 
small tears or glutinous pieces with a crystalline interior ; and 
Fat Manna, in viscid, brownish masses, devoid of crystals. 

Good Manna should contain ninety per cent, of Man7iit, 
the peculiar principle. Manna, when long kept, may deli- 
quesce. It is soluble in both water and alcohol. 

Manna is a good laxative for children and pregnant 
women. It is said to be cholagogue also. A large part of 
it is digested. It is not without good effects on the respira- 
tory organs. The dose for an adult is one ounce ; for chil- 
dren from two to three drachms. It is usually administered 
with Senna. 



DIAPHORETICS. 87 



DIAPHORETICS. 



Diaphoretics are those agents which increase transudation 
from the skin. When they merely augment insensible tran- 
piration they are known simply as diaphoretics, but when 
they cause free and copious perspiration they are denomi- 
nated sudorifics. The action of these two classes differs onl>' 
in degree. 

lyike emetics and cathartics, diaphoretics may be divided 
into specific and indirect agents. 

Indirect diaphoretics are those which act upon the integu- 
mentary appendages indirectly, generally producing their 
effect through causing a determination of blood to the skin, 
or by relaxing the cutaneous structures. Nauseants and 
emetics generally produce diaphoresis through their property 
of relaxing the capillary walls, thus allowing the watery 
portions of the blood freer transudation, or by relaxing the 
tissues surrounding the sweat glands, thereby insuring freer 
action of those appendages. 

Specific diaphoretics have a special affinity for the secreting 
apparatus, for by passing directly to the sudoriferous glands, 
they stimulate them, and are eliminated by them as well. 
Asclepias is probably the best representative of this class. 

All diaphoretics act best when the surface of the body is 
well cleaned, and when the patient is kept warm. When 
possible the agent should be given in warm water. Should 
the skin be cool the drug intended to produce diaphoresis 
generally acts chiefly upon the renal organs, thus becoming 
a diuretic. 



88 UIAPHORKI^ICS. . 

ASCLEPIAS. Pleurisy Root, 

Synonyms. — Butterfly Weed, Orange Swallow -wort. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The root of Asclepias tuber osa, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacecs . United States, especially 
the Eastern half. 

This is an indigenous plant growing in sandy soil in many 
parts of the United States. It is sometimes called Milk 
Weed. The root, is tuberous and easily pulverized, and is 
the part used in medicine. Water and alcohol extract its 
virtues. It is diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative and laxa- 
tive. As a diaphoretic it is very good, for it is not stimu- 
lant, and may be used no matter how great the fever. It 
does not produce profuse sweating, but is very active in 
inflammatory conditions. In large doses it is laxative. The 
amount of exhalation from the surface is not an index to the 
relief given ; as an example, phthisis and rheumatism will 
serve to illustrate, for the profuse sweating often present 
does not relieve these conditions. In these none of the ele- 
ments of the disease are eliminated. Asclepias is a true dia- 
phoretic, helping to a true secretion and influencing all the 
mucous surfaces as well as the skin. It is especially good in 
diseases of children and females. An infusion is made as 
follows : Use of the root one ounce, pouring upon it a pint 
of boiling water. lyCt it stand an hour or two, when it may 
be given in tablespoonful doses every hour. 

To get its full effect keep the patient sweating several 
hours. Wineglassful doses are best for this purpose. It is 
a good remedy in diseases of the respiratory organs, with 
dryness of the mucous membrane. Give the specific in doses 
of five drops, or the infusion in doses of one to two ounces. 
In the early stage of pneumonia it is a good remedy, although 
Aconite may be of more importance. 

Asclepias renders other remedies more efficient. It is even 
more valuable in the latter stage of the disease than in the 



DIAPHORETICS. 89 

earlier. When breathing becomes difficult, and expectora- 
tion is stopped, use this remedy. It is a good agent in bron- 
chitis when breathing and expectoration are difficult ; com- 
bine it with Aconite. 

Cough, with dryness and constriction, is relieved by its 
use, as in Asthma, when not of spasmodic character. In 
such cases give it with specific L^obelia. Catarrhal troubles 
are benefited by it, if it be used early. It is very good in 
the acute nasal catarrh of children when the nose becomes ob-. 
structed. Chamomile is also a very good remedy in the same 
trouble. Give specific Aconite in connection, if fever is 
present. If the disease is very severe, put a muslin cap on 
the child's head, keep it warm, and give alternately Aconite 
and Asclepias. It is a good remedy in consumption, as it 
relieves the irritation of the mucous membranes and of the 
nervous system. It also lessens the cough and night sweats, 
changing the character of the secretions. It is never offen- 
sive to the stomach and may be given with any other agent. 
It is a good drug in pleurisy, and from this fact it has been 
called pleurisy root. It has formed a very prominent agent 
in domestic practice for a long time. In thia disease, with a 
dry skin, difficult and dry cough, give it in infusion. In 
other cases give the specific Asclepias with Aconite and 
Brj^onia. 

It is useful in chronic cough with expectoration when no 
other marked sickness is present. When expectoration is 
stopped and pain comes in the chest, give it in an infusion ; 
if not very severe give the tincture. 

It is a good agent also in bowel troubles, such as catarrhal 
diarrhoea of children. Here it may be given alone or with 
other medicines. Dysentery of catarrhal character, resulting 
from cold, is relieved by Asclepias. 

R. Specific Asclepias, gtt. x to gtt. xv. 
Aqua, fl § iv. M. 



90 DIAPHORKTICS. 

Give a teaspoonful every half hour, in alternation with other 
indicated remedies. The same may be administered every 
five minutes for flatulent colic in children. 

In gastric troubles and gastric headache it does good ser- 
vice, and is best adapted for children and feeble adults. It is 
a remedy for nervous irritability in children. Neuralgia, 
gout, and rheumatism, with colliquative sweating, some cases 
of dropsy, and certain dry skin diseases, are benefited by it. 
Give ten drops in four ounces of water. Dose, a teaspoon- 
ful every hour. 

This agent is not very powerful, and this makes it a very 
good drug to use in diseases of children and females. Dose 
of Specific Asclepias is from one to thirty drops. Dose of 
the infusion, one fluid ounce. 



PILOCARPUS. JaborandL 

Synonyms. — (i) Rio Janeiro Jaborandi, (2) Per7iamb2ico 
Jaborandi. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The leaflets of (i) Pilocarpus sello- 
anus, Kngler, and (2) Pilocarpus jab or a7idi, Holmes ; Nat. 
Ord., Rutacece. Brazil. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Pilocarpine. 

This remedy is prepared from the leaves of the species 
Pilocarpus, natives of Brazil. Its odor is aromatic and its 
taste pungent. Its properties are diaphoretic and sialagogue, 
and in both cases it is a very powerful remedy, being the 
most powerful in the materia medica in these respects. It 
greatly increases the function as well as the flow of saliva. 
The lacteal secretion is also increased by its use. For this 
purpose use 40 to 75 grains of the leaves in an infusion with 
half a teacupful of hot water, and then place the patient in 
bed. In ten or fifteen minutes the face becomes flushed, 
and the perspiration comes out all over the body, and the 



DIAPHORETICS. 91 

saliva flows from the mouth in a stream. This continues for 
two or three hours. It also increases the bronchial secretion 
and sometimes causes diarrhoea. 

It reduces the temperature, promotes rapid secretion and 
increases arterial tension ; sometimes vomiting results, drowsi- 
ness comes on, and the patient is inclined to sleep. 

Jaborandi is the opposite of Belladonna in its action. Bella- 
donna checks the cutaneous secretions and the secretions of 
the salivary glands, and produces dryness of the mucous 
membrane of the nose, mouth, and intestines ; it dilates the 
pupils and causes dryness of the mucous membrane of the 
eye, and lowers arterial tension by paralyzing the nerves. It 
may, therefore, be used to check the action of or to antidote 
Jaborandi, and to a certain extent the latter may antidote 
Belladonna. 

Belladonna also lessens the lacteal secretions. Jaborandi 
may be used whenever copious diaphoresis is wanted. It is 
nearly equal to a Turkish bath. The infusion is the best 
form in which to use it, but from 15 to 20 drops of specific 
Jaborandi in four ounces of water may be substituted. To 
restore the lacteal secretion, give five drops in water four 
times a day. This may be increased if necessary. 

In dropsy, Jaborandi is a useful remedy, as it influences 
the skin and stimulates the action of the kidneys. Here it 
may be given when hydragogues are inappropriate and offend 
the stomach. In health it does not materially affect the kid- 
neys, but for this trouble give it in full doses once a day. It 
is a good remedy in uraemia, as it increases the exhalations 
from the skin, and thus partially relieves the kidneys. Give 
it in full doses. 

It is a good agent in rheumatism. Give enough to produce 
profuse diaphoresis. Use it also w^ith other indicated reme- 
dies. Stiffness in the joints is reHeved bj^ it. 

Bronchitis and asthma, with marked dryness of the mem- 



92 diaphore:tics. 

branes, are relieved by this rernedy. In some cases of dia- 
betes insipidus, it is useful, as it is also in some cases of dan- 
gerous effusion into the pleural sac. 

Jaborandi is indicated by a dry, hot skin, dry and parched 
mouth, pulse full and strong, kidneys not able to do their 
work, and the patient restless and uneasy. Be careful in 
giving it when the heart is feeble. 

The dose of the infusion is from 60 to 75 grains of the 
leaves in half a teacupful of water. Dose of the tincture is 
from one to twenty drops in water ; of specific Jaborandi, 
from one to ten drops. 



PILOCARPINE MYDROCHLORAS. 

Pilocarpine Hydroclilorate. 

Dkscription. — The hydrochlorate of an alkaloid obtained 
from Jaborandi. It is found in market in small, white, odor- 
less crystals, very freely soluble in alcohol or water. Ether 
and chloroform scarcely dissolve it. It has a feebly bitter 
taste, and when exposed to moist air, deliquesces ; conse- 
quently it must be kept in small, well stoppered bottles. 

Pilocarpine hydrochlorate may be administered by way of 
the mouth or hypodermatically . For hypodermatic use, from 
one-quarter to one-twentieth grain may be given in twenty 
drops of water. 

This is a very good remedy in dangerous cases of renal 
dropsy associated with uraemic poisoning, or in uraemic con- 
vulsions. It acts very powerfully upon the kidneys as an 
eliminative, and frees them from the deleterious matter. It 
is also a good eliminative for scrofulous and syphilitic poisons. 

It is of some value in Bright 's disease with symptoms of 
uraemic poison. Use it here hypodermatically in doses of a 
quarter of a grain. In small doses it is a cardiac stimulant, 
increasing the heart's action and lessening arterial tension. 



DIAPHORKTICS. 93 

Pilocarpine is a stimulant to the gravid uterus, and if 
improperly used produces abortion. In doses of one-eighth 
of a grain and in some cases in much smaller amounts, as 
one-twentieth to one-thirtieth of a grain, it may be given to 
check excessive perspiration. 

Pilocarpine is a very dangerous drug if contra-indicated , 
and when there is a morbid pulmonary circulation from val- 
vular disease of the heart or fatty degeneration of its tissues. 
In these cases it must be given with great care, and atropine 
sulphate must be at hand to counteract its action if neces- 
sary. The atropine may be given in one-sixtieth grain doses 
hy podermatically . 



ANTHEMIS. Roman Chamomile. 

Botanical Origin. — The flowers of An^/iemis nobilis, 
Nat. Ord., Compositce. Southern and western sections of 
Europe, where it is cultivated, and naturalized somewhat in 
the United States. 

Anthemis Specific has a dark brown yellow color, and 
possesses the odor of the drug. Age sometimes causes it to 
precipitate .somewhat, but not as heavily as is the case with 
other preparations of Anthemis. 

This remedy is prepared from the flower of the Anthemis 
nobilis, a native of Italy, France, and Spain, but it grows 
also in this country. It has a peculiar odor and a bitter taste. 
It yields its virtues to water and alcohol. 

In a warm infusion it is emetic, but if cold and in small 
doses it is a tonic and also a stimulating diaphoretic. An in- 
fusion is made by macerating one-half ounce of the flowers 
in a pint of hot water. Dose, one wine-glassful. 

It is a good agent in the diseases of females, as in cases of 
amenorrhoea from cold. Immerse the feet in a mustard bath, 
put the patient in bed and give the warm infusion freely It 



94 DIAPHORETICS. 

is a good remedy in recent colds from lessening cutaneous 
secretion. It is also useful in recent cases of rheumatism and 
neuralgia from suppression of the secretions of the skin. 

In cold infusion it is tonic, and a good gastric stimulant, 
and may therefore be employed in atonic dyspepsia. Some 
cases of intermittent fever are benefited by it. 



MATRrCARIA. Chamomilla. 

Botanical Origin. — The flower-heads of Matricaria 
Chamomilla, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Composites. Grown in 
Europe and in western Asia. 

Matricaria Specific has a dark green color, and the 
precise odor of the drug. It differs from Anthemis in respect 
to the color, which is marked. 

This variety of chamomile is superior to that previously 
considered. It is a good drug in all cases in which the other 
varieties are used. It is widely employed by the physicians of 
Germany. The infusion is a good topical remedy to apply 
to old ulcers, and is made as follows : Take of the flowers, 
one-half ounce to one pint of hot water. This is a good rem- 
edy in leucorrhoea, either chronic or sub-acute. - It relieves 
pain and lessens the discharge. Use it warm or cold as may 
be agreeable. A saturated tincture is the preparation to use 
internally. Take any convenient sized wide-mouthed bottle 
and fill it with the flowers, pressed tightly together, and add 
as much 75 per-cent alcohol as the bottle will hold. In two 
weeks filter and it is ready for use. Specific Matricaria is 
equally as eflicient. 

Chamomile affects the sensory and excito-motor nerves. 
Use 10 to 15 drops in four fluid ounces of water ; teaspoon- 
ful. The nervous troubles of the latter months of pregnancy, 
as false pains, nervous muscular twitching, cough, etc., are 
relieved by this remedy. In some troiibles of children it may 



DIAPHORETICS. 95 

be useful. The diarrhoea and similar troubles of teething 
children are many times cured by its use. It is a good tonic 
to the nervous system ; it may be given with Nux or Bis- 
muth. 

R. Chamomile, gtt. v. 

Aqua, fi 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour or two. 

Small doses act as well as large ones. 

Soreness and swelling of the breast in new-born children 
are relieved by it. If this alone does not cure, give Phyto- 
lacca in connection with it. In troubles of the urinary tract 
in young children, such as involuntary emissions of urine from 
irritation of the bladder, this is a good remedy. It may be 
used in cases like the following : The child is somewhat feeble 
and fretful, bowels constipated, urine passes with difi&culty, 
and there is some tenderness in the region of the liver. The 
real trouble is subacute inflammation of this organ. . Give 
Aconite with this agent if fever is present. It is a good rem- 
edy in dysmenorrhoea. It relieves the pain and lessens the 
tendency to form blood-clots. In such cases give enough 
of the infusion to produce profuse sweating. In amenorrhoea, 
with a sense of weight and heaviness in the uterus, and with 
bloating of the bowels, it is an excellent remedy. The pains 
sometimes resemble labor pains. For this purpose use the 
following : 

R. Chamomile, gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl5iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful. 

Use Aconite with this if fever is present. Chamomile is a 
good agent to promote an increase of the lacteal secretion. 
Flatulent colic, with abdominal distension, is relieved by it. 

A compress wet with the infusion or tincture makes a good 
application for ulcers. In syphilitic bubo the ulcer may be 
syringed with it. It makes a good wash for mammary ab- 
scesses. This remedy is good in catarrhal troubles. In such 



96 DIAPHORETICS/ 

cases use it locally and internally. In this way it is useful 
in catarrhal disorders of the eyes, nose, and ears in children, 
as well as catarrhal bowel complaints, all arising from colds. 
Aconite is usually demanded also. The infusion may be ap- 
plied in catarrhal conjunctivitis. Ear-ache from cold, may 
be treated with it, as well as muscular twitching of the face, 



SBRPENTARIA. Virginia Snalceroot 

Synonyms. — (i) Virginia Snakeroof, (2) J^ed River or 
Texas Snakeroot. 

BoTANiCAi, . Origin. — The rhizome and roots of ( i ) Aris- 
to lochia Serpentaria, I^inne ; and of (2) Aristolochia reticu- 
lata, Nuttall ; Nat. Ord.., AristolochiacecB. The first grows 
in that part of the United States east of the Mississippi 
River, the second in Southwestern United States. 

These are indigenous plants. Their odor is aromatic, very 
much resembling camphor. The root is aromatic and bitter 
and yields its virtues to water or alcohol. The properties of 
this agent are stimulant, stomachic, tonic, diaphoretic, and 
diuretic. 

As a diaphoretic Serpentaria is very stimulating in its ac- 
tion, causing copious sweating. It increases the secretion of 
the kidneys when this has been stopped by cold, etc. On 
account of its great stimulating influence it should not be 
given in high fever or high grades of inflammation. Its use 
is indicated by torpor and atony, and the greater the atony 
the stronger it is indicated. 

Serpentaria is a good agent for troubles resulting from cold, 
especially where a dangerous tendency exists to locate in the 
internal organs. Cynanche maligna is benefited by its tonic 
and antiseptic influence. Use it both internally and as a 
gargle. For the gargle employ the following : 

R. Serpentaria, | ss. 
Aqua, Oj, 



DIAPHORETICS. 97 

Here it acts as- a topical stimulant. It is further of much 
value in atonic throat diseases, where there is a tendency to 
breaking down of the tissues. 

D3'spepsia and some skin troubles are benefited b}^ its use. 
In atonic d^^spepsia give spec. Serpentaria, ten to fifteen 
drops after each meal. It is useful in chronic dropsy when 
the skin is inactive, thus leaving impurities in the body which 
should pass out by this avenue. Scrofula, rheumatism, and 
syphilis are benefited by its use. In chronic ague, which 
quinine has failed to cure, use the following : 

R. Serpentaria Root. 

Red Cinchona Bark, aa. 5 ss. 

Macerate in Holland Gin, O ss. 
Sig. — One teaspoonful three or four times a day. 

In low forms of fever, such as typhoid, this agent improves 
the tone of the vessels of the skin. In pneumonia with great 
decline of strength it is a very good stimulant. It is a very 
good drug in measles, scarlet fever, and small pox to bring 
the eruptions to the surface during the first stages of the dis- 
ease, or after a retrocession, or when there is a poor circula- 
tion and internal congestion. Some cases of colliquative 
sweating are cured hy it. 

Dose of specific Serpentaria, ten to fifteen drops ; of the 
infusion, one to two ounces. The infusion is made as fol- 
lows : R. Serpentaria Root, 3 ss. 
Aqua, fl 5 xvi. 



BUPATORIUM. Boneset. 

Synonyms. — Thoroughwort, Indian Sage, Ague Weed, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The flowering tops and leaves of 
Eupatoriu^n perfoliahcni, Linne ; Xat. Ord., Compositce. 
Common in low grounds and swamps from Canada to \^ir- 
ginia. 

HuPATORiuM PERFOLIATU3I SPECIFIC has a deep brown 



98 DIAPHORETICS. 

color and the precise aroma of the herb yielding it. In or- 
der to distinguish this preparation from Eupatorium purpu- 
reum, lyloyd has labeled that preparation Gravel Root. 

This is one of our perennial indigenous plants, found grow- 
ing around swamps or along streams. Its stems are erect, 
leaves long, uniting around the stem at their bases ; flowers 
are white and blossom in early spring, and they, with the 
leaves and stalks are used in medicine. They possess a faint 
odor and a bitter taste. Water or alcohol extracts its virtues. 
In large doses of the infusion it is emetic, stimulating in its 
effects and thorough in its action. A warm infusion not suffi- 
cient for emesis is diaphoretic. A cold infusion in small 
doses is a very good tonic. Although slightly stimulating 
it may be given in almost all inflammatory disorders. 

Boneset is an excellent remedy in ague which can not be 
cured with quinine. In ordinary cases of recent ague it is 
not to be used, but in cases where the disease comes on irreg- 
ularly this is the remedy. It is also adapted to those cases 
in which the chill and fever is slight, the skin dry, and not 
followed by sweating, and with pains in the bones, oppres- 
sion in the chest, a great thirst, and in cases where there is 
heat lasting all day, but followed by a slight perspiration at 
night. Begin by giving large doses of the warm infusion 
until vomiting is produced ; after this give it in small doses 
and keep the patient sweating for five or vSix hours ; then fol- 
low by small doses of the cold infusion. Vomiting in ague 
is an indication for Eupatorium, especially if much bile is 
vomited. 

In intermittent headache, where the intermissions are 
irregular, and quinine will not cure, give Eupatorium. 
Give it as above directed, though in some cases the dose re- 
quired will be small. 

It relieves the severe nocturnal pains in the muscles and 
bones in cases of syphilis. Here give it until the patient 



DIAPHORETICS. 99 

sweats, and then follow with five drop doses of specific Eu- 
patorium. 

It is one of the best remedies for epidemic influenza or la 
grippe. Use it whenever an emetic is needed, and give it as 
directed for chronic ague. It overcomes the pain in the back 
and limbs and improves the condition of the skin. It is a 
very good drug in the treatment of pneumonia in the latter 
stages ; it may be given in the earlier stages if an emetic is 
indicated. It is a good remedy in cough. For this purpose 
use Kupatorium one ounce, pour upon it water one pint and 
boil, strain and add enough water to give a pint of the decoc- 
tion. To this add loaf sugar two pounds. This is agreeable 
to the stomach, relieves cough and irritation of the mucous 
membranes, and helps the digestive process. 

It relieves the cough of measles, asthma, and that cough 
so peculiar to old people. It is the remedy for colds, with 
pain in the chest, roughness of voice, and general muscular 
aching. 

Eupatorium may be used for its direct tonic influence upon 
the stomach. Give it for loss of appetite and it will restore 
tone and increase the desire for food. It restores the appe- 
tite when destroyed by alcoholic excess. 

As a tonic give from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of 
the infusion, or from one to five drops of specific Eupatorium. 



CROCUS. Saffron. 

Botanical Origin. — The dried stigmas of Crocus sativus , 
Einne ; Nat. Ord., Iridecs. Indigenous to Western Asia 
and cultivated for the drug market principally in France and 
Spain. 

This remedy is prepared from the stigmas and part of the 
style of the Crocus sativus. Alcohol and water extract its 
medicinal qualities. 



100 DIAPHORETICS- 

Saffron is diaphoretic, vStimulant, emmeiiagogue, and anti- 
spasmodic. It is to be employed in depressed conditions. 
In eruptive diseases this is an elegant remedy for developing 
the eruption, originally or after a retrocession of it. It may 
be used in any case if the grade of fever is not too high. It 
is best used in the form of an infusion ; use one drachm of 
Saffron in a pint of hot water and give from one to three 
ounces, as maj^ be necessary. 

Crocus influences the apparatus of reproduction in the 
female, having a specific action on the uterus. It checks 
bleeding and cures amenorrhoea. In suppression of the 
lochia after confinement, the infusion is very valuable. In 
menorrhagia when the discharges are dark and clotted, give 
from one to five drops of specific Crocus in water, or give a 
teaspoonful of the infusion several times a day. It allays 
the pain and restores the normal flow. It is a remedy for 
chronic losses of blood from the uterus. Cramps in the 
bowels of young children are relieved by this remedy. In 
catarrhal conditions one-half cupful of the infusion may be 
employed. 

ASCLBPIAS INCARNATA. Swamp Milk Weed. 

Synonym. — Flesh-colored Asclepias. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The rhizome of Asclepias incarnata^ 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Asclepiadacecs. North America. 

This plant grows in swamps and wet places, having flow- 
ers which are flesh-colored and appear in July or August. 

The rhizome is the part used and it is very similar in its 
medicinal qualities to the Asclepias tuberosa. 

Like it, it is diaphoretic. Given in small doses it is a 
good agent in chronic amenorrhoea. It should not be given 
to pregnant females or an abortion may result. In gonor- 
rhoea tablespoonful doses of the infusion are helpful. In 



DIAPHORETICS. 101 

rheumatism and S3^philis it is frequentl}^ a good remedy. 
Dose of the tincture from three to ten drops. 



DIOSCOREA. Wild Yam 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Dioscorea villosa, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord. , Dioscoreacecs. Found in moist thickets in 
the United States. 

The Dioscorea villosa is an indigenous twining vine with 
3^ellow flowers, blooming in July or August. 

The rhizome is the part used and is odorless, except when 
pressed, when it emits a pungent odor. 

It is diaphoretic and anti -spasmodic. 

Alcohol and water extract its virtues. 

This remedy is a good one in bilious colic, using five drops 
of the specific Dioscorea every five minutes. If this does 
not give relief in an hour its use is to be discontinued. It 
does not always succeed. A coated tongue, with increasing 
paroxysmal pain in the abdomen and gastric derangement, 
indicates its use. 

It is useful in cholera morbus, stopping the cramps in the 
stomach and bowels ; give five drops every fifteen minutes. 
All varieties of abdominal cramps are benefited by it. It 
will relieve some cases of flatulent colic, though in most 
cases an emetic is generally needed, as the colic depends 
upon something in the stomach that should be removed. 

Dioscorea is a valuable remedy in cases of nerve-irritation 
with a tendency to spasm. All pains of a spasmodic charac- 
ter point to its use. In the after-pains of labor it relieves ; 
give ten drops every hour, or a teaspoonful of the following : 

R. Specific Dioscorea, gtt. xx. 
Aqua, fl 5 iv. . M. 

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy are both benefited by 
this agent, when given in doses of one or two drops every 



102 DIAPHORETICS. 

two hours, It is of some use in dysmenorrhoea. Give sp. 
Dioscorea gtt. v. every hour. Pains and gripings, etc., after 
PodophyUin, are reUeved by its use. All forms of gastro- 
intestinal irritation are benefited by it. 



LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS. 

Solution of Ammonium Acetate. 

Synonym — Spirit of Mindereriis. 

Description. — A colorless, clear fluid, mildly saline and 
feebly acid to the taste, and having an acid re-action. 
Heat should wholly volatilize it, and it should not possess a 
smoky odor. 

Preparation. — This preparation to be efficient must be 
fresh, and is easily made according to the following formula : 
Pour into an eight ounce graduate, any desired amount of 
dilute acetic acid, and add to it small pieces of carbonate of 
ammonium until the acid is neutralized, as is indicated when 
effervescence ceases ; then add a little more acetic acid to give 
it an acid re- action. It should be prepared when needed for 
immediate use. 

Spirit of Mindererus is stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. 
If the body is kept warm it passes off by way of the skin, but 
if not it passes through the kidneys. It may generally be 
used to establish the cutaneous secretion, but owing to its 
stimulant influence it should never be used in high grades of 
fever or inflammation. In eruptive diseases, when the erup- 
tion appears tardily and the circulation is imperfect, it is a 
good remedy to correct these troubles. In the declining stage 
of these diseases, when the nervous system is greatly de- 
pressed, the skin dry and the kidneys inactive, give one-half 
a drachm in water to restore secretion. It may be given as a 
stimulant when alcohol can not be tolerated. 



diaphore:tics. 103 

In mild cases of sore throat associated with catarrh it is a 
good remedy. It may be useful in low forms of typhoid 
fever, when a stimulant is needed and alcohol disturbs the 
brain. In these cases it acts very nicely, causing no cerebral 
disturbance. Dose, from one to two drachms in a wineglass- 
ful of water. It is a good sobering drug in alcoholic intoxi- 
cation ; after the stomach has been emptied give one drachm 
of the remedy in water every quarter of an hour. Some 
cases of sick headache are relieved by half a drachm of this 
remed3\ 

Painful menstruation is relieved by this agent, and like- 
wise uterine colic. Give it for the latter trouble with twenty 
drops of laudanum. 

Dropsy, with great depression, is sometimes benefited by 
this agent given in doses of one drachm. Chronic rheumatism 
and gout are bettered by its use in doses of from one to two 
drachms. It may be given with sweet spirits of nitre when 
a stimulant of the skin and kidneys is needed. It is also 
beneficial in some forms of cardiac diseases, and has been 
topically applied with good results to glandular swellings. 



PULVIS IPECACUANHA ET OPIL Dover's^ Powder, 

Synonym. — Powder of Ipecac and Ophim. Pulvis Ipecac- 
iianJwE ComposiUts. Compound Powder of Ipecac. (See 
Opium. ) 

Composition. — This powder is prepared as follows : 
R. Ipecacuanha, 

Opium, ^(2. in fine powder, oj. 
Sugar of Milk, 3J. M. 

This preparation is a combination that is possessed of 
stimulant, sedative and anodyne, as well as narcotic proper- 
ties. It improves the condition of the skin, relieves pain and 
promotes sleep. 



104 DIAPHORETICS.. 

By this preparation the vessels of the skin are stimulated 
by the Opium and the pores are relaxed by the Ipecac. We 
get better results from this combination than we can from 
the ingredients separately. 

It is a good hypnotic and may be used when Opium alone 
would be contra-indicated, its evil effects being mitigated by 
the Ipecac. 

It may be used to produce sleep, relieve pain or stimulate 
the internal organs, provided there is no high grade of fever, 
cerebral inflammation, or sickness at the stomach. Give it in 
doses of from five to ten grains every half to three hours. 

Dover's Powder is a good drug in the forming stage of 
any inflammatory trouble ; given in full doses it many times 
changes the whole train of morbid phenomena. Give it in 
doses of from five to ten grains every two or three hours. It 
is a good remedy in rheumatism, giving relief from pain 
with no bad results. Give it in doses of five grains (with a 
proper anti-rheumatic) every three hours. If the case is 
very severe give ten grains. 

It is an excellent remedy in the suppression of menses 
from cold. In recent cases put the patient to bed and give 
five grains every two or three hours ; put a sinapism upon 
the hypogastrium ' and jugs or bottles of hot water to the 
loins. This will usually restore the secretion. It is a very 
good agent in troublesome cases of abortion ; it alla3^s nerv- 
ous excitement, gives rest to the patient, both very neces- 
sary things to accomplish in this condition. In hemor- 
rhages this powder may also be employed. In hemorrhage 
of the lungs Opium lessens the flow while Ipecac is also spe- 
cific in this direction. 

Dover's Powder controls cough, given in doses of five 
grains as often as is needed. Gout is relieve*d ' by it. It 
acts by improving the condition of the skin through its action 
on the vessels, and by acting as an eliminative of the morbid 
matter. 



DIAPHORETICS. 105 

In bowel troubles, particularly dysentery, though not cu- 
rative alone, it relieves pain, moderates the peristaltic action 
of the bowels, and gives the patient rest, thus aiding the 
favorable action of other remedies. In doses of five grains it 
relieves spasmodic bowel affections. 

In diarrhoea, resulting from the irritation of indigestible 
food, give first a mild evacuant, after which give this rem- 
edy ; both of its ingredients being anti -spasmodic in their 
action, it readily overcomes this trouble. Here from five to 
ten grains given internally and a sinapism applied over the 
abdomen gives speedy relief. 

Dover's Powder is not contra-indicated in enteritis. 

In troubles of the urinary organs, such as granular dis- 
ease of the kidneys, a good circulation must be maintained, 
so as to keep the skin actively working, in order to lessen the 
work of the kidneys. This agent gives us that condition. 
It acts nicely in the early stage of catarrhal disorders of the 
kidneys. From five to ten grains at bedtime is about the 
proper dose. Do not administer warm teas just after giving 
the powder, as the patient may be compelled to vomit. 

In neuralgia, with hot, dry skin, give two or three grains 
of Dover's powder with an equal amount of quinine. This 
generally cures. 

This agent acts powerfully on the skin, producing profuse 
sweating, but it may lessen this function also. In the pro- 
fuse sweating of phthisis, five grains of the powder given a 
half hour before the sweating should begin, will usually 
check it. 

In bad cases of dysmenorrhoea it gives speedy relief. For 
this employ the following : 

R. Dover's Powder, grs. xxx. 
Powd. Camphor, gr. vj, M, 



106 DIAPHORETICS. 

Make six powders and give one every half hour or hour. 
Use at the same time some external application to the abdo- 
men. As a diaphoretic the dose is five grains. Warm drinks 
may be given subsequently, though, as stated, not immediately 
after it. As a hypnotic, use from five to ten grains. The 
taste of this powder is rather disagreeable, so it may be given 
in pills or capsules. 

A very similar powder, the Compound Powder of Ipe- 
cacuanha AND Opium {Pulvis IpecaaimihcB et Opii Com- 
positus), is better known as Diaphoretic Powder : 

R. Powd. Opium, 3 ss. 

Powd. Camphor, Powd. Ipecac, aa. sij. 
Sugar of Milk, gj. Triturate. 

Given in doses of from five to ten grains, this is a powerful 
diaphoretic. It may be used in rheumatism, also in diar- 
rhoea and dysentery. For these bowel troubles use doses as 
given above. 

It is a good remedy in dysmenorrhoea and the after-pains 
of labor. Give doses of from three to ten grains every three 
hours. The properties of this powder are anodyne and dia- 
phoretic. 

The original Beach's Diaphoretic Powder was com- 
posed as follows : 

R. Powd. Opium, grs. x. 
Powd. Camphor, grs. xl. 
Powd. Ipecacuanha, grs. xx. 
Potassium Bitartrate, grs. clx. M. 
Dose, from three to five grains. 

On account of the refrigerant properties of the last-named 
ingredient, this may be used in febrile and inflammatory 
affections. Its general use is about that of Dover's powder. 



DIURETICS. 107 



DIU RETICS. 



Agents which, by their action upon the kidnej^s, cause 
an increased secretion of urine, are classed as diuretics. True 
diuretics are absorbed into the blood, and act directly upon 
the secretory apparatus of the kidnej^s. 

Such drugs as, when taken into the stomach, or when in- 
jected into venous channels, or absorbed in any manner from 
any portion of the body, increase the secretion of urine, are 
termed direct or specific diuretics. 

Agents acting indirectly upon the kidneys, as the ingestion 
of large amounts of water, or when, by the application of 
cold to the integumentary structures, the kidneys are made 
to perform the work of secretion which should be accom- 
plished by the cutaneous tissues, are denominated indirect 
diuretics. Such agents are, in reality, not diuretics at all, 
but depend wholly upon circumstances as to what channel of 
exit they shall take. 

A better clavSsification of diuretics is into renal hydra go giies 
and renal depurants. The first causes an increased flow of 
the watery constituents of the urine, in great disproportion 
to the amount of solids excreted. The renal depurants, on 
the other hand, act probabh' by chemical moans so as to ni- 
crease the solid detritus of the urine, either with or without 
a corresponding increase of the fluid constituents. The renal 
depurants are very valuable agents, as they carry off the 
dead portions of animal tissue. Acting in a quiet manner, 



108 DIURKTICS. ■ 

they have not been given due credit, or at least as much as 
has been accorded to renal hydragogues, whose effects are 
so readily observed. 



COPAIBA. Balsam of Copaiba. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The oleoresin of Copaiba Langs- 
djrjjii (Desfontaines), O. Kuntze ; and of other species of 
Copaiba (U. S. P. ) ; Nat. Ord., Leguminosce. Collected in 
Brazil, New Granada, and Venezuela. 

Description. — A yellow, transparent or translucent, 
somewhat viscid fluid, from a pale to a brown-yellow in color. 
Its odor is aromatic and its taste bitter, acrid and nauseous. 
It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, ben- 
zin, chloroform, carbon disulphide, oils and alkalies. A 
volatile oil possessed by it is its active principle. It should 
not, when heated, give off the odor of turpentine, and when 
mixed with one-third its bulk of ammonia water, should pro- 
duce a transparent mixture. 

This is the resinous exudation of trees, natives of South 
America. It is obtained by wounding the tree and collect- 
ing the accumulated exudation. 

Alkalies saponify Copaiba, therefore, it may be used in 
pill form as follows : ~ 

R. Balsam Copaiba, flsj. 
Magnesia, 5 ss. 

Rub together in a mortar and set aside until cold, when 
pills may be made of it of such form and size as.wanted. 

The oil is obtained by distillation, and may be given in 
doses of from one to five drops. Dose of the balsam is from 
One drop to one drachm. 

Copaiba is diuretic, laxative, stimulant and emetic. In 
its action it is much like turpentine, its effects being mani- 
fested on the stomach and intestines, skin and urinary 
organs. It lessens the appetite and produces nausea and 



DIURETICS. 109 

vomiting, or if sufficient in amount it purges. To prevent 
this last effect Opium may be given with it, if not otherwise 
contra-indicated. 

Copaiba increases the flow of urine, makes it dark-colored 
and of a strong odor. If the dose be large it creates a strong 
and constant desire to pass urine, the act being accompanied 
with burning and tenesmus. It also increases the pulse and 
irritates the kidneys, and, in some way, if it disagrees with 
the stomach, produces an eruption on the skin, resembling 
urticaria. 

Copaiba enters the circulation, as is shown by the odor in 
the breath and urine. 

It is very largely used in gonorrhoea, and if correctly used 
it has a specific influence in this disease ; but if improperh^ 
used it is productive of much harm. It has been given in 
too large doses in all stages of the disease, and thus very 
much harm has come from its use. 

It is contra-indicated in the inflammatory stage of the 
disease with great irritation and profuse discharge, and in 
some cases it is not to be used at all. 

In the acute stage of the disease we want a sedative. For 
this use the following : 

R. Specific Aconite, gtt. x. 

Specific Gelsemium. 

Spec. Cannabis Sativa (or Indica), aa. fl .^j. 

Syrup Simplex. 

Aqua, aa. q. s. fl 3 iv. M. 
Sig. — Dose, teaspoonful ever}^ three hours, or 

four per day. 

Should urination produce burning, give the patient from 
ten to fifteen grains of sodium bicarbonate in a wineglassful 
of water two or three times a day. If there be intestmal 
constipation first give the patient a dose of compound powder 
of Senna and Jalap. In the latter stages of the disease., if 
there is no inflammation, use the following : 



110 DIURETICS.' 

R. Balsam Copaiba, flsj. 

Alcohol, fisj. M. 

Sig.^Dose, five to ten drops four times a day in 

sugar and water. 

In other cases use the following larger dose : 

R. Balsam Copaiba, 

Sweet Spirits Nitre, aa. fl 5 ss. 

lyiquor Potassse, 

Essence of Cinnamon, aa. fiz]- 

Mucilage of Acacia, 

S3^r up Simplex, aa. fis]. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful after each meal. 

This preparation is very good when the disease is chronic 
or unduly prolonged. This agent is valuable in many 
chronic inflammations and irritation of the bladder or urethra, 
with a painful passage of urine, using doses of from one to 
five drops on sugar. 

Copaiba has also been applied locally in eye diseases such 
as syphilitic iritis, schlerotitis and purulent ophthalmia in 
children. For these conditions paint the balsam upon the 
upper part of the cheeks and upon the temples. It may be 
painted upon an inflamed mammary gland to prevent the 
formation of an abscess. Cover with oiled silk. 

In chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucous meni- 
brane, with ulceration, give doses of from one to five drops 
of Copaiba three times a day. It is a good remedy in 
troubles of the mucous surfaces of the respiratory passages, 
as chronic bronchitis and difficult expectoration. Here it is 
stimulant and lessens secretion. It is a useful agent in the 
topical treatment of chilblains, applied to the surface twice a 
a day if the skin is intact. The dose of this remedy is from 
one drop to one drachm. It is contra-indicated in inflamma- 
tory conditions of the urinary organs. 



DIURKTICS. Ill 

BUCHU, Buchu. 

Synonyms. — (i and 2) S/ior^ BiccJm, (3) Lo7ig BiicJm. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves of ( i) Barosma betuliua 
(Thunberg), Bartling and Wendland, and (2) Barosma crc- 
?iic/a^a (LfiniiQ), Hooker; (t,) Barosma serr a ti/olia, WiWde- 
now furnishes long Buchu. Nat. Ord., Rutacecs, South 
Africa. 

Buchu Specific has a deep yellowish-green color and the 
precise fragrance of Buchu. When added to water it makes 
a milky mixture. 

These are small shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good 
Hope. Their leaves resemble the leaves of Senna and are of 
two varieties. They have a strong aromatic odor and an 
essence is made from them. Alcohol and water extract their 
virtues. 

The infusion is the best preparation and is made by mace- 
rating a tablespoonful of the leaves in half a pint of boiling 
water. Two or three tablespoonfuls of this ma}^ be given 
two or three times a day. A tincture and a fluid extract of 
Buchu are also in use. Specific Buchu is a fine preparation. 

Buchu is diuretic, stimulant and tonic, and, if given warm, 
diaphoretic. It quickens the pulse and favors increased 
secretion from the skin and kidneys, being somewhat depu- 
rant in its action. 

Besides this it is also hydragogue, increasing both the 
watery and solid constituents of the urine. On the other 
hand it lessens undue activity of the kidneys when there is 
an excessive secretion. Buchu improves the appetite and 
promotes digestion. 

It is useful in diseases of the genito-urinary organs with 
excessive irritation and undue and altered secretions from 
the urethral glands. Here give from ten to twenty drops of 
specific Buchu three times a day. In catarrh of the bladder, 
especially such as results from gonorrhoea or irritant injec- 



112 DIURETICS. 

tions used in its treatment this remedy is very valuable. In 
long-standing cases of irritability of the bladder, and when 
the patient can not hold his urine use the following. 

R. Specific Buchu, fl % iiiss. 

Tinct. Chloride of Iron, fl I ss. M. 

Sig. — Give a teaspoonful four times a day in a 
wineglassful of infusion of hops or in sweet- 
ened w^ater. 

This acts as an astringent, tonic and diuretic. It removes 
chronic irritation and increases tone. 

It may be used with good results in atonic dyspepsia. For 
over -activity of the kidneys and for gleet employ the follow- 
ing in twenty drop doses : 

R. Fid. Kxt. (or Specific) Buchu, fl I iss. 
Tinct. Chloride of Iron, fl g ss. M. 

The infusion is a good remedy in dysmenorrhoea, amenor- 
rhoea and leucorrhoea. 



UATRIS, Button Snakeroot. 

Synonyms. — Colic Root, Devil's Bit. 

Botanical Origin. — The tuberous rhizome of Liatris 
^7^/<;<2/<2, Willdenow ; '^'sX.Ord.., Composites. North America 
from southern portion of New York to Wisconsin, growing 
in moist places. 

The odor of this drug is aromatic and its taste bitter. 
Water and alcohol extract its virtues. Its properties are 
stimulant, eliminative, alterative, aromatic and tonic. It is 
a stimulant to all the excretory organs, especially the urinary. 

In dropsy it is a good remedy, eliminating morbid effusion 
and restoring tone. Its action on the stomach is kindly. 
Dyspepsia, with a torpid condition of the kidneys, is bene- 
fited by it. It is a good drug in spasmodic affections of the 
bowels and relieves colic in children. Use teaspoonful doses 



DIURETICS. 113 

of the infusion. It is an excellent tonic in the latter stages 
of fever when there is a bad condition of the skin and kid- 
neys, and poor circulation. In chronic irritation of the 
throat, with relaxation, it makes a good gargle ; for this 
purpose use an ounce of the root to a pint of water. As an 
eliminative it is of service in syphilis. 

Liatris is claimed by some to be an antidote to the poison 
of serpents when applied (bruised root) as a compress to 
the wounded part. It may come as near antidoting the 
poison as anything else will, but it will not cure if the per- 
son is bitten by a large rattler when he has not immediately 
previously bitten something else to deprive him of some of 
the poison. It is said to be of some use in weakness and 
pain in the back, and in calculous affections. 



BUPATORIUM PURPUREUM. Queen of the Meadow. 

Synonyms. — Gravel Root, Trumpet Weed, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The root oi Eiipatoruun purpureian, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., CompositcE. Swamps from Canada to 
A^irginia. 

Ktjpatorium Purpureum Specific has a dark brown- 
yellow color. In order to distinguish it from Eupatorium per- 
foliatum, or Boneset, I^loyd Brothers label this preparation 
Gravel Root. 

This is a native plant, growing in low, wet places, flower- 
ing in August or September. The root is the part used and 
should be gathered in the fall of the year. The drug is 
commonly known as Queen of the Meadow, or Gravel Root. 
It is diuretic, astringent, tonic and antilithic. It has a spe- 
cific action on the kidneys, increasing the amount of the 
urine and the proportion of solids. It is one of the very 
best remedies for urinary calculi, some even claiming that it 
will dissolve the stone when formed. At any rate it is very 
valuable in these troubles. The tincture and the infusion 



114 DIURKTICS. ■ 

are both used. To make the infusion macerate one ounce of 
the root in a pint of water. Dose, from one to two ounces. 
Dose of the tincture, five to fifteen drops. Dose of specific 
Kupatorium purpureum, five to ten drops. 

Queen of the Meadow is a good remedy when the patient 
suffers from painful urination with frequent desire to pass 
urine, the act being accompanied with a sensation of obstruc 
tion. The condition is one of difficult and painful micturi 
tion. In the treatment of dropsy it is one of our best 
remedies. In anasarca dependent upon a failure of the kid 
neys to act, it is especially valuable. Here we may remove 
the effusion by a hydragogue cathartic, but if renal remedies 
are neglected the effusion returns as before. This remedy 
stimulates the absorbents and restores the lost tone of the 
kidneys. If the patient is not debilitated, give this agent in 
doses of from five to ten drops of the tincture in a teaspoon- 
ful of water every three hours. The dropsy following scar- 
latina is especially benefited by its exhibition. It is a good 
drug when the patient complains of pain in the region of the 
kidneys extending to the bladder, with scanty, high-colored 
urine. If the vascular excitement is marked, give it with 
Aconite or Veratrum. The urine passed may be mixed with 
solids or blood. Under these circumstances use the infusion 
in doses of a tablespoonful to a wineglassful three times a 
day. It is valuable in chronic irritation of the bladder, with 
mucous discharges in the urine and heat in the region of 
the bladder, the urine leaving a deposit of mucus in the ves- 
sel. Shooting pain in the urethra, tenesmus, and frequent 
micturition, are indications for its use. It is a good remedy in 
recent troubles of the prostate gland after the active symp- 
toms have passed. Give of the tincture five drops every 
three hours. 

It affords good results in cases of strangury resulting from 
irritating diuretics, or caused by a fly blister. The following 
always gives relief : Inject thirty drops of laudanum in 



DIURKTiCvS. 115 

starch water into the rectum, and then give the mfusion of 
Eupatorium freely. Keep the patient warm. If this is not 
sufficient give the patient a hip bath. In incontinence of 
urine in children resulting from chronic irritation of the 
bladder, a small amount of urine causing contraction of the 
bladder and the expulsion of its contents, give five drops of 
specific Eupatorium purpureum three times a day, giving 
die last dose at bedtime. 

In albuminuria it is one of the best remedies we possess, 
ft is good for quieting irritability of the bladder during preg- 
nancy, the urine being frequently voided in small quantities. 
Dose, five drops, or give the infusion. This remedy always 
helps the patient and many times removes the trouble. Dia- 
betes insipidus is also benefited by its action. 

This remedy influences the reproductive organs of both 
male and female, more especially the latter. It is tonic to 
the uterus in atony or chronic irritability of this organ. It 
is of service given in four or five drop doses three times a 
day to prevent abortion due to debility in chronic metritis, 
prolapsus, retroversion and all troubles of the uterus of this 
nature. It is a good remedy in chronic amenorrhoea with 
constant leucorrhoeal discharges and marked debility ; use 
it in the form of an injection, together with some astringent. 
In some cases of pregnancy, with constant desire to void 
urine, attended with cough, the urine passing with each 
effort of coughing, this remedy given in teaspoonful doses of 
from fifteen to twenty drops in four ounces of water, gener- 
ally gives relief. If the patient is very nervous associate it 
with Pulsatilla. 

It is a good agent in impotency of the male. It is also 
used for its influence upon the respiratory organs. Chronic 
cough, with atony of the circulation, is benefited by its use, 
as is also whooping cough when unduly prolonged. It h.^^ 
given good results in asthma and chronic catarrh. 



116 DIURKTiCvS. 

The influence of Queen of the Meadow on the stomach is 
agreeable and hence it may be used for a long time with no 
bad results. In fact it improves dyspepsia. It is indicated 
by scanty urine, milky in color, and a sensation of weight in 
the loins, the skin being hot, dry and constricted. 



APIS MELLIFICA. Honey Bee. 

Origin. — The alcoholic solution of the poisonous princi- 
ple of Apis mellijica^ Linne ; class, hisecta ; order, Hynie- 
noptera ; family, ApidcB. 

Apis Spkcific is made of live honey bees after exciting 
them to angriness. It contains the poison of the sting. 

The preparations of honey bee used by our physicians are 
the tincture, and the specific Apis. This agent is diuretic, 
diaphoretic, and alterative. It has a specific influence on 
the urinary apparatus. It resembles Spanish Fly in action, 
removing irritation of the urinary organs, and in large doses 
stimulating them. It is given in small doses, even in inflam- 
mation of these organs, when irritation is present. 

In anasarca and hydrothorax this remedy is a good one, as 
it is also in inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, espe- 
cially in the chronic form. For suppression and retention of 
urine it is one of the most certain remedies at our command. 
Owing to its influence on the skin it gives good results in 
the eruptive diseases, as scarlet fever, measles, etc. , also in 
dropsy occurring during the latter months of pregnancy. 
It is a good remedy in the troubles of the reproductive or- 
gans of the female. Use it in amenorrhoea, menorrhagia, 
and leucorrhoea with acute congestion. In ovarian congestion, 
with pain and tenderness in the region of the ovaries, this 
drug usually gives relief. 

R. Specific Apis, gtt. x. 

Aqua, fl ^ iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. 



DIURETICS. 117 

In throat troubles, with general oedema of the throat and 
tonsils, the parts appearing as though stung by a bee, Apis 
is a good remedy. It is also of value in scrofulous ophthal- 
mia. Good results are obtained from this drug in some forms 
of inflammatory sore mouth and vesicular erysipelas. 

The urinary symptoms indicating its use are constant de- 
sire with inability to pass urine, the latter being dark red or 
bloody. 

Use ten drops in four ounces of water, and give a teaspoon- 
ful of the mixture every hour in acute cases. In chronic 
cases give it three times a day. 



SCOPARIUS. Broom. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The freshly dried tops of Cytisus 
Scoparius (Linne) L<ink. Nat. Ord, Legiiminoscs. Grows 
in western Asia, western and southern Europe, and is natu- 
ralized in this country. 

Chikf Active Constituent — Sparteine. 

This remedy is prepared from the tops of the plants It is 
diuretic, laxative, tonic, and in large doses emeto-cathartic. 
Make an infusion by macerating one ounce of the tops in a 
pint of water. This will purge and act on the kidneys. 

Scoparius is a very certain remedy in dropsy, being stimu- 
lant and tonic in its action. It is a good agent in the treat- 
ment of scurvy and jaundice. It cures these diseases by its 
eliminative action on the blood. A tincture is also employed, 
but it is inferior to the infusion. Dose of the tincture, fifteen 
to thirty drops. 



ALTH/EA, Marshmallow. 

B©TANiCAi, Origin. — The root of AlthcEaofficiyialis, Linne. 
Nat. Ord., Malvacece. Europe, Asia, Australia, and eastern 
United States. It thrives in salt marshes. 



118 DIURKTICS. . 

This plant, though grown in America, is a native of 
Europe, growing in salt marshes and along the banks of 
streams. In the market the roots come in pieces of a quartier 
of an inch long and the thickness of a pipe-stem. German 
physicians use this agent extensively. It is diuretic and 
demulcent. 

The infusion, which is rather mucilaginous, is the best 
form of administration. 

Marshmallow is a good remedy in nephritis, cystitis, and 
all inflammatory conditions of the urinary organs. It is use- 
ful in gastro-enteritis. In dysentery it makes a soothing 
injection. The infusion is a good demulcent application to 
inflamed mucous surfaces. 

It is a good vaginal injection in acute vaginitis. For this 
purpose use an infusion prepared from one ounce of the root 
in a pint of water. This is good also in acute gonorrhoea. 
Inject it into the urethra. For hemorrhoids it is applied as 
a compress to the inflamed tumors, and thus relieves pain. 
It is valuable in cough from irritation of the upper part of 
the throat ; used as a gargle, this soothes the parts, and acts 
as a sedative. As a diuretic, the greater the inflammation 
the more Althaea is indicated. 



SCILLA, Squill 

Synonym. — Sea Onion. 

Botanic Aiv Origin. — The bulb of Urginea maritima^ 
(lyinne) Baker; Nat. Ord., LiliacecB. Deprived of its dry 
membranous outer scales, cut into slices and dried, reject- 
ing the central portions. Grown in Mediterranean Europe, 

This remedy is prepared from the bulb of a plant know i 
as the Sea Onion, growing in the Mediterranean Sea. 

The bulb is as large as a fist and looks very much like an 
onion. The juice irritates the skin, owing to the presence 
of a volatile oil active in character. In the market it con- 



DIURKTICS. 119 

sists of slices of the bulb dried. Its taste is bitter and some- 
what nauseating. 

It is diuretic, expectorant, emetic and acro-narcotic. 

In small doses it excites all the secretory organs to action. 
It acts as a stimulant to the bronchial mucous membranes, 
increases the flow of urine and promotes absorption of fluids. 
It is an irritant to all parts with which it comes in contact, 
and hence it can not be used for a long time, as it destroys 
the appetite and otherwise unfavorably affects the patient. 
In large doses it is poison, producing stupor, paralysis and 
death. Ufe has been destroyed by twenty-four grains of 
squill, but when properly used it is a very valuable agent. 

Squill is a good diuretic in cases of dropsy not resulting 
from some organic change ; it gives the patient relief and 
aids in the evacuation of the watery effusion. It is contra- 
indicated when the pulse and hot, dry skin indicate some 
inflammatory trouble, as in inflammation of the urinary 
organs. But the greater the atony the more strongly is this 
agent indicated. 

In anasarca and other forms of dropsy use the remedy in 
doses of one or two grains every three hours ; should this 
produce nausea the amount may be lessened. When this 
result follows it acts on the bronchial surfaces, but does not 
affect the urinary organs. We may use it in all non-inflam- 
matory cases when we have over activity of the kidneys. It 
may, in fact, be used to increase or lessen the activity of the 
kidneys. It is often a valuable remedy in cases of diabetes 
insipidus. In this disease use it in small doses. Use the 
first decimal dilution of specific Squill, and give this also in 
over activity of the kidneys. 

It is a very good drug in many troubles of the respiratory 
organs. In bronchitis, with increased secretion, if given in 
small doses, it stimulates expectoration, but, if given in large 
doses, it vomits. Use the syrup or infusion, using four or 



120 DIURETICS. 

five drops at a dose. It may be given alone or with other 
reinedies. 

In cardiac dropsy, with feeble heart action, feeble circula- 
tion and rapid, weak pulse, give Squill with Digitalis as 
follows : R. Digitalis Leaves, 5j. 

Aqua, fl 5 viij. Infuse. 

Sig. — Give a teaspoonful to which add either two 
grains of Squill or one drop of specific Squill, 
three times a day. 

In case but little fever is present, the sputa being scanty 
and tenacious, with no inflammation, use the following : 

R. Syrup of Squill, flsj. 

Syrup of Wild Cherry, fl^iij. M. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful four times a day. 

In chronic bronchial catarrh use the following : 

R. Syrup of Squill, 

Syrup of Senega, aa. B. ^j. 

Syrup of Wild Cherry, fl ^ ij. M. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 

This makes a very good expectorant. 

Dose of the syrup, from a few drops to a teaspoonful. In 
teaspoonful doses it ma}^ vomit. The syrup is prepared from 
vinegar of Squill. As a diuretic give from one to two grains 
of the powdered Squill. We will use this remedy when we 
want a stimulating diuretic or diaphoretic. 



CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissewa, 

Synonyms. — Prince's Pine, Gro?md Holly, Rheumatism 
Weed, Winter green, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves of Chimaphila mnbellata , 
(Linne) Nuttall ; Nat. Ord., EricacecE. Indigenous to the 
United States and Northern Europe and Asia. 

This plant is a native of northern latitudes in Asia and 
America. Its leaves are of a dark green coi*^^ '^ha flowers 
appear in June and July and the fruit is a five-celled capsuiv. 



DIURETICS. 1^1 

The stems and leaves are used in medicine. Hot water and 
alcohol extract its virtues. 

Chimaphila is diuretic, tonic, astringent, diaphoretic and 
alterative. 

This agent is very valuable in the treatment of diseases of 
the genito-urinary organs. Use it in catarrh of the bladder 
with offensive urine and in urethritis with profuse mucous 
flow. In chronic affections of the kidneys and bladder, 
attended with purulent discharge of mucus, this is a very 
good remed}^ In troubles of the prostate gland and calcu- 
lous affections this remedy may be employed alone or with 
Kupatorium purpureum. 

Owing to its tonic and stimulating effects it is a very good 
remedy in atonic troubles. Dr. White saj^s : " It is one of 
the best alteratives in our Materia Medica. ' ' Others speak 
of it very highly for this purpose, some claiming to have 
cured scrofula with it alone. In scrofulous ulceration use it 
both locally and internally. 

It is indicated in atonic conditions, especially if the patient 
is of a scrofulous diathesis. It is one of the best remedies 
we possess for atonic dropsy associated with a scrofulous 
taint and loss of appetite. 

In some cases of rheumatism, when the patient is scrofu- 
lous, it acts very nicely. It may not cover the entire ground 
here, but it is a very valuable aid. It is a good alterative in 
the diffused stage of syphilis, when the constitution has been 
greatly impaired. For this purpose give a wineglassful of 
the infusion, to which is added from five to twenty grains of 
potassium iodide. Here it restores the appetite and strength- 
ens the digestive powers. 

Make the infusion one ounce of Pipsissewa to one pint of 
water. Dose, one to two ounces. Do not make a decoction 
of this drug, as boiling impairs its virtues ; use an infusion. 

Use specific Chimanhila in doses of from one to ten drops. 



122 ■ DIURETICS. 

UVA URSI. Bearberry, 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The leaves of Ardostaphylos Uva 
Ursi, (I^inne) Sprengel ; Nat. Ord., EricacecE, Grows in 
the dry, sandy and rocky soils of northern latitudes. Found 
in the United States south to Pennsylvania and in California 
and New Mexico. 

This is an evergreen plant found in the mountains and 
woods in Canada, and as far south as New Jersey. The 
leaves are smooth, shiny, and of a dark green color. The 
fruit is a berry. The leaves are bitter to the taste and in- 
crease the flow of saliva when chewed. They are astringent, 
owing to the presence of tannic and gallic acid in them. 
Both the tincture and the infusion are used. It resembles 
Buchu in action. It is stimulant, astringent, diuretic and 
tonic. It influences the urinary tract, relieving irritation 
and restraining too great secretions. 

In diseases of the urinary organs attended with a bloody 
or mucous discharge give four or five drops of the tincture, 
or one ounce of the infusion. 

It is a good remedy for paralysis of the bladder in old 
people. In strangury use the infusion. It is also of some 
value in calculous trouble. In Bright' s disease this is an 
excellent remedy. Cystic spasm is relieved by it. It may 
be used in chronic bronchial troubles, in chronic laryngitis, 
pulmonary troubles and coughs. 

Uva ursi may be used in bowel troubles when an astrin- 
gent is needed. In diarrhoea and dysentery it checks the 
evacuations. It is a good agent to stop hemorrhage when 
passive and the flow of blood is not too profuse. 

Use of the tincture from five to ten drops ; of the infusion 
from one to two ounces. Make the infusion by pouring up- 
on a teaspoonful of the leaves a cup of boiling water. 



DIURETICS. 123 

SALOL. Salol. 

Synonym. — P/ienyl Salicylate. 

Description. — A permanent, odorless, or but feebly aro- 
matic, white, crystalline powder. It has but little taste, but 
gives a sensation as if the teeth were crowned with rubber. 
Nearly insoluble in water ; soluble in alcohol (lo), very sol- 
uble in boiling alcohol, freely so in ether, chloroform, bal- 
sam Copaiba and the essential and fixed oils. 

This remedy is very much like salicylic acid. Salol is de- 
composed in the intestines and is converted into sahcylic 
and carbolic acids. It contains two- thirds of its weight of 
the first-named acid. It is defined as ' ' the salicylic ether of 
phenol" (U. S. P.), and may be given in capsules or pills. 
The dose is from five to fifteen grains, but it acts better 
given in doses of five grains every three hours. It does not 
remain long in the system, but is soon eliminated by the 
kidne3^s. 

Use this agent in any disease which results from an im- 
paired action of the urinarj^ organs. It is valuable in rheu- 
matism, sciatica and lumbago, when the kidneys are inactive. 
In doses too large it produces cerebral disturbance, but in 
small doses it is helpful if given but for a da}^ or two. 

Salol is of benefit in troubles of the urinary organs. It 
prevents decomposition of urine in the bladder. It is a good 
agent in obstinate cases of c^^stitis by rendering the urine 
acid and preventing decomposition. It may be used as an 
antipyretic. For this purpose it is used in phthisis, pneu- 
monia and typhoid fever. Applied with equal parts of starch 
on a part attacked with erysipelas it relieves the burning and 
lessens the inflammation. Triturated with starch it may be 
snuffed into the nose to relieve catarrh and stop the disagree- 
able odor. Like other remedies of its class its action should 
be carefully watched. 



124: ' DIURETICS. 

CUBEBA. Cubeb. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The unripe fruit or berry of Piper 
Citbeba, lyinne filius ; Nat. Ord., PiperacecB. Indigenous to 
Java and other East Indian parts, where it is cultivated. 

This drug is prepared from the dried berry of a cUmbing 
plant, a native of India. The fruit is a black berry about 
the size of a pea. It is aromatic, acid, and has a hot taste 
resembling camphor somewhat. It is stimulant, carminative, 
diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant. It is very much like 
black pepper in taste but not so agreeable. In large doses it 
is purgative, causing great thirst and a sense of heat in the 
bowels and throughout the entire system. It increases the 
action of the kidneys and the vascularity of the mucous 
membranes. 

Cubeb is extensively used in gonorrhoea. There is a very 
great difference of opinion concerning its use in this disease, 
some claiming that it is best used during the inflammatory 
stage, but after having extensively tested it we think it acts 
best when used in the latter stages of the disease. Accord- 
ing to our view it is contra-indicated in inflammatory con- 
ditions of gonorrhoea as well as all other diseases, but when 
the profuse discharge ceases then use it. It is better in the 
chronic than in the acute form, in fact, it is one of our best 
remedies in this disease. In chronic cases use enough of the 
berries to produce an aggravation of the disease, and when 
this pavSses off the disease is decidedly better. To accomplish 
this use thirty grains of the powdered berries three times a 
day. Keep this up till the discharge of urine is painful, then 
lessen the do.se from day to day until the patient is cured. 

. This agent specially influences the urinary tract and all 
the mucous membranes of the body. It acts as a tonic, re- 
strains excessive secretions, gives tone and removes chronic 
inflammation. Small doses of the drug augment the appetite 
and improve digestion. 



DIURKTICS. 125 

Cubeb is a very good remedy in man}^ cases of leucorrhoea. 
Use when the discharge is profuse and offensive. Use it in 
doses of from thirty to forty grains three or four times a day 
until a decided impression is made, then lessen the dose from 
day to day. It is a good agent to relieve chronic inflamma- 
tion of the female urethra and bladder. Employ it when 
there is a constant desire to pass urine, attended with pain 
when it does pass. Here give five drops of specific Cubeb 
every three hours. In diseases of the prostate, such as pros- 
tatic abscess, use from ten to twenty drops three times a day. 
It is stimulant and healing to the part. It gives good results 
in catarrh of the bladder and in spermatorrhoea. Burning 
in the urethra indicates it. For these troubles begin with 
the large dose and lessen it as desired. In nocturnal incon- 
tinence of urine it often makes a decided impression for good. 
The greater the debility the more strongly it is indicated, but 
the greater the inflammation the less it is indicated. 

Cubeb is a good remedy in atonic troubles of the respira- 
tory organs with profuse secretion. In bronchitis use doses 
of from five to ten drops every hour on sugar. It is bene- 
ficial in nasal catarrh. Use equal parts of black German 
snuff and powdered Cubeb. In catarrhal affections of the 
air passages when there is excessive secretion use the snuff 
several times a day. It is stimulating and alterative to the 
mucous membrane. The berries smoked in a pipe are em- 
ployed for the relief of hay fever and generally cure. Dose 
of specific Cubeb from one drop to one drachm ; of the 
powder from one grain to a teaspoonful. 



RHUS AROMATICA. Fragrant Sumach, 

Synonym. — Swee^ Sumach. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin.— The bark of the root of Rhus aro- 
matica, Alton ; Nat. Ord., AnacardiaccB. Eastern United 



126 ' DIURETICS. 

States. A variety of this species grows in the southwestern 
States. 

This is a small plant from two to six feet high, with leaves 
divided, flowers greenish-yellow, and fruit about the size of 
a pea. It growls in the Eastern States in rocky and moun- 
tainous places. The root bark is the part used, being one- 
fourth inch in diameter, of a brown or black color. It gives 
a turpentine-like exudation. A tincture made with strong 
alcohol and specific Rhus aromatica is the best preparation. 
It should not be made into an infusion. 

Sweet Sumach is diuretic, stimulant and astringent. In 
diabetes it is one of the very best single remedies ; use it in 
this disease when the urine is pale-colored, of high specific 
gravity and the patient debilitated, with chills, thirst and 
constipation, and sugar in the urine. It is contra-indicated 
by active inflammation. 

The dose will vary with each patient, ranging from one to 
thirty drops, given in water every three hours. Put your 
patient in the most favorable circumstances and examine the 
urine every third day. It is a good agent in chronic dia- 
betes when no sugar is present, the amount of urine being 
large and associated with great thirst. In such cases it is 
very efficient as it is also in albuminuria.- It is indicated in 
all cases of over activity of the urinary passages, inflamma- 
tion being absent. Use it in chronic catarrh of the bladder 
and chronic cystitis. Fragrant Sumach is stimulant and 
astringent, hence it is a good drug in hemorrhage from the 
lungs, uterus or urinary organs. It is very efficient in hem- 
orrhage from the kidneys and bladder. Use it in chronic 
hemorrhage from the uterus unless the flow is great, in which 
case it is inferior to other agents. 

By restraining the action of the bowels and checking 
secretion it is useful in chronic diarrhoea and chronic dysen- 
tery, with passages of blood. It must not be used in acute 



DrURKTlCS. 127 

cases, (jive ten drops of specific Rhus aromatica on sugar 
four times a day. 

In phthisis it controls hemorrhage, checks diarrhoea, and 
lessens night sweats. In chronic bronchitis, with profuse 
bloody discharge, it is a good remedy. For its influence on 
the respiratory organs give it as follows : 

R. Specific Rhus Aromatica, fl 5 ss. 
Glycerin, fl 3 iiiss. M. 

Dose from one-half to one teaspoonful every three hours. 

The dose of Rhus aromatica ranges from two to thirty 
drops. 

Remember that it is contra-indicated in inflammations, and 
do not use it in water ; use glycerin or mucilage. 



GALIUM. Cleavers. 

Botanical Origin.— The whole herb of Galium aparine, 
Unne ; Nat. Ord., Rubiacece. Grows in thickets throughout 
the Northern Hemisphere. 

This plant is a native of Europe, growing Vv-i Jiout cultiva- 
tion on rich soil. The whole plant is used in medicine. It 
is saline, bitter and astringent, and has little odor. The 
warm or cold infusion is best, and is made in the proportion of 
one ounce to water one pint. It is diuretic, refrigerant and 
alterative. 

Galium is an excellent drug in active irritation or inflam- 
mation of any part of the urinary tract. It is a very good 
diuretic in fevers, lowering the temperature and helping the 
functions of the kidneys. The infusion stops the scalding of 
urine in gonorrhoea when given in teaspoonful doses. In 
calculous troubles with inflammation it serves a good pur- 
pose. As an alterative it is used in scrofula and syphilis, 
and all cases in which we find bad blood. 

It is a good alterative in cancerous diseases, some even 
claiming that it removes the constitutional tendency to the 



128 DIURETICS. 

disease. Use it whenever a good soothing diuretic is needed. 
It is indicated in all cases of very severe irritation of kidneys 
or bladder with burning. Dysuria and painful micturition 
are relieved by it. Dose of the infusion, a wineglassful 



THUJA OCCIDBNTALIS. Arbor Vitse 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The leaflets of Thuju Occidentalis , 
[yinne ; Nat. Ord., Co7iifercs. 

This is an indigenous evergreen tree found growing from 
Canada to Carolina. The leaves and small twigs are used. 
They are bitter and somewhat aromatic. It specifically in- 
fluences the urinary apparatus and is useful in chronic diar- 
rhoea and chronic troubles of the prostate gland. It is a 
good agent in the treatment of warty excresences on the 
genital organs of male or female ; inject into the tumor. If 
this does not cure use nitric acid. It may be used on warts 
on any part of the body. 

Thuja is an excellent remedy for dribbling of urine in the 
aged, and urinary incontinence in the young. Give small 
doses of specific Thuja. The non-alcoholic Thuja is one of 
the best remedies for granular conjunctivitis. It should be 
applied with vaseline. Thuja is contra-indicated in inflam- 
matory states of the urinary tract. 

In cancerous troubles this is a good remedy ; it may cure 
in the early stages, but it will not in the latter. It is a good 
alterative in all such cases. It specifically influences the 
glandular system and may be used in the treatment of gland- 
ular indurations, as syphilis and scrofula. Give specific 
Thuja, five drops four times a day. 

Thuja furnishes a good local remedy for chronic ulcers 
and skin troubles in syphilitic patients. It makes a good 
injection in hydrocele ; after tapping the scrotum inject into 
the tunica vaginalis. Internally use doses of from one to 
five drops. As a local application dilute it with three or 
four parts of water or glycerin. For warts use full strength. 



DIURETICS. 129 

POTASSII ACBTAS. Potassium Acetate. 

Synonym. — Acetate of Potash. 

Description. — Acetate of Potassium occurs m commerce 
as a white, snow-like powder, or in satiny, crystalline masses, 
possessing a warming and saline taste. It is very deliques- 
cent, hence should always be dispensed in bulk in a well 
stoppered bottle, or if it be used at once, in aqueous solution. 
Soluble in cold water (0.36), cold alcohol (1.9), and more 
soluble in these fluids when warm. Keep this salt in well 

closed containers. 

This is one of the most valuable of our remedies, and it 
may properly be classed among alteratives and diuretics. It 
is made by the action of acetic acid on carbonate of potas- 
sium. It also exists in the juices of some plants. When 
exposed to the air it rapidly absorbs moisture from it, and 
it must, therefore, be kept in closely stoppered bottles. 
It is soluble in less than its weight of water. It is diuretic, 
refrigerant and a renal depurant, greatly increasing the 
soHds of the urine. Its action is on organs remote from the 
urinary apparatus, producing exudation from the blood and 
increasing retrograde metamorphosis. It is both solvent and 
depurant, increasing the amount of bile, urine, and sweat. 
It is a remote antacid, and when taken into the system de- 
composes, and is carried out as carbonate of potassium, ren- 
dering its urine alkaline. 

In fevers Potassium Acetate removes the morbid matter, 
and in pneumonia it is also a good remedy, as it dissolves the 
fibrin and may be given with the proper sedative. Given 
largely diluted in proper doses it irritates the stomach but 
little, and being refrigerant it helps reduce the temperature. 
It is a good agent in chronic affections of the liver and spleen 
with deficient secretion of the bile — especially congestion — 
and will remove the difficulty when cholagogues fail. For 
this use the following : 



130 DIURETICS. 

R. Acetate of Potassium, 5J. 

Aqua, fl5 iij- M. 

Sig. — One teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

All potassium salts act best when largely diluted. 

For chronic jaundice that does not yield to any other rem- 
edy give from twenty to thirty grains of Acetate of Potas- 
sium three or four times a day. 

This is a good remedy in furunculus eruptions. Give ten 
or fifteen grains of this salt three times a day for a week. 
It eliminates from the blood the morbid matter and corrects 
the deranged condition of the system that is always present 
in such conditions. It may be used in some cases of dropsy. 
If an agent is wanted to eliminate water from the blood this 
is not the best remedy, but when we find an inactive condi- 
tion of the liver this is the remedy. It may be administered 
with infusions of Queen of the Meadow, Parsley or Juniper 
berries. 

For psoriasis and scaly tetter this is a good remedy. Here 
give it in plenty of water for an indefinite period. It is a 
very good drug in obstinate cases of ague. It seems to have 
the power to influence the disease when the Cinchona pre- 
parations fail. Stop the anti-periodic and give thirty grains 
of Acetate of Potassium four times a day. In such cases it 
is well to follow its use with the tincture of chloride of iron. 
If the Acetate is not at hand, a preparation may be made as 

follows: R. Carbonate of Potassium, 3 ij. 

Cider Vinegar, q. s. to saturate. 
Sweetened Water, fl ^ vi. M. 

Sig. — One or two teaspoonfuls every three hours. 

As an alterative this is a good agent in scrofula, syphilis, 
etc. In the latter disease, after giving the iodide of potas- 
sium, give the Potassium Acetate for a time in its place and 
so alternate them. Both acute and chronic rheumatism are 
improved by this drug. In acute rheumatism, with in- 
creased temperature, swelled joints, dirty tongue, etc. : 



DIURETICS. 131 

R. Potassium Acetate, 5 vj. 
• Acid Salic3dic, 5 ij . 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in a wineglassful of water 

every three or four hours. 

It will not act well when there is a red and pointed tongue. 
For chronic rheumatism give fifteen grain doses four times a 
day. 

It is a good drug in the earl}^ stages of phthisis. It may 
arrest the disease by preventing the tubercular deposit. Dose, 
from five to forty grains. 



SODJI ACETAS. Sodium Acetate, 

This is a white salt in the form of transparent, colorless 
crystals, or in an odorless, granular, crystalline, white pow- 
der, having a saline, cooling taste. The crystals effloresce 
when exposed to air. It is soluble in cold water (1.4), boil- 
ing water (0.3), alcohol (30), and boiling alcohol (2). It 
is not deliquescent, and, therefore, more permanent than its 
corresponding potassium salt. 

Sodium Acetate is diuretic and depurant , and is used in 
the same conditions for which acetate of potassium is em- 
ployed. Dose, from ten to sixty grains in a wineglassful of 
water. 



PETROSBLINUM, Parsley. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Petroselijium sativum, 
Hoffmann; Nat. Ord., UmbellifercB. Indigenous to South- 
ern Europe and largely cultivated in gardens. 

This remedy is made from the root of the plant, growing 
in Europe and America. The root is sweet and aromatic, 
about 'the size of a finger and is used only when fresh. The 
stem has the same properties as the root. It is one of the 
mildest and most unirritating diuretics in use. 



132 DIURETICS. 

Use it in nephritis and cyvStitis when the urine is thick and 
very irritating and painful. It lessens irritation and in- 
creases the amount of urine and thus gives relief. Use a 
wineglassful of the infusion three or four times a day. It is 
a good remedy in strangury, urethritis or gonorrhcea, with 
scalding passages of urine, lessening the irritability of the 
parts. It is a good accompaniment many times to acetate of 
potassium and other diuretic salts. Favorable results are 
obtained from its use in ascites, anasarca and any other form 
of dropsy. It is kindly received by the stomach and may be 
used for a considerable length of time The leaves make a 
good application to injured or swollen glands or to dry the 
lacteal secretion. It is not contra-indicated by inflamma- 
tions. An ointment of the powdered leaves and seeds de- 
stroys pediculi pubis. The seed contains a volatile oil, apiol, 
which is a nerve stimulant and also has some anti-periodic 
properties. This oil is of some value in intermittent fevers 
as an anti-periodic and to check excessive sweating. 

Good results are obtained from its use in dysmenorrhoea, 
etc. , given in two grain capsules, three or four of which may 
be given in a day. In obstinate cases of this disease which 
will not yield to other remedies this generally proves help- 
ful. It is of value likewise in amenorrhoea. It is a remedy 
for the colliquative sweating of phthisis, as it is for the pro- 
fuse perspiration sometimes attending sufferers from severe 
illness. 

The infusion is the best preparation and may be given in 
wineglassful doses, a pint being takeu in twenty-four hours. 



OLBUM SANTALI. Oil of Santal. 

Synonym. — Oil of Sandal Wood. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The essential oil obtained by distill 
ing the wood of Sayitalum album, Linne ; Nat. Ord. Santal 
ace£E.. India and Eastern Archipelago. 



DIURETICS. 133 

Description. — A j^ellowish or j-ellow oil, having con- 
siderable body, a sharp, spicy taste, and a pecuUar and 
strongly aromatic fragrance. It readily dissolves in alcohol, 
the solution being feebly acid. The commercial oil is often 
adulterated with cedar wood oil, etc. 

This is an oil obtained by distillation from the wood of an 
evergreen tree of India. It specifically influences the uri- 
nary organs, 

It is applicable to gonorrhoea in any stage. It has not the 
disagreeable odor of Copaiba. On the contrary, it is an 
agreeable remedy. It never aggravates the disease, and may 
be used when the discharge is thick and profuse. Use the 
pure oil in doses of five drops in mucilage or capsules every 
four hours until the discharge stops. After this give one or 
two doses every day for ten days. It is contra-indicated 
when there is swelling of the testicles. 

It is a good drug in leucorrhoea when the discharge is very 
profuse and offensive. It astringes the mucous surfaces and 
also controls the abundant discharge. Dose, five drops four 
times a day. 



VERBASCUM. Mullein. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The leaves and flowers of Verbas- 
cum thapsiis, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., ScrophulariacecB. Indige- 
nous to Europe, but naturalized in America, being a common 
weed in fields. 

This is a common plant found growing in fields and waste 
places. It yields its virtues to water, and the infusion is 
the best preparation. It is diaphoretic, demulcent, emollient, 
diuretic and anti- spasmodic. As a diuretic it is mild and 
unirritating. It may be used in all inflammatory diseases of 
the genito-urinary apparatus. It is a good remedy in gon- 
orrhoea. 



134 • DIURETICS. 

Being also an expectorant it serves well in diseases of the 
respiratory organs. It removes irritation of the mucous sur- 
faces. It may be used in acute nephritis and in catarrh of 
the bladder. The leaves smoked in a pipe relieve asthma. 
Use three parts Mullein leaves and one part Stramonium 
leaves. Smoke these until slight vertigo ensues. 

Fomentations of the leaves make good applications in white 
swelling and rheumatism. Bathe and steam the affected 
parts with it. Put boiling water on the leaves in a vessel 
and have the patient envelop the legs in thick cloths and 
hold them over this hot preparation for a half hour, then 
wrap the legs in flannel. This removes the pain and swell- 
ing. A cataplasm of the leaves may be applied to ill-con- 
ditioned ulcers. 

Prepare an infusion of the strength of one ounce of Mul- 
lein to water one pint. Dose, a wineglassful. 



ERYNGWM, Water Eryngo. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Eryngium yiicco'- 
folium^ Michaux ; {Eryjiguim aquaticum, lyinne) ; Nat. Ord., 
U7?ibe inferos. United States. 

This plant is found growing in water or marshy land and 
in pine barrens and prairie lands in nearly all parts of the 
eastern half of the United States. The dried root is used. 

Prepare a tincture of eight ounces of the root to one pint 
of alcohol. Dose of this from ten to twenty drops. Make 
the infusion of the strength of one ounce of the drug to 
one pint of water. Dose of this two ounces. 

This agent removes irritabihty of the urinary organs. It 
is specifically indicated by burning or itching in any part of 
the urethra. It is a good remedy in passive dropsy, giving 
tone to the debilitated organs and stimulating absorption. 

In female disorders as leucorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, etc., 



DIURETICS. 135 

it is a very good remedy . It is of some value in gonorrhoea , 
gleet, and spermatorrhoea, chiefly to control the urethral irri- 
tation. 

In troubles of the respiratory organs, with excessive secre- 
tion, it increases the tone of mucous surfaces and stimulates 
them, thus lessening their secretion. For this purpose it is 
valuable in some cases of bronchitis. 

For snake bites or stings of insects use a compress of the 
bruised root on the wound, and administer the infusion in- 
ternally. It acts as a tonic in atonic dyspepsia. Its prin- 
cipal use, however, is to relieve irritation of the urinary 
organs. 



POTASSII NITRAS, Potassium Nitrate, 

Synonyms. — Saltpetre, Nitre. 

Description. — Purified Potassium Nitrate occurs in trans- 
parent, six-sided, colorless crystals, having no odor, but a 
sharp, saline, and cooling taste, or it may be had in a crystal- 
line powder. It is but little soluble in alcohol, but dissolves 
in cold water (3.8) and boiling water (0.4). 

This is a natural salt but it may be produced artificially. 
It is found native in India in great abundance in the soil, and 
also exists in great quantities in the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 
tucky. It is separated from the soil by a process similar to 
leaching ashes. 

In the market are found both a pure and an impure arti- 
cle, but only the C. P. article should be used in medicine. 
Its properties are diuretic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, refrige- 
rant, and sedative. Its effects vary greatly according to the 
amount given, and the quantity of water in which it is given. 
If the body is kept cool it acts on the kidneys, but if the 
body be warm it acts as a diaphoretic. 

If given in large doses Potassium Nitrate reduces the tem- 
perature and the pulse, and causes drowsiness, though it does 



136 • DIURETICS. 

not usually interfere much with the appetite and digestion. 
In doses larger, or longer continued, it produces dryness of 
the fauces, diarrhoea, colic, etc. It deranges the nervous 
system, causes headache, paralysis, especially of the lower 
extremities, vertigo, great pain in the stomach, purging, 
coldness of the extremities, loss of sight and hearing, bloody 
evacuations, convulsions, and death. One ounce has been 
known to destroy life, though very much larger amounts 
have been taken, producing no great trouble. A small dose 
in a large amount of fluid may produce a much more decided 
effect than a larger dose less diluted. After death from an 
overdose of this drug, the post mortem examination reveals 
the inner coats of the stomach and intestines highly inflamed. 

Potassium Nitrate is a very valuable remedy when given 
in proper conditions. Some diuretics increase the flow of 
urine by their stimulant effect upon the kidneys, and others 
by lessening renal excitement. Saltpetre is sedative to the 
circulation and stimulant to the kidneys and skin ; it changes 
the condition of the blood, making it less stimulant and 
diminishes its plasticity. It may be used when a stimulant 
to the urinary organs or skin is wanted, and also to lessen 
circulation and temperature. Hence it is a good drug in the 
acute fevers. 

It is of some value in tonsilitis and Bright 's disease. For 
the first disease it is employed to abort the trouble. Give it 
in three grain doses in a teaspoonful of water every three 
hours. For the latter give five grains in a tablespoonful of 
water three times a day. 

Some forms of spasm are relieved by Potassium Nitrate. 
It is a very good remedy in spasmodic asthma. Saturate a 
piece of blotting paper with a solution of it, burn it and let 
the patient inhale the fumes. This generally arrests the 
spasmodic action. Incontinence of urine is relieved by it. 
Give in doses not sufficient to purge, two drachms in broken 



DIURETICS. 137 

doses dail^^ It is adapted to atonic states of the urinary 
apparatus. 

It is an excellent remedy in the treatment of rheumatism, 
especially inflammatory rheumatism, with excessive tender- 
ness. Use from five to twenty grains largely diluted with 
water three or four times a day. If this drug be taken in 
poisonous doses, give freely of some bland liquid as warm 
water to dilute it, and produce emesis by tickling the throat. 
This generally eliminates the poison and saves the patient. 

Dose, from one to thirty grains. For chronic rheumatism 
employ ten grain doses. 



CITRULLUS. Watermelon Seeds, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The seeds of C^icumis ( Cucurbita, 
Linne) Citr2illus, Scringe, ( Citrullus vulgaris, Schrader ) ; 
Nat. Ord., CucurbitacecE. Indigenous to Southern Asia. 
Extensively cultivated for its melons. 

The seed of this fruit is a mild and unirritating diuretic. 
The infusion is the preparation to use. It is a good agent in 
gonorrhoea and strangury. Use teaspoonful doses of the 
infusion and if greater action is needed potassium nitrate ma}^ 
be added. 

It is refrigerant, diluent and diuretic, and may be used 
even where there is active inflammation. 



AGRIMONIA, Agrimony. 

Botanical Origin. — The herb of Agri7no7tia eupatoria, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord. , RosacecB. Found in grassy situations in 
Europe and North America west to the Rocky Mountains. 

This is a perennial herb of Europe and North America. It 
is about three feet high and grows in the fields among weeds 
in summer. The stems are hairy and bear a single spike of 
yellow flowers. The entire plant is used in medicine. The 



1 38 DIURETICS. 

root is astringent, demulcent, and diuretic. Agrimony is a 
good remedy in scrofula. Use a strong infusion of the en- 
tire plant, and give doses of a wineglassful three times a day. 
Given with honey it affords relief in asthma and ulcerated 
sore mouth. It is a good agent in inflammatory conditions 
of the urinary tract. Use from five to twenty drops three 
times a da}^ It is indicated by deep-seated pain in the 
region of the kidneys and uneasy sensations reaching from 
the hips to the umbilicus. 

Agrimonia is a palliative in phthisis with dirty-looking 
skin and muddy, bad-smelling urine. Use of the infusion a 
tablespoonful every three hours ; of the specific Agrimonia 
from five to twenty drops. 



SPIRITUS ^THERIS NITROSI. 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 

Synonyms. — Sweet Spirit of Nitre, Spiritus Nitri Dulcis. 

Description. — This agent is defined as an alcoholic solu- 
tion of ethyl nitrite. It is a volatile, clear, mobile, inflam- 
mable liquid of a pale yellow or slightly greenish-yellow 
color. Miscible with water or alcohol in all proportions. By 
age it acquires acid properties. It has a pungent, burning 
taste, and a fragrant, ethereal odor. When fresh it is of neu- 
tral reaction and may be best kept in small bottles, with well 
waxed stoppers and surrounded by a covering of dark-colored 
paper. 

This agent is an anaesthetic to small animals and may even 
produce death in the human being in the same way. Its 
properties are diuretic, diaphoretic, stimulant, and anti-spas- 
modic. Spirit of Nitrous Ether may be used in fevers and 
inflammations if not very high, but in low grades of fever 
with marked irritation of the nervous system and a tendency 
to spasm it is a very good agent. It is also of value if there 



DIURETICS. 139 

is a tendency to nausea. If the body is kept warm it is 
eliminated by way of the skin, but if not, then it passes by 
way of the kidneys. The dose of this agent is from ten 
drops to one drachm in a wineglass of water. 

This is a good diuretic in the latter stages of gonorrhoea. 
It may be given with Copaiba. It is a remedy for suppres- 
sion of urine in young children. Give it with tea, water or 
milk, or preferably in watermelon seed tea. It is a good 
agent in dropsy for its effect ^n the skin and kidneys. In 
typhoid fever, given with Spirit of Mindererus, it materially 
assists the treatment. 



ARALIA HISPIDA, Dwarf Elder, 

Synonym . — Bristly Sarsaparilla . 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The bark of the root of Aralia his- 
pida, Michaux ; Nat. Ord. , Araliacecs. Eastern United 
States from New England States to Virginia. 

This is a small shrub flowering from June to August. 

The bark of the root is the part used. It is diuretic, 
alterative, cathartic and emetic. It is a very good remedy 
in dropsy, increasing the flow of urine and promoting ab- 
sorption. Make an infusion by macerating for two hours 
one ounce of the bark of the root in a pint of water. Dose, 
a wineglassful with a teaspoonful of cream of tartar. This 
acts as a diuretic and cathartic. If this does not act repeat 
the dose in four hours. In place of this from five to ten 
drops of specific Aralia hispida may be used. Give this 
every three hours until the effusion is removed. It is a good 
alterative, influencing circulation and secretion, and as such 
it is a good agent in syphilis and scrofula and many other 
chronic diseases when an alterative is needed. 



140 DIURETICS. 

JUNIPERUS. Jumper, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The fruit or berries of Juniper us 
communis, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Conifer cb. Indigenous to the 
Northern Hemisphere. Grows in the United States, Canada, 
Europe, North Africa, and Asia north of the Himalayas. 

The berry of this tree is aromatic and rather bitter to the 
taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. It is a stim- 
ulative diuretic and is carminative, emmenagogue, and ano- 
dyne (externally). 

Juniper is a good remedy for the dropsy following scarlet 
fever. It may be used alone or with cream of tartar. Use 
the infusion in wineglassful doses. In inflammatory con- 
ditions of the urinary tract it is always contra-indicated, but 
in the non-inflammatory disorders it serves a very good pur- 
pose. Employ it as an emmenagogue in cases of atonic 
amenorrhoea. It is a good agent in gleet and flatulent colic. 
The specific Juniper, infusion, or oil, two or three drops, 
may be used. It may be employed as a stimulating diuretic 
only when no inflammation is present. Prepare the infu- 
sion with one ounce of Juniper berries and one pint of boil- 
ing: water. 



ARMORACIA. Horseradish, 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Coc/i/earia Ar7noracia, 
Ivinne ; Nat, Ord. , Critcifercs. Indigenous to Eastern Europe 
and largely cultivated. It is naturalized in this country, 
having escaped from gardens. 

This is a cultivated plant used chiefly as a condiment. It 
is a stimulant diuretic. It is best used in infusion of the 
strength of one ounce of the root to one pint of water. It is 
a good remedy in passive dropsy with great torpor and gen- 
eral debility. 

When taken with food in atonic dyspepsia horseradish 
proves a good gastric stimulant. It is useful in coughs and 



DIURETICS. 141 

catarrhal affections of the throat, with hoarseness from re- 
laxation of the vocal cords. It is also a good remedy for 
hoarseness following measles. It is a very good revulsive 
and may be used in counter-irritation to relieve deep-seated 
pain. From its stimulating effects on the broncho-pulmonary 
mucous membrane it furnishes a good stimulant expectorant. 



DIURETIN. Diuretin. 

Synonyms. — Salicylate of Theobromine and Sodium, Sodio- 
salicylate of Theobromine. 

Description. — This new medicine is a double compound 
of sodium theobromine and sodium salicylate, containing 
somewhat more than half of its weight of the former salt. 
It comes in the form of a white powder soluble in hot water. 
Alcohol, when warm, also dissolves it. It is unaffected by 
chloroform or ether. The dose is from ten to twenty grains 
in mint water, in capsule, or in pill. 

This agent has a deserved reputation in some forms of 
dropsy, being employed as a diuretic. It stimulates the 
renal epithelium and thereby provokes an increased flow of 
urine. It has no influence upon the circulation nor upon the 
nervous system. 

Diuretin is a good agent in general drops}^ and in dropsy 
depending on cardiac difficulties. It is not, however, of 
much value in dropsy of renal origin, for to act w^ell the kid- 
neys must be in a fair condition to respond. 



Urnil BENZOAS. Lithium Benzoate. 

Description. — This salt is the result of the decomposition 
of carbonate of lithium with benzoic acid, and occurs either 
as a white powder, or in small crv^stalline, glistening scales. 
It is odorless, or at most should have but a feeble odor of 
benzoin. It is a permanent compound, and its taste is both 



142 DIURKTICS. 

cooling and sweet. Soluble in cold water (4), boiling water 
(2.5), cold alcohol (12), and boiling alcohol (10). 

lyithia exceeds all other bases in its power of dissolving 
uric acid. 

The salts of lithium are of great value in many diseases 
resulting from the want of performance of the urinary func- 
tion. They promote the solution of uric acid, and favor its 
elimination. With an excess of uric acid in the blood, we 
have no better agents than these salts. In these cases the 
benzoate is the best salt to use. 

lyithium benzoate is of considerable value in urinary trou- 
bles, and for its influence on the blood it should be given 
largely diluted. In a concentrated form it irritates the stom- 
ach. It is excreted in the urine. 

We have used this drug in gout, chronic rheumatism, and 
in cases in which uric acid and gravel were passed in the urine. 

An uneasy sensation beginning in the loins and reaching to 
the bladder ; voiding of mucus and earthy phosphates in the 
urine ; perineal fullness and tension, with frequent desire to 
micturate, the urine being passed with much difficulty, are 
all indications for its special use. 

The dose ranges from one to thirty grains, smaller doses 
(from one to five grains), largely diluted, being preferable. 

LITHII BROMIDUM. Lithium Bromide. 

DkscripTion.— This is an odorless, white, granular, and 
exceedingly deUquescent salt. It has a sharp but feebly bit- 
ter taste. Soluble in water (0.6) and in boihng water (0.3) ; 
soluble jn ether, and very readily so in alcohol. 

This compound contains a greater proportion of bromine 
than does potassium bromide. It is tonic, diuretic, and hyp^ 
notic. It has been used successfully m place of the other 
bromides for the relief of epilepsy. The dose is ten grains, 
three times a day, well diluted with water. 



TONICS. I'iS 



TONICS. 



Agents which permanently exalt the energies of the whole 
system, without vitally affecting any one organ in particu- 
lar, are known as tonics. While, as a rule, they do not 
increase the rapidity of the circulation of the blood, nor 
highten temperature, nor produce marked excitement like 
stimulants ; they do, however, increase muscular tone, aug- 
ment the appetite, improve the processes of digestion and 
assimilation, strengthen the vascular system, improve the 
quality of the blood, and the nutrition of the nervous appa- 
ratus. Their effect is that of slowly and permanently effect- 
ing the exaltation of organic action. While the heart con- 
tracts more firmly under their administration, its rapidit}" of 
action is not increased. Tonics change the character of the 
pulse from flaccidity to firmness and fullness. In fact, tonics 
tone the whole system. 

In the class of tonics are included those agents having a 
special control over malarial influences, and such drugs are 
known as antiperiodics. Among this group we have some of 
our most important tonics. 

Undoubtedly most tonics act primarily upon the nervous 
system. Some, like iron and the mineral acids, act by supply- 
ing some deficiency in the blood, or by altering its chemical 
quality. These agents are called restoratives. 

The greater number of tonics is derived from the vegetable 
kingdom, and most of them are bitter. There are, however, 



144 TONICS. 

exceptions to this. Tonics are useful in debilitated condi- 
tions of the organs of digestion, and in depressed states of 
the nervous system, as well as in periodic disorders. The 
long-continued and excessive use of tonics may produce feb- 
rile and other abnormal effects on the system. They are 
contra-indicated, as a rule, in inflammatory diseases. 



CINCHONA. Peruvian Bark, 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The bark of Cinchona calisaya, 
Weddell ; Cinchona officinalis, Linne ; and of hybrids of 
these and of other species of Cinchona, containing not less 
than five per cent, of total alkaloids and at least 2.5 percent, 
of Quinine (U. S. P. ) ; Nat. Ord., Rubiacecs. South Amer- 
ica, also cultivated to some extent in Java, India, and 
Jamaica. There are several grades of the bark, the chief 
varieties being the Yellow Cinchona and the Red Cinchona. 

Chie^f Active Constitue:nts. — Qui?mie, Qidnidine, Cin- 
chonine, and Cinchonidine. 

QVININ/B SULPHAS. Quinine Sulphate. 

Description. — A very light compressible mass of fine, 
silky, white, needle crystals, somewhat flexible and yet eas- 
ily broken, and having no odor but a very persistent bitter 
taste. It effloresces superficially when exposed to air, losing 
its lustre. Exposed to warm air it loses water, but in a 
damp atmosphere it absorbs it again. I^ight causes it to 
become colored, therefore, it should be kept in the dark, in 
well closed bottles. Soluble in cold water (740), boiling 
water (30), cold alcohol (65), boihng alcohol (3), glycerin 
(40), chloroform (680), and readily in acids. 

CINCHONIDIN^ SULPHAS. Cinclionidine Sulphate. 

Description. — This salt occurs in silky, white needles, 
odorless, but very bitter in taste. On exposure to air they 



TONICS. 145 

effloresce slightly. Soluble in cold water (70), boiling 
water (1.42), cold alcohol (66), boiling alcohol (8), chloro- 
form (1316), and nearly insoluble in ether. 

Specific Cinchona. — This is made of yellow Cinchona, 
the Quinine alkaloid yielding bark. This is the most valu- 
able of Cinchona barks and should be used in high grade 
preparations. It precipitates portions of red tannates when 
mixed with w^ater. 

This is the very best tonic in use. It is the bark of the 
Cinchona trees, which grow in great abundance in South 
America. These trees form immense forests forty or fifty 
miles in width, extending through several degrees of lati- 
tude. In the market Cinchona comes in the form of flat or 
quilled pieces. It is red, yellow or brown in color, having 
an aromatic odor and a very bitter taste. The size of the 
pieces depends upon the size of the tree from which they are 
obtained. The fine bark comes from the small twigs and 
branches, and the large pieces from the trunk and large 
limbs. There are several varieties of this bark, of w^hich 
the gray, red and yellow are used in medicine. The pale or 
gray bark is more astringent than bitter and contains more 
Cinchonine than Quinine. The yellow is more bitter and very 
rich in Quinine, while the red or brownish red bark, is both 
bitter and astringent, and contains a very large amount of 
Quinine. 

The most important alkaloids of this bark are Quinine, 
Quinidine, Cinchonine, and Cinchonidine. They abound in 
varying proportions in the barks, the red and yellow con- 
taining about equal amounts. Cinchona derives its name 
from the Countess de Cinchon, of Peru, who was cured of a 
fever by its agency. The Peruvians made known its great 
virtues to the Jesuits, who introduced it into Europe, giving 
it to the poor who were sick of fevers. The medical men of 
the day opposed its use because it was introduced by the 



146 TONICS. 

clergy, and Protestants opposed it because it was introduced 
by the Catholics. But on account of its great medicinal 
value it rapidly came into general use. 

Quinine is the most important alkaloid of Cinchona and 
this is generally employed in the form of the sulphate. 
Given in doses of one or two grains five or six times a day it 
is tonic, increasing the strength of the appetite, digestion, 
and circulation. The temperature is slightly increased and 
all the functions of the body are improved, but if there is 
irritability of the stomach and digestive organs Quinine in- 
creases it. In doses of from fifteen to twenty grains daily 
for several days it produces headache, confusion of thought, 
ringing in the ears, fullness and throbbing of the head, suf- 
fusion of the face, and an excited condition of the nervous 
system. In doses of from thirty to forty grains daily for 
several days the sight is impaired, the pupils dilated, the 
muscles become feeble, and the limbs tremulous. In still 
larger doses it produces loss of consciousness, great debility^ 
loss of motion, and collapse. Some persons are very easily 
influenced by Quinine, and Cinchonism is the name given to 
the condition induced by its excessive use. If its use is not 
continued after this is produced its effects gradually become 
less until finally they pass off entirely. The deafness and 
loss of vision gradually pass away and are seldom permanent 
unless the drug is very long continued. Delirium and con- 
vulsions may supervene as if the patient were under the 
effects of alcohol. 

The effect of Quinine on the digestive organs is that of a 
local stimulant. If the stomach is irritable it will increase 
the irritability. In small doses it produces constipation ; in 
large doses diarrhoea. When taken into the stomach it is 
absorbed into the circulation and is in part eliminated by 
way of the kidneys. As long as the system is under its in- 
fluence its presence may be detected in the urine, the amount 



TONICS. 147 

so found depending upon the amount of the drug taken. 
Full doses of Quinine reduce temperature by interfering with 
the oxidation of the blood. 

In acute inflammation of the urinary organs this drug in- 
creases the difficulty, and may give rise to complete retention 
of urine. The trouble with Quinine is that it is so rapidly 
eliminated that its influence is correspondingly temporary. 
As a rule it remains in the system only twelve hours and it 
may be eliminated in six hours. In some cases Quinine 
given three or four days previously has been detected in the 
urine. 

In small doses it slightly increases the temperature, or it 
may not affect it at all. In large doses it is a great anti- 
periodic, and as such it is largely used in the treatment of 
malarial fevers and allied disorders. In these malarial dis- 
eases the poison comes from a low form of organic life which 
enters the blood and exerts its influence upon it. Quinine 
prevents the m.ultiplication of and destroys these micro-or- 
ganisms, and aids in their elimination. 

In small doses Quinine favorably influences the digestive 
organs, and is a good remedy in dyspepsia. In large doses 
it irritates the stomach and produces nausea and vomiting. 
The blood pressure is diminished and nerve centers are para- 
lyzed by Quinine. The vagus nerve is partially paralyzed 
under its influence. In small doses it is tonic to the heart 
and the condition of the blood and digestion is improved, the 
pulse becomes stronger, and the brain is gently stimulated. 

Cinchona differs from the simple bitters in being stimulant 
to the brain and nervous system. When given in moderate 
doses, if not contra-indicated, it never produces any bad 
results, but if given in too large doses congestion of the 
brain and great prostration will probably ensue. After the 
stage of excitement has passed in such a case give stimulants 
and coffee. 



148 TONICS. 

The alkaloids of Cinchona are very valuable, but the}^ 
do not represent fully all the properties of the bark. The 
latter possesses astringent properties not possessed by the 
alkaloids. So if at any time this astringent effect is desired 
the bark is best to use. When its tonic influence is desired 
and an antiperiodic is riot needed the bark is the best to use. 
In putrid fevers use the bark with wine and iron. In many 
chronic periodic diseases the bark cures when Quinine fails. 
In chronic ague an emetic is many times the thing needed. 
It is w^onderful what a change may be produced by a good 
thorough emetic given every day for three or four days, and 
then followed by Quinine. In the treatment of intermittent 
fevers Quinine is specific, acting with great certainty. When 
it fails in recent cases it is because of some unlooked for 
complications, which may be of the stomach, liver, or spleen. 
Remove the complications and Quinine will do its work. So 
in recent uncomplicated ague Quinine is an absolute specific. 

The next thing is how to administer it, when, and how much? 

As a rule from fifteen to thirty grains in broken doses is 
sufficient, depending upon the condition of the patient. 
Give five grains at a time during the intermission every three 
hours so that the last dose may be taken one hour before 
chill time. Don't give it when the chill is on ; it only in- 
creases it, and in the sweating stage it is unnecessary. This 
treatment usually breaks the ague, but in some cases break- 
ing it does not cure, and in a few days it comes on again, 
but generally in recent cases breaking it cures it. In order 
to be sure of its cure give five grains of Quinine every day, 
or if administered onl}^ once a week, give it on the sixth day 
in one dose of fifteen grains until twenty-one days have 
passed. See that the patient's stomach, liver, and spleen 
are in the meanwhile kept in good condition. If the patient 
is anaemic give Quinine with some preparation of iron. A 
solution is the best preparation of Quinine to use : 



ICONICS. 149 

R. Quinine Sulphate, 5 j. 

Dil. Hydrochloric Acid, gtt. xxx. 

Aqua, flsij. M. 

Sig. —Give a teaspoonful every three hours. 

Each dose contains four grains of Quinine. If it is de- 
sired to cover the taste combine it with lyicorice: 

R. Quinine Sulphate, 5 ss. : 

Fid. Ext. Licorice, fl 3 ss. 

Simple Syrup, fi 3 iss. 
Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful. 

Each dose contains two grains of Quinine. For children 
giv^e half teaspoonful doses. 

In congestive chill Quinine is the very best remedy we 
can use. If it is absorbed it will almost surely cure. Again 
^in malignant intermittent fever Quinine is the very best rem- 
edy. Many times in these cases the stomach is not able to 
absorb any remedy. In such cases give Capsicum and Qui- 
nine and apply a sinapism to the epigastric region. Here 
we must give large doses; twenty grains will not cure here. 
Give from forty to sixty grains in broken doses of from ten 
to twenty grains. In this trouble there is no choice of time, 
but the remedy should be given just as soon as you know 
what you are dealing with. This treatment usually saves 
the patient. In remittent fevers, with well marked remis- 
sions, this agent is just as good as in the case above men- 
tioned. Give it during the remission, and if the disease is 
malignant give the large dose. 

Some recommend Quinine in typhoid fever, but, as a rule, 
w^e do not regard it as a good remedy for this disease. If 
given here at all let it be administered with the mineral acids, 
and give it in small doses of one or two grains four times a 
day. The conditions here are a moist skin and tongue, a 
small, feeble pulse, and periodicity. If given here in large 
doses, as it sometimes is, to bring down the temperature, it 



150 TONICS. 

does more harm than good by its evil effects on the stomach 
and nervous system. In doses of one grain it is a good tonic 
to the nervous system. Again, it is a good remedy in inter- 
mittent neuralgia with intense pain. Use it here with Mor- 
phine. Triturate Quinine twenty grains with Sulphate of 
Morphine one grain; divide and put into ten capsules, and 
give one every three hours. This is very efficient in these 
cases, the pain being relieved by the combination more rap- 
idly and permanently than if either were used alone. Qui- 
nine is a very good remedy in hay fever. Make a solution 
of one-half grain to one ounce of water and inject into the 
nostril. 

Quinine has been recommended as a good uterine stimulant 
and is not abortive under all circumstances. If there are 
indications for its use give it even if the female be pregnant. 
Under these conditions it is indeed a good anti-abortive. As 
a stimulant to the uterus, some claim it to be equal to Ergot 
as a parturient. We regard it with less favor. If , however. 
Ergot is not at hand or undesirable, Quinine may serve the 
purpose. It acts best when given at a single dose of ten 
grains. This stimulates uterine contractions, though not so 
well as Ergot. It may be given in uterine inertia with post- 
partum hemorrhage and inefficient uterine contraction. Qui- 
nine has the power of arresting or preventing fermentation. 
It destroys living germs and is a good antiseptic in septic 
diseases. In such cases give two grains five or six times a 
day, using it alone or with the mineral acids. 

It is a good prophylactic against malarial diseases. In 
this it has been thoroughly tested, and it will prevent or 
moderate the disease. Cinchona preparations are useful also 
as local applications. The powdered bark applied to ulcers 
promotes the healing process. A solution of Quinine applied 
with a spray apparatus is a very good agent in diphtheria. 
For this solution use thirty grains to two ounces of water 



TOXICS. 151 

and add enough hydrochloric acid to' make it easily soluble. 

Quinine two drachms to alcohol one pint is useful to pre- 
vent profuse sweating, as of the feet. Sponge the parts 
with it. 

Persons who have suffered considerabh^ from ague are 
benefited in other diseases that ma}^ attack them by the use 
of Quinine. In rheumatism this is markedl}^ true, or if the 
patient lives in a malarial district Quinine is a valuable ad- 
junct to the treatment of other diseases. The same is true 
in diarrhoea and dysentery. Here use Ipecac and Quinine in 
combination. 

Some troubles of the liver and spleen are much benefited 
by Quinine, Its influence on the spleen is very powerful. 
Persons who have ague have an enlargement of this organ 
known as ague cake. Two or three grains three times a 
day relieves this. It is useful in er3^sipelas with great debil- 
ity. For this purpose use the following: 

R. Quinine Sulphate, grs. xx. 

Tinct. Chloride of Iron, fl o ij- 
Sj^r. Simplex, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Give of this a teaspoonful every three hours. 

Quinine antagonizes the ers^sipelatous poison. It may be 
given in neuralgic affections following other diseases, as 
small-pox. Give from twenty to thirty grains in broken 
doses. In the colliquative sweating attending lung diseases 
use the following: 

R. Quinine Sulphate, grs. xxx. 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, fl 3 ss. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Give a teaspoonful three times a day, the 

last dose being given at bedtime. - 

Quinine is indicated, or at least not contra-indicated, when 
there is a soft, open pulse, moist skin, moist and clean 
tongue, and absence of marked nervous irritability. Under 



152 TONICS. 

these conditions it may be safely given. It is a good stim- 
ulant to the cerebro-spinal system in doses of from one to 
two grains. For restoring strength after severe hemorrhage 
use ten drops of the tincture of the red bark every four hours. 
Quinine is generally given in a solution of hydrochloric or 
other acids; it is readily absorbed in this condition, but it is 
unpleasant. If it be taken with no acid the stomach fur- 
nishes all that is needed to render it soluble. Taken float- 
ing on water it is not so unpleasant, or its unpleasant taste 
may be concealed by triturating with equal quantities of 
ginger, or by rubbing thirty grains of it with three drachms 
of extract of Ivicorice root and adding enough simple syrup 
to make two ounces. Dose, a teaspoonful. 

Another alkaloid of Cinchona is Sulphate of Cinchonidine. 
Its properties are the same as those of Quinine. Some think 
it is not so liable to produce cerebral disturbance and irrita- 
tion of the stomach. We think there is little or no differ- 
ence. These two agents may be used interchangeably. 
Cinchonine Sulphate is only half as strong as Quinine, and 
must be given in doses twice as large for the same effect. 
Sometimes this agent cures when Quinine fails, but they 
may generally be substituted the one for the other. 



EUCAL YPTUS. Eucalyptus, 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, 
lyabillardiere ; Nat. Ord., Myrtacece. Australia and Tas- 
mania. 

Chikf Activk Constituent. — Eucalyptol, a colorless, 
aromatic, camphoraceous liquid, possessing a sharp, spicy 
and cooling taste. Alcohol, carbon disulphide, and glacia' 
acetic acid dissolve it in all proportions. (See Kucalypto. 
under Antiseptics. ) 

Specific Eucalyptus. — This preparation is made of re- 
cent leaves of the Australian fever tree. It contains a large 



TONICS. 



153 



amount of volatile oil and has the characteristic properties of 
the leaves. It will not mix transparent with water, becom- 
ing milky even in small amount. 

This species of Eucalyptus is a native tree of Australia, 
where as many as one hundred and thirty -five varieties are 
found. Its leaves are -large, leathery, aromatic, and green- 
ish-yellow. The tree grows sixteen feet in diameter and 
nearly two hundred feet high in some cases. The timber is 
soft when green but quite hard when dry, containing some 
tannin and other astringents. It also furnishes a variety 
of so-called quinine. Another variety yields a product like 
manna, resembling sugar or glucose. The Eucalyptus 
globulus is also called the fever tree from its power in pre- 
venting fevers. It absorbs water from the ground and 
makes marshy districts healthful, preventing malarial fevers. 
Its action is very much like Cinchona. It is astringent, 
stimulant, antiperiodic, febrifuge, tonic, and markedly anti- 
septic. Eucalyptol is its active principle. It destroys the 
lower forms of animal and vegetable life and increases secre- 
tion from the body. 

The leaves of Eucalyptus are useful in some bronchial 
affections. For this purpose they should be smoked as a 
cigarette or in a pipe. Specific Eucalyptus is a good drug 
in dyspepsia and intestinal catarrh. It acts as a gastric 
stimulant. Use ten drops three times a day. 

The oil, Eucal3^ptol, acts like turpentine on the kidneys. 
It is a good remed}^ in obstinate chronic cases of urinary 
trouble, as catarrh of the bladder. In diseases resulting 
from malaria it is a very good remedy. As compared with 
Cinchona bark it is not so useful in recent, but better iii 
chronic ague, in cases attended with excessive discharge 
or drain on the system, as diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. We 
may use specific Eucalyptus or the fluid extract in doses of 
from ten drops to half a drachm every four hours. It is 



154 TONICS. 

serviceable in obstinate cases of diarrhoea when no ague is 
present. In chronic cases give doses of ten drops. In very 
large doses it produces diarrhoea. 

Eucalyptus is a good remedy in chronic laryngitis, pharyn- 
gitis, and catarrhal conditions of the mucous membrane, 
with atony and undue relaxation. It lessens coughs and 
the secretions, improves the appetite and gives strength to 
the patient. Give small doses, as large amounts offend the 
stomach. Asthma, with profuse secretion, is benefited by it. 
In chronic bronchitis or phthisis it is a good drug. 

In vaginal leucorrhoea Eucalyptus checks the discharges. 
It makes a good application to bad-smelling, indolent ulcers. 
For its effect upon the respiratory organs, use the fluid ex- 
tract in doses of from two to thirty drops with glycerin. It 
does not mix well with water. 



ALSTONIA. Australian Fever Bark, 

Synonym. — Native Qiiinbie of Australia. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of Alstonia constricta, F. 
Mueller; Nat. Ord., Apocy7iacecB. Australia. 

Specific Alstonia Constricta. — This is not Alstonia 
Scholaris, which is very much inferior. The true Alstonia 
constricta is not easily obtained, and mixtures of wild cherry 
and bitter barks, as well as Alstonia Scholaris, have been 
sold for it. True Alstonia constricta is highly esteemed by 
many physicians. 

This is a tree with leaves four inches long and white 
flowers, a native of Australia. The inner bark is the part 
used. 

It is antiperiodic, febrifuge, and tonic. In large doses it 
produces cerebral disturbance, irritation of the stomach, and 
ringing in the ears like quinine. It is better in chronic than 
in acute ague. As a tonic give from one to five grains. 



TONICS. 155 

GENTIANA, Gentian. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Gentiana hdea, lyinne; 
Nat. Ord. , Gentianece. Mountainous elevations of Southern 
Europe. 

This is a perennial plant, a native of the Alps. In mar- 
ket the root comes in pieces from a few inches to two feet 
long. It is yellow or light-colored and has an unpleasant 
odor and bitter taste. It is a pure and simple bitter tonic, 
being very slightly stimulating. In moderate doses Gentian 
improves the appetite and produces no constipation. In 
large doses it generally causes fullness of pulse, impaired 
digestion, headache, etc. It is a very good remedy in 
chronic and atonic conditions of the digestive organs when 
an increase of tone is desirable. It is especially good in the 
dyspepsia of persons of a gouty diathesis, but all cases of 
d3^spepsia are benefited by its use. It acts as a tonic unless 
the food be oppressive. Give specific Gentian five drops. 
It is contra-indicated by inflammation. 

In the decline of protracted fevers the patient's recovery 
depends upon his ability to take and appropriate food. In 
these cases Gentian removes the gastric irritation and in- 
creases the appetite. 

Before quinine was introduced this remedy was used in 
intermittent fevers. In some cases of chronic ague after the 
disease has been broken by quinine this is a very good 
secondary drug. Use the infusion, the tincture, or specific 
Gentian. Make a tincture of the strength of eight ounces 
of the root to sixteen fluid ounces of dilute alcohol. Dose, a 
teaspoonful. When the alcoholic preparation is too irritat- 
ing use the infusion. Make the infusion of one ounce of 
the root to one pint of hot water. Dose, one or two table- 
spoonfuls. The dose of specific Gentian is from five to 
twenty drops. 

We have a native Qt^r\\\2iVL {Gentiana ochroleuca) , called 



156 TONICS. 

Marsh Gentian growing in moist places in our Middle States. 
It is tonic and antiperiodic. It is a very good agent in the 
decHning stage of dysentery, and also in chronic diarrhoea, 
attended with malarial troubles. 

In troubles of the stomach and liver, attended with atony, 
this is a good remedy. It is an excellent stimulating tonic 
to the reproductive organs of the female. In such troubles 
as atonic amenorrhoea it may be given with iron. Chronic 
ague is benefited by its use. 



GENTIAN A CATESB^L Blue Gentian. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Ge7itia7ia Catesbcei, 
Walter; Nat. Ord., GentiajiecB. Southern United States. 

This is very much like the preceding and grows in swamps 
in our Southern States. It is tonic, stomachic, and diapho- 
retic. It influences the skin and its secretions more than the 
other members of the Gentian family. It is a good agent in 
dyspepsia with torpidity of the skin. Use it in the convales- 
cence following inflammatory fevers. As a tonic use from 
ten to thirty drops of the tincture. 



HYDRASTIS. Golden Seal. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The rhizome and roois, oi Hydrastis 
canadensis, lyinne; Nat. Ord., Rajiunculacece. Indigenous 
to the United States. 

Specific Hydrastis. — This preparation contains the or- 
ganic constituents of the drug that are soluble in an alcoholic 
menstruum. It contains the bitter berberine which colors 
fabrics yellow, and also the white alkaloid and resinous and 
oily substances, but not the inorganic salts. For this reason 
Prof. King objected to any alcoholic preparation of Hydras- 
tis, and his experimentation led Prof. lyloyd to evolve the 
now popular lylo^^d's Hydrastis, which is a colorless solution 



TOXICS. 157 

of Hydrastis constituents in water and glycerin, containing 
the inorganic as well as the colorless organic salts of that 
valuable drug. 

This is a native perennial plant found growing in shad}^ 
woods in rich soil. The flowers are white or rose-colored, 
and the fruit resembles a raspberry. Our first knowledge of 
the plant was obtained from* the Indians. Its properties are 
tonic, stomachic, detergent, laxative, alterative and some- 
times anti-spasmodic. This drug is very generally used by 
Eclectics. We use the tincture, the powdered root, and its 
yellow alkaloid Hydrastin, specific Hydrastis, and Lloj'd's 
Colorless Hydrastis. As a tonic it is mild and unirritating. 

Hydrastis is a very good drug in chronic inflammations of 
the mucous surfaces, with altered secretions, and in inflam- 
matory conditions of the glandular system. In chronic 
atonic dyspepsia, with torpor of the liver, constipation, and 
debility, and in chronic gastritis, one part of colorless Hy- 
drastis to three parts of water, given in teaspoonful doses 
every three hours, restores the gastric mucous membrane to 
its natural condition. From five to ten grains of the powder 
may be given, or as a general vStomachic tonic: 

R. Hydrastin, gr. j. 

Aqua, fl 5 j. M. 

Sig. — Take at one dose. 

It is a very good remedy in chronic inflammation of the 
throat after tonsilitis or any acute attack with unnatural 
secretions from the part. For ulceration after tonsilitis apply 
colorless Hydrastis. It is useful in all chronic inflammations 
of the upper part of the throat when the tissues are relaxed, 
the blood vessels dilated, and the secretions abundant. Use 
equal parts of the ground root, say about a drachm, with a 
like quantity of Geranium maculatum ; chlorate of potas- 
sium may be added to the infusion if desired. CxIUTion. — 
Never add the chlorate to the other powders, but completely 



158 TONICS. 

dissolve the salt in the infusion after it has been prepared. 
Take of this a teaspoonful in a cup two-thirds filled with hot 
water, and let stand till cold. Use as a gargle. This is a good 
application in nursing sore mouth and all aphthous conditions 
of that organ. Wash the mouth wdth it and take internally 
at the same time suitable remedies. 

Hydrastis is valuable in obstinate cases of torpidity of the 
liver or stomach, given with small doses of Podophyllin. 
Use the following pill or powder: 

R. Hydrastin, grs. ){. 

Podophyllin, grs. 1-20. M. 
Sig. — Use at one dose five or six times a day. 

This moves the bowels gently, 

Hydrastis is a very good remedy for ulcerations of the 
outlets of the body, as fissures or ulcers in ano. Either 
bathe the parts with an infusion or use the colorless Hydras- 
tis. In all such cases use it both locally and internally. For 
ulceration of the internal coat of the bladder use the follow- 
ing: R. Colorless Hydrastis, fl 5 ss. 

Aqua, Oij. M. 

Let the patient empty the bladder and inject some of this 
once or twice a day. In gleet it may be used alone or with 
some of the mineral astringents. In vaginal leucorrhoea 
with abrasion of the os or cervix uteri use the same injection. 
Colorless Hydrastis is one of the very best remedies for 
gonorrhoea after the active stage has passed. Employ the 
colorless Hydrastis locally. 

Golden Seal is a good agent in the treatment of nasal 
catarrh, with a discharge of thick, tenacious mucus, asso- 
ciated with an almost constant frontal headache. Use here 
a weak solution of Hydrastin, or preferably one part of col. 
orless Hydrastis to five or six parts of water. The latter 
does not stain. Inject and use it internally in catarrh. 



TOXICS. 159 

In cancer it is good both as a local application and as an in- 
ternal remedy. Use five drops of specific Hydrastis four 
times a day and apply a compress of cotton saturated with 
the infusion. The following makes a very good wash in eye 
troubles with muco-purulent secretions: 

R. Hydrastin, gr. j. 
Aqua, fi5J- M. 

Or colorless Hydrastis may be used instead. Use the same 
in syphilitic sore throat with mucous discharge, and add ten 
drops of the specific Hydrastis to four ounces of water. Give 
a teaspoonful every two hours. 



COCA, Coca. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves of Erythroxyloji Coca, 
Lamarck ; Nat. Ord., Linece. Peru and Bolivia. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Cocaine. ( See below. ) 

COCAIN/B HYDROCHLORAS. Cocaine Hydrochlorate. 

In permanent, transparent, colorless crystals, or in white, 
crystalline powder, odorless, but having a saline and feebly 
bitter taste, producing upon the tongue first tingling and 
then numbness, lasting several minutes. Soluble in cold 
water (0.48), alcohol (3.5), chloroform (17), ether (2800), 
and very soluble in hot water. 

Coca Specific. — This preparation contains the alkaloid 
constituents of Coca as well as the green and other coloring 
matters. Since it contains also an organic oil the mixture 
with water in large amount is inclined to opalescence. It 
has, especially when mixed with water, a pleasant herb-like 
odor. 

This is a small shrub about four feet high with spreading 
branches and yellow flowers, a native of Peru. 

The tincture, fluid extract, specific Erythroxylon, and the 
hvdrochlorate of its alkaloid, Cocaine, are in use. Coca 



160 • TONICS. 

has been in use among the natives of Peru for many years 
as a stimulant. They chew the leaves when making long 
journeys with little food to sustain their muscular power. 
Coca is a good remedy for defective innervation, evidenced 
by dyspepsia, pain in the occiput and neck, dizziness, and 
inability to stand for any length of time, It is tonic to the 
muscles, stimulant to the nervous system, and a local anaes- 
thetic. In full doses it stimulates all the animal functions, 
slightly increasing respiration, circulation, digestion, and 
innervation. In large doses it produces pain in the head and 
inflammation of the brain. The gastric juice is increased 
by its use, the tone of the stomach improved, and pain re- 
lieved. It is a good remedy in insomnia from a gloomy 
state of the mind. Give tenor fifteen drops of specific Bry- 
throxylon and sleep generally results. It also cures many 
times when used in hysteria. 

Coca is not a very powerful antispasmodic, but it relieves 
atonic conditions of the stomach and nervous system. It is 
of some value in chorea, acting as a tonic to the muscles and 
nerves, thus enabling the patient to better control his move- 
ments. It relieves asthma, not speedily, but permanently. 
It has been used as an antidote to the opium habit, but in 
most such cases it fails. 

The alkaloidal salt, hydrochlorate of cocaine, is a very 
important remedy. In large doses it kills small animals by 
paralyzing the respiratory centers. In man it elevates the 
arterial pressure by its influence on the nervous system. 

A two per cent, solution is a good local anaesthetic. It 
has not much power when applied to the sound skin, but on 
an abraded surface, or the mucous membrane, or under the 
skin it is quite efficient. It produces anaemia of the part, 
lowers the temperature, and reduces the size of the blood 
vessels. 

It restrains the secretion of the gastric juice, tears, etc., and 



TONICS. 161 

increases the peristaltic motion of the intestines, but leaves 
them sluggish afterward. 

Applied to the e3^e cocaine hydrochlorate dilates the pupil, 
its action occurring within a half hour after using it, and 
the effect passing off in about an hour. It may be adminis- 
tered by way of the mouth or hypodermatically. In angina 
pectoris from one-fourth to one-third grain taken three or 
four times a day, gives good results. It is not so effective 
here as nitrite of amyl or nitro-glycerine. It is a good 
remedy in some cases of dropsy with heart trouble. Use 
from one-fourth to one-third grain three times a day. It in- 
creases the flow of urine, blood pressure, and contractions of 
the heart. 

Cocaine is a good drug in neuralgia. Inject from one- 
fifth to one-third grain near the part affected. In sick, nerv- 
ous headache the same treatment gives relief. In the vom- 
iting of pregnancy it sometimes ameliorates. Give one- 
fourth grain by mouth, hypodermaticallj^ or applied to the 
cervix uteri. 

When applied to a part Cocaine produces loss of color b}^ 
contracting the blood vessels, and hence it is a very good 
agent in some inflammatory diseases, as tonsilitis. Paint a 
two to four per cent, solution on the tonsils. This reduces 
their size and relieves pain. Use the same treatment for 
chronic tonsilitis. Here use a six per cent, solution, using 
one-third w^ater and two-thirds glycerin. Pencil twdce a day. 
In hay fever it arrests the irritation and stops sneezing; dry 
the mucous membrane and then paint it with a tw^o to four 
per cent, solution. 

It is of much value in tuberculous ulcerations and tender- 
ness of the upper part of the throat. In some cases of con- 
sumption the throat is so irritable that the patient can not 
take food. Cocaine painted on the part three or four times a 
day gives relief. Applied in the early stage of coryza it 



162 ' TONICS. 

many times aborts the disease; paint it on the mucous mem- 
brane. 

Cocaine is useful as an anaesthetic for ulcers, fissures, or 
painful conditions of the membranes of the mouth. Use the 
.solution every two hours if the pain is intense. It is a good 
remedy in the acute stage of gonorrhoea. Use ten- drops of 
the solution in the water injected into the urethra. ' If a 
catheter is to be used and the parts are very tender first in- 
ject this into the urethra. Used with vaseline it stops itch- 
ing or burning of vagina. It may be used in hypersesthesia 
of the vagina and rectum so that instruments may be intro- 
duced without causing pain. Used as a suppository or an 
injection it relieves tenesmus and dysentery. 

In eye surgery this drug occupies a very important posi- 
tion. It lessens sensibility of the organ, and by its use for- 
eign bodies maybe removed, and it relieves the inflammation 
following it. Use a few drops of a two-per-cent. solution in 
the eye. In operations for cataract, it is sufficient as an an- 
aesthetic. Instil into the eye from two to five drops of the 
two-per-cent. solution every ten minutes until twelve drops 
have been used. 

Cocaine solution may be used as an anaesthetic in opera- 
tions upon the throat, and in extracting teeth. It relieves 
pain in mammary abscess, felons, bubo, ingrown nails, etc. 
In earache from cold, put a few drops of equal parts of this 
solution and glycerin into the ear, or saturate a piece of cot- 
ton with it, and put this into the ear ; or the same treatment 
applied to hollow teeth cures aching. An ointment made 
of five per cent, cocaine with vaseline, is very good treatment 
for many skin diseases. 

For internal use, Coca is the best remedy. Take of the 
specific medicine from five to thirty drops. Cocaine hydro- 
chlorate is used externally and subcutaneously chiefly ; when 
used internally the dose ranges from one-fifth to one grain. 



TONICS. 16o 

SALIX ALBA. White Willow. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of Salixalba, lyinne; Nat. 
Ord., Salicacece. Indigenous to Europe, but naturalized in 
this country. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Salic in, a glucosid occur- 
ring either in white or colorless, shining, silky needles, or 
as a crystalline powder, very bitter and odorless. Soluble in 
cold water (28), boiling water (0.7), alcohol (30), boiling 
alcohol (.2). Nearly insoluble in chloroform and ether. 

Salix Aeba Specific. — Do not confuse this with Salix 
nigra aments, an entirely different preparation. There is no 
doubt that many persons have been induced to err by reason 
of the* fact that these preparations have been substituted for 
each other. 

This tree is a native of Europe, but it grows in the United 
States. The bark is bitter and its properties tonic, antiper- 
iodic, astringent, and antiseptic. 

It is a good remedy for dyspepsia attended b}^ pain or 
great debility, and especially if associated with malaria. In 
chlorosis, without active inflammation, it is sometimes effect- 
ive. Use three grains of the extract of the bark with one 
grain of reduced iron. It is a very good remedy in chronic 
leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, bronchitis, and all diseases with pro- 
fuse discharge from the mucous surfaces. As an antiseptic 
it is used in low forms of fever. If an alcoholic tincture is 
too irritating use the infusion. 

From its astringency it acts well in hemorrhage, as from 
the lungs, but in severe cases it is inferior to gallic or tannic 
^cid. It is best suited to chronic forms. It is also a good 
application to ulcerated surfaces, applied as a compress or 
dusted on the ulcer. A strong infusion of the bark, thick- 
ened with powdered elm bark, flaxseed, and charcoal, is a 
good application for carbuncles and gangrenous ulcers. The 
infusion provides a good wash for ulcers, bad-smelling leu- 



164 TONICS. 

corrhoea, etc. The active principle of the bark is Salicin. 
It is an antiferment and destroys bacteria. It is of some 
value in chronic ague and also in chronic diarrhoea. It may 
be employed in large doses with safety. It is very good in 
the acute forms of rheumatism where salicylic acid fails to 
cure. Given in sufficient doses it lessens the pain and tem- 
perature. Use doses of from five to thirty grains. Both 
Salix and Salicin are good gastric tonics. 



AMMON/I P/CRAS. Ammonium Picrate. 

Synonym . — Ammo7iium Carbazotate. 

Description. — This intensely bitter salt occurs in minute 
lemon or orange-colored needles. Its solutions impart a 
permanent yellow color to organic tissues, such as nails, 
horn, hair, skin, etc. It is soluble in water. 

This salt and the acid from which it is made are poisonous 
to lower animals when employed m sufficient quantities, pro- 
ducing violent spasms and death. 

Its properties are tonic, astringent, and antiperiodic. As 
the acid from which this is made produces cramps in the 
stomach we make use of the Carbazotate of Ammonium or 
Iron. It has been used as an antiperiodic substitute for qui- 
nine and has been employed as such in intermittent fever. 
But it is not very efficient in these cases, although occasion- 
ally it may cure when quinine fails. It is good in debilitat- 
ing diseases attended with exhaustive discharges, it being 
tonic and astringent. Being very bitter it may be given in 
pills or granules, or better in capsules. If long continued it 
colors the skin and conjunctiva yellow, even doses of fifteen 
grains having produced this effect. It does this by coloring 
the serum of the blood. Good results may be obtained from 
its employment in obstinate cases of chronic ague, given in 
doses of from one-fourth to one-eighth grain three or four 
times a day. 



TOXICS. 165 

BUONVMUS. Wahoo. 

Synonyms.— i5*^^r;^^/'^^ Bush, Spindle Bush. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The bark of the root of Euonymus 
atropurpureus , Jacquin; Nat. Ord., CelastrincB. Indigenous 
to the United States, growing in the Northern and Western 
States. 

Specific Euonymus. — This is made of the root bark. 
Inferior preparations of Euonj^mus are made of the bark of 
the shrub and of the entire roots. 

This is a native shrub from five to ten feet high, having a 
hght gra}' bark and drooping capsules of a crimson color, 
giving it a very beautiful appearance, and from this fact 
being called the Burning Bush. The bark of the root is 
used in medicine. It is tonic, laxative, alterative, and diu- 
retic, and in large doses cathartic. 

There are but few good stomach tonics, and this agent is 
one of them. It may, therefore, be used with advantage in 
atonic dyspepsia. In indigestion, dependent upon torpor of 
the liver, it \^all improve the condition by increasing the 
flow of bile. 

In cases of chronic ague attended with constipation and 
torpid liver this is a very good remed3^ Generally in such 
cases, with atony of the digestive organs, this increases the 
tone of the intestinal tract and gently stimulates it. It is 
also a remed}^ for this complaint when associated with ob- 
stinate constipation, and for those who have been in the habit 
of taking cathartics. Give tonic doses. 

It is a good renied}" in catarrh, bronchitis, phthisis, etc. 
It improves the condition of the mucous membrane as well 
as the patient's general strength. As an alterative it is use- 
ful in syphilis and scrofula. 

It is valuable in some cases of drops^^ with great atony. It 
stimulates absorption and increases the activity of the kid- 
neys. Use one ounce of the root bark to eight ounces of 



166 TONICS. 

Holland gin to make a tincture. Dose, a tablespoonful three 
or four times a day. This tincture is also stimulant and 
tonic to the urinary organs. Dose of specific Buonymus, 
from five to twenty drops. 



INULA, Elecampane. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The root of Biula kelenium, lyinne; 
Nat. Ord., CompositcE. Indigenous to Central Asia and 
the southern portion of Siberia. Found also in Europe 
(central and south) and common in this country. 

Specific Inula. — This drug becomes so affected by in- 
sects that commercial preparations of Elecampane are very 
irregular in quality. Only the recent root is employed in 
making the specific. 

This is a perennial plant with a thick, yellowish-gray root, 
large and dark leaves and bright yellow flowers, blooming 
from June to September, and found growing in low and wet 
places. Use the root and make a tincture of the strength of 
eight ounces of the drug to sixteen fluid ounces of fifty per 
cent, alcohol. A good syrup is made by using one ounce of 
the root to one pint of boiling water. Boil for one hour, 
or until there is only a half pint left; then add one-half 
pound of white sugar. This makes a good tonic for the 
digestive, respiratory, and urinary organs. It is also a good 
tonic in atonic dyspepsia with flatus of the bowels. The 
syrup is aromatic and stimulant and in chronic bronchitis, 
with great and profuse expectoration, is a very good remedy. 
It lessens night sweats of phthisis and increases the general 
strength. Some cases of asthma are benefited by it. 

Elecampane is a good agent in chronic catarrh of the blad- 
der. Use the tincture, specific medicine, or the infusion. 
Of the two former use from a few drops to a teaspoonful. 
Of the latter a wineglassfuL It may be used freely without 
harm. 



TOXICS. 167 

FRASERA, American Columbo. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Frasera Walter!, Mi- 
chaux; Nat. Ord., GentianecB. Indigenous to the United 
States from the Alleghany Mountains westward. 

Specific Frasera Walteri, or American Columbo, is 
entirely different from official Columbo root, and care must 
be taken not to confuse them with each other. 

This is an indigenous plant with a small stem from four to 
eight feet high, and a 3'ellow root. Use the root. Dig it 
when two 3'ears old, in the fall, remove the dirt, cut it into 
slices and dr}^ it in the shade. It makes a good unirritating 
tonic, stimulant, and astringent. It controls colliquative 
sweating and diarrhoea. It is a good tonic in dyspepsia, in 
the latter stages of fevers, and in the latter stages of dj^sen- 
tery. It is of much value in chronic diseases of the digestive 
organs when the stomach feels loaded after eating. 

Atonic disorders of the urinary organs and of the breath- 
ing apparatus, attended with marked debilit}', are benefited 
by Frasera. 

Make a tincture by using eight ounces of the root to one 
pint of fifty per cent, alcohol. Dose, from a few drops to a 
teaspoonful. 



ACHILLEA. Yarrow. 

Synonyms . — Milfoil, Thousand Leaf. 

Botanical Origin. — The herb of Achillea jnillefoliimi, 
Linne; Nat. Ord., Co7npositcB. Common in the temperate 
portions of Europe and North America. 

This plant grows native in Europe and America in fields 
and door-yards, and bears white or red-colored flowers. We 
use the entire herb. It is bitter, aromatic, and astringent. 
It is a good tonic to the urinary organs and gives tone to the 
reproductive organs, especialh" of the female. 

Irritation of the bowels is relieved by it, and it is a good 



168 TONICS. 

remedy in leiicorrhoea, to overcome relaxation, and in amen- 
orrhoea and diabetes. It is also employed to stop hemor- 
rhage, though it is not very powerful in this use. It is, how- 
ever, well adapted to passive conditions with loss of small 
quantities of blood. An infusion is a good preparation. Make 
it of the strength of one ounce to one pint of hot water. Dose 
of this, a wineglassful ; of the tincture, from five to thirty 
drops. 



PTELEA. Wafer Ash. 

Botanical Origin. — The root bark of Ptelea trifoliata 
I^inne; Nat. Ord., Riitacece. Indigenous to the United 
States, growing in rocky situations. 

Specific Ptklka. — This preparation contains a large 
amount of fixed oil and resinous material. When added to 
water it becomes milky and precipitates on standing. 

This is a native shrub with large greenish flowers and an 
unpleasant odor. In preparing a tincture use eight ounces 
of the bark of the root to one pint of seventy-six per cent, 
alcohol. Dose, from ten to twenty-five drops. It is tonic, 
stimulant, alterative, diaphoretic, and astringent. It is used 
as a tonic in dyspepsia, anorexia, etc. In chronic intermit- 
tent fever it also does good service. It is a fairly good drug 
in chronic affections of the respiratory organs, atonic laryn- 
gitis, asthma, phthisis, bronchitis, etc. Diarrhoea and dys- 
entery are cured by it. 



PANAX, Ginseng, 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Panax qidnqiiefolium, 
Linne; Nat. Ord., AraliacecB. Found in the rich woods of 
North America as far south as Tennessee and Georgia. 

This drug is a great favorite with the Chinese. It is a 
native of the United States and grows in rich shady woods. 
Its root is a mild stimulant and tonic. It is a good remedy 



TONICS. 169 

in nerv^ous dyspepsia, exercising a very beneficial influence 
upon the nervous system. 

In cerebral anaemia its action is favorable, but its use must 
be prolonged to obtain its good effects. Use of the tincture 
from five drops to one drachm. 



CALUMBA, Colombo. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The root of Jateorhiza palmata, 
(Lamarck) Miers; Nat. Ord., Menisper77iace<z. Indigenous 
to Eastern Africa and cultivated to some extent in the East 
India Islands. 

This is a climbing plant, a native of Africa. In market 
we find the sliced root, which is aromatic and bitter. Its 
properties are tonic and stomachic. Its action on the stomach 
is very much like that of Hydrastis. It is a good tonic, but 
it has no stimulating nor astringent properties. It may be 
employed in the convalescence of fevers because of being 
unirritating. In feeble conditions of the stomach this is a 
good remedy. In dyspepsia, with debility, when a stronger 
and more irritating tonic can not be taken, this forms a very 
good medicine. It is of value also in the convalescence from 
diarrhoea and dysentery. For cholera infantum, after the 
active stage of the disease has passed, and when stronger 
tonics would be objectionable, Columba may be employed. 
Use it in the form of an infusion of two drachms of the root 
to a pint of water. Dose, a teaspoonful. 

Columba is a good remedy in dyspepsia with constipation 
and liver troubles. Use it here with an equal amount of 
Rhubarb or Leptandra. Employ five drop doses of specific 
Columba four to six times a day. It gives relief in cholera 
morbus, stopping the purging and vomiting and giving 
strength. It sometimes arrests the vomiting of pregnancy. 
Dose of the tincture, twenty drops; of the infusion, from a 



170 • TONICS. 

teaspoonful to a tablespoonful; of the specific medicine, ten 
drops. 



DA MI ANA. Damiana, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The leaves and tops of Turnera 
aphrodisiaca. Ward and Vasey; Nat. Ord., Turner acecs. 
Mexico. 

Specific Damiana. — This is made of the fragrant, true 
Damiana leaves. Considerable amounts of a false drug, 
resinous like Grindelia, have been sold for Damiana. 

This drug is a tonic to the urinary and sexual organs. It 
is a small tropical plant, native of Mexico, having an aro- 
matic taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. It is 
tonic to the sexual organs and stimulant to the kidneys, 
hence it is a good remedy in impotence or sexual atony. 
In chronic catarrh of the bladder and kidneys it sometimes 
proves a good remedy . Besides being a local tonic it imparts 
tone to the general system. 

Use the fluid extract or tincture in doses of from one-half 
to one drachm four times a day. For females iron may be 
needed with it. Phosphorus may also be employed with it 
or in alternation with it. It is much used in respiratory 
troubles to relieve irritation, lessen cough, arrest hyper- 
secretion, and give tone. 



PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. Wild Cherry. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of Prunus serotina, Bhr- 
hart; gathered in autumn; Nat. Ord., Rosacecs. Eastern 
United States. 

Specific Prunus Virginiana is made of the recent inner 
bark of the root. It contains much tannin and turns black 
with iron salts. 

This is a tonic, sedative, and astringent. Use the inner 



TOXICS. 171 

bark in an infusion made preferably with cold water. Its 
active principle is liydroc3'anic acid, and this is driven off by 
heat. 

Wild Cherry lessens vascular excitement and is a good 
drug in undue sweating, diarrhoea, dysentery, or any case 
where there is a feeble condition of the exhalants. 

It is an excellent agent in phthisis, moderating the cough, 
lessening the fever, and sustaining the strength of the 
patient. In this trouble use a syrup made by using one- 
half ounce of the fluid extract to three and one-half ounces 
of simple S3^rup. Dose, a teaspoonful four times a day. Or 
for this purpose macerate for several hours tw^o ounces of 
the bark in one-half pint of cold water, strain, dissolve in it, 
without heat, one pound of white sugar. This may also be 
used as a vehicle for other medicines. 

Fowler's Solution may be added to the syrup if desired. 

We may use Wild Cherry for its influence on the heart, 
brain, and nervous system. It is an excellent sedative for 
palpitation of the heart, with nervous fever or tuberculosis. 
It is good in irritable dyspepsia, improving the condition of 
the stomach, quieting nervous irritability, and increasing 
the tone of the digestive tract and nervous system. Here 
the syrup made by first taking a strong infusion and then 
adding enough sugar may be employed. This is probably 
the best preparation. Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls every 
three hours. . As a tonic this agent may be used in all atonic 
conditions where other tonics which lack the sedative qual- 
ities can not be administered. 



FERRI ET AMMONir TARTRAS, 

Iron and Ammonium Tartrate. 

Synonym. — Ammonio-Tartrate of Iron. 
Description. — This salt forms in slightly dehquescent, 
thin, transparent scales, from garnet to red-brown in color. 



172 TONICS. 

Its taste is sweetish and feebly ferruginous, and it is devoid 
of odor. Insoluble in alcohol, but very easily dissolved by 
water. 

This is a mild tonic. It is soluble in water, is unirritating 
and pleasant to the taste. It may best be given in pill form 
in doses of from five to ten grains. 



FERRUM. Iron, 

Synonym . — Metallic Iron . 

This is the most abundant of metals, forming a large part 
of the crust of the earth and of vegetation, while in animal 
life it plays an important part. In the metallic state it is inert, 
and acts only mechanically. When it enters the alimentary 
canal, and afterwards the blood, it improves the quantity and 
quality of the latter. Red corpuscles in the blood produce 
ozone from the oxygen absorbed, and iron is food for these 
corpuscles, increasing their ability to carry oxygen. In 
chlorosis we find a marked example of the diminished num- 
ber of red corpuscles. Hence the iron of the blood is defi- 
cient, and the administration of it improves the patient. 

Iron is absorbed very slowly and in small quantities, hence 
it must be administered in small doses, or it will not be ab- 
sorbed, and will prove very irritating as well. But in proper 
doses it is absorbed, and may be detected in the blood and 
urine. In large doses it colors the feces dark or black. In 
small doses it improves the color of the skin, increases the 
appetite and digestive function, and gives tone to the whole 
muscular structure. There are many preparations of iron — 
some strong and others mild. We must choose among these 
according to the special conditions of 'the case on hand. Thus 
in excessive anaemia or passive hemorrhage the stronger pre- 
parations are needed, as the sulphate or chloride ; but in 
ordinary debility, the mildest and. most unirritating are the 
best, as ammonio-citrate, or citrate of iron and Dotassium. 



TONICS. 173 

In scrofula, iron being indicated, use an alterative prepa- 
ration such as the iodide. In large doses or long continued, 
iron causes gastric irritation, and to prevent this it may be 
given with H3^oscyamus, and the period of administration 
must be prolonged. If the bowels become constipated a mild 
laxative is required. In the treatment of anaemic patients 
give iron until the blood contains its normal quantity and 
not longer, as it is then harmful. Iron is contra-indicated 
in inflammatory conditions and in plethora. Persons of san- 
guine temperament need less iron than others. Many dis- 
turbances of the general system are cured after bleeding or 
other exhaustive discharges by the administration of iron 
salts, because the organs have not enough stimulation. If 
bleeding is folio w^ed by, or if disease produces the same con- 
dition of a lack of iron in the system, we call it chlorosis in 
w^omen and anaemia in men. 

Anah^sis shows the red corpuscles of the blood to be less 
numerous in women than in men, hence chlorosis is more 
common. In this disease iron is the remedy restoring the 
red corpuscles to their normal quantity. In cases of chlo- 
rosis, before the administration of iron, the corpuscles were 
only fifty parts in a thousand, instead of one hundred and 
twenty. After giving iron they were restored to the normal 
standard . 

Iron is not eliminated speedily from the body, but is re- 
tained in the sj^stem. 



PERRUM RBDUCTUM. Reduced Iron. 

Synonyms. — /ro?i by Hydrogen, Qiievenne' s Iron. 

Description. — A fine, lusterless, grayish-black powder, 
devoid of odor and taste, and unalterable in dr}' air. Neither 
water nor alcohol dissolves it. When poured upon a paper 
in the form of a conical pile, and a lighted match is applied 



174 ■ TONICS. 

to the vSummit of the heap, it should take fire and burn with 
a red glow. Should it fail to be completely ignited, it has 
partly changed to an oxide, and is of no value as a medicine. 
Reduced iron may be given where iron in a finely divided 
state is required. Combine it with the bitter tonics as follows: 

R. Reduced Iron, gr. j. 

Solid Bxt. Gentian, gr. ij. M. 
Make one pill. 



FERRl ET AMMONII CITRAS. 

Iron and Ammonium Citrate. 

Synonyms. — Aj7imo7iio- Citrate of Iron, Soluble Citrate of 
Iron. 

Description. — This compound occurs in transparent, thin, 
garnet-red scales. It has no odor, but a saline, ferruginous 
taste. In the presence of moisture it deliquesces. Alcohol 
does not dissolve it, but it is easily soluble in water. 

Among the best preparations of iron, and one that is unir- 
ritating, pleasant to the taste, and soluble in water, wine, or 
syrup, is the ammonio-citrate of iron. It is an excellent 
tonic, being especially good for children. It is not unpleas- 
ant, does not restrain the bowels, and is very readily assimi- 
lated. It is used in anaemic conditions of children. For a 
child from five to ten years old, give doses of from two to 
five grains three times a day, dissolved in a teaspoonful of 
water or syrup. It is a good chalybeate in dyspepsia, with 
marked anaemia and irritability of the stomach. If not well 
assimilated, give Gentian with it. It is a good agent in 
scrofulous diseases of children, and in tabes mesenterica, 
given in doses of from two to five grains in syrup three times 
a day. In chlorotic females the same sized dose given with 
a bitter tonic improves the blood, appetite, and general 
strength. 



TONICS. 175 

SVRUPUS FBRRI lODlDL Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. 

Synonym. — Syrup of Iodide of Iron. 

Syrup of Iodide of Iron is a pale green, transparent fluid, 
having a neutral re-action, and a sweet and pronouncedly 
ferruginous taste. Iodide of iron is an unstable salt, and 
sugar is its best preservative. This syrup sometimes becomes 
of a deep red color if kept in the dark. The pale green color 
may be restored by placing the bottle, well filled with the 
syrup, where the direct rays of the sun may fall upon it. 

Iodide of iron is a more powerful preparation than the pre- 
ceding one. It is alterative, tonic and emmenagogue. It is 
best administered in the form of syrup. Doses of twenty to 
thirty drops may be given well diluted with water. If given 
in large doses it causes gastric irritation and is objectionable. 
It is a good agent in scrofulous patients when an alterative 
and tonic is indicated. It increases tone generally and im- 
proves the appetite and digestive power. That part which is 
not assimilated is removed by the kidneys. It is a good med- 
icine in the anaemia of scrofula or phthisis. It gives strength 
and increases the excretions very greatly. It is best given 
here with cod liver oil. Use twenty drops in a tablespoonful 
of cod liver oil. This gives very efficient aid in scrofulous 
enlargement of the glands, with great debility. 

Iodide of iron is also useful in hydrocephalus. In dysmen- 
orrhoea with anaemia in females of a scrofulous diathesis, 
it relieves the pain and establishes the proper discharge. 
Leucorrhoea, in scrofulous patients, is benefited by it. Give 
internally from fifteen to twenty drops of the S3'rup three 
times a day, and use locally a wash of solution of borax. In 
albuminuria it is sometimes a good remedy. It is also of 
much value in secondary syphilis. If given in alternation 
with some vegetable tonic, it exhibits its best action. Incon- 
continence of urine in anaemic children is relieved by it in 
doses of from five to ten drops three times a day. It has 



176 TONICS. 

given fine results in chronic diseases of the liver, in scrofu- 
lous patients. 



TINCTURA FBRRI CHLORIDL 

Tincture of Perric Chloride. 

Synonyms. — Tincture of Chloride of Iron^ Tincture of 
Iron, Tincture of Muriate of Iron, Muriate d Tincture of 
Iron. 

DkscripTion. — A hydro-alcoholic solution of I^erri, Chlo- 
ride. A very astringent, styptic liquid of a bright brownish 
color, an acid reaction, and a slight ethereal odor. It should 
be made at least three months before using. 

This drug is tonic, astringent, and diuretic. It possesses 
all these properties in a marked degree. It is one of the 
most powerful of the iron preparations, and is indicated in 
atonic conditions. It is a good remedy in passive hemor- 
rhages from the uterus or bladder of debilitated patients. 
Give it in doses of ten drops diluted with water. Do not let 
it touch the teeth, but give it well diluted through a glass 
tube, and afterward wash the mouth with some alkaline solu- 
tion. It is a useful drug in rheumatism and diphtheria. 
Its action in the latter disease is very helpful and it tends to 
maintain the general strength. 

In leucorrhoea, chlorosis, and dysmenorrhoea, if the patient 
is anaemic, Tincture of Iron is a good remedy. It is of much 
value in diseases of the genito- urinary organs when there is 
no active inflammation. Give it with Buchu or Uva Ursi, 
and in chronic irritability give it with Opium. Use it also in 
spermatorrhoea and in the latter stages of gonorrhoea. In 
these diseases use from ten to fifteen drops three times a day 
together with local treatment in the last-named disease. It 
is a good remedy in albuminuria, as it combines diuretic 
with chalybeate properties. Use as before suggested. 

In phthisis Tincture of Iron checks diarrhoea by giving 



TONICS. 177 

tone to the muscular coat of the bowels, and it also lessens 
night sweats and controls hemorrhage. Give five drops 
every three hours. 

For erysipelas it is the remedy par excellence. In this 
disease it exerts a specific influence, reducing the fever and 
aiding in the elimination of the erysipelatous poison. In this 
disorder it is indicated by the deep red color and swelling of 
the mucous membrane. Use it internally and externally. 
In cases of great debility give quinine with it. For external 
applications use the following: 

R. Tr. Chlor. of Iron, 5 ss. 
Glycerin, 5 iss. 

Paint the part with this and cover it with cotton. Apply 
this every three hours and give from five to ten drops in- 
ternally. 

This drug gives very good results in the latter stages of 
scarlet fever, attended with albuminuria. It is serviceable 
in hysteria and puerperal hemorrhage given in doses of from 
ten to twenty drops. In chronic ague with anaemia give 
this agent with quinine. Applied in full strength to vene- 
real warts it removes them. Diluted with water it is a good 
application to ulcers and to excessive granulations. Use one 
part of the drug to three or four of water. For this purpose 
this drug is inferior to nitric acid. 



FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM, Ferric Hydrate. 

Synonyms. — Ferric Hydroxide, Hydrated Oxide of Iron, 
Hydrated Peroxide of Iron, Hydrated Sesquioxide of Iron. 

Description. — A brownish-red magma completely dis- 
solving, without effervescence, in hj^drochloric acid. 

Preparation. — This compound must be prepared as 
needed, as it will not retain its antidotal powers if it has 
been made for any considerable length of time. To prepare 



178 TONICS. 

it proceed as follows: "Mix either solution of ferric chlor- 
ide or solution of ferric sulphate with four times its bulk of 
cold distilled water, and add to this, with constant stirring, 
ammonia water until the latter is in shght excess. Drain 
the precipitate on a muslin strainer and wash it well with 
cold distilled water." {Lloyd' s Chem. of Medicines, p. 311.) 
Ordinary drinking water may be employed if distilled w^ater 
be not at hand, and if great hurry is necessitated the magma 
need not be washed, but may be administered freely at once. 

This agent is the antidote to arsenic poisoning. It con- 
verts arsenious acid into arsenite of iron, a comparatively 
harmless salt. It is the best antidote known in these cases. 
In case of poisoning with arsenic evacuate the stomach as 
soon as possible, then give this in tablespoonful doses. If the 
stomach can not be promptly emptied do not wait, but ad- 
minister the antidote liberally. 

Thirty-five parts are needed to neutralize one part of arse- 
nic. Give a child dessertspoonful doses. 



FERRf SUBCARBONAS, Ferrous Subcarbonate. 

Description. — A yellowish-red or reddish-brown powder, 
but slightly disagreeable to the taste. Insoluble in water, 
but soluble with slight effervescence in hydrochloric acid. 
It should not be of a red color, else it has been overheated 
in preparation. 

In proper doses this salt is a very good unirritating tonic, 
but in large doses it produces dyspeptic symptoms. Dose, 
eight to ten grains three times a day. It may be given with 
Aloes. It may be given in chlorosis with some simple bit- 
ter, as Gentian or Columbo. It is a good agent in nervous 
and spinal affections. Give doses of from five to ten grains 
every two hours. It should be given here in connection 
with nerve stimulants. In chorea give it in ten grain doses 



TONICS. 179 

three times a day. In hysteria, with marked anaemia, use 
the following: 

R. Ferrous Subcarbonate, 5 ij- 
Tr. Valerian, 
Tr. Scutellaria, 
Tr. Camphor, aa. fl 3ij. M. 

Shake before taking. Give in teaspoonful doses three 
times a day. 

In amenorrhoea give two or three grains of the iron salt with 
one-half grain of Aloe. The same may be used in atonic 
states of the female reproductive organs. For chorea, with 
marked anaemia, alternate this salt with specific Valerian and 
specific Macrotys. 



PBRRl SULPHAS. Ferrous Sulphate. 

Synonyms. — Sulphate of Iron ^ Green Vitriol. 

Description. — Large, pale, bluish-green, prismatic crys- 
tals, odorless, and having a saline and powerfully styptic 
taste. In dry air the crystals effloresce. Soluble in cold 
water (1.8), boiling water (0.3), but not soluble in alcohol. 

Ferri SUI.PHAS ExsiccATUS or Dried Ferrous Sulphate 
contains sixty-five per cent, of the above salt, and is a gray- 
ish-white powder, slowly but completely dissolved by water. 

Fkrri Sulphas Granulatus or Gra^iulated Ferrous 
Sulphate is a pale, bluish-green, crystalline powder. 

This is tonic, astringent, and emmenagogue. It is one of 
the strongest salts of iron. In large doses it is irritant and 
purgative, but in the form of a pill in doses of one to two 
grains it may be used when an astringent preparation is 
needed. Always use the Anhj^drous Sulphate (dried sul- 
phate). It is a good agent in hemorrhage, colliquative 
sweating, diabetes, chronic catarrh of the bladder, leucor- 
rhoea, etc. Give one to two grains three times a day. In 
amenorrhoea in chlorotic patients give it with Aloe in da^^es 



180 TONICS. 

of two grains three times a day, using one grain of Aloe. It 
is a good application to cancer of the uterus. Dissolve one 
drachm in one pint of water and wash the cancerous part 
with it. As an application for bleeding piles it serves very 
nicely. Dissolve two grains in one pint of water and inject. 
In chronic intermittent fever, from two to five grains given 
in broken doses, render very good service. It is a good 
application to chancres or venereal ulcers. 



LIQUOR FBRRI TERSULPHATIS. 

Solution of Ferric Sulphate. 

Synonyms. — Persulphate, or Solution of Persulphate of 
Iron. 

Description. — A nearly odorless, deep reddish-brown 
fluid, acid in reaction, and having a sour and strongly styptic 
taste. It mixes with water and alcohol in all amounts with- 
out change. 

This solution should be kept on hand for the preparation 
of the antidote to arsenic. 



LIQUOR FBRRI SUBSULPHATIS. 

Solution of Ferric Subsulphate. 

Synonyms. — MonseV s Solution^ Solution of Basic Ferric 
Sulphate. 

Description.— (See Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis ,W\\h which 
it nearly agrees in physical properties. ) If this solution be 
evaporated near escaping steam a light yellow mass is left 
behind, which, when reduced to a powder, is known as Mo7i- 
sePs Salt. It is a styptic and is used for the same purposes 
for which the solution is employed. 

Solution of Ferric Subsulphate is often incorrectly pre- 
scribed under the name of persulphate of iron . 

This is a very good styptic. It coagulates blood and thus 



TONICS. 181 

controls hemorrhage. In nose bleeding, from wounds, etc.,. 
it is a good remedy. Saturate a piece of cotton with the 
solution and push it up the nostril until it reaches the bleed- 
ing surface and it will stop the hemorrhage. A solution of 
this taken internally controls hemorrhage from the stomach 
or rectum. Give doses of from five to fifteen drops every 
three hours in water. This agent is an unirritating styptic. 



PBRRf PHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS. 

Soluble Ferric Phosphate. 

Synonyms. — Phosphate of Iron, Soluble Phosphate of Iron. 

Description. — Apple-green scales, transparent, and hav- 
ing no odor, but an acidulous and feeble saline taste. In- 
soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in water. It is apt to 
be dark in color if exposed to light. 

This is a nerve tonic. Use it in cases of debility, with 
marked nervous depression, in doses of five grains. 



FBRRl FERROCYANIDUM, Ferric Ferrocyanide. 

Synonyms. — Prtissian Blue, Ferro-cyanide of Iron, In- 
soluble Prussian Blue. 

Description. — A beautiful, deep-blue, bulky powder, de- 
void of taste, and insoluble in water. 

This is tonic and antiperiodic. Dose, three grains four 
times a day. It is usually given with quinine. 



FBRRl BROniDUM, Ferrous Bromide. 

Synonym. — Bromide of Iron. 

Description. — A deliquescent salt of a yellow color, hav- 
ing' an extremely styptic taste, and very soluble in water. 
Ivike iodide of iron it is unstable and should be employed in 
the form of a s^^rup, as sugar tends, in a measure, to prevent 
its decomposition. 



182 TONICS. 

This salt is tonic and resolvent. It may be given inter- 
•nally in small doses and applied locally for the relief of 
scrofulous tumors and various glandular enlargements. 

R. Iron Bromide, 

Glycerin, aa. i part. 

Adeps, 14 parts. 
Make an ointment. 



CORNUS. Dogwood, 

Synonym. — Large Flozvering Coryiel. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The bark of Cornus florida, lyinne; 
Nat. Ord. , Coryiacece. Woods of the eastern half of North 
America. 

A tincture of this bark may be made of eight ounces of 
the bark to one pint of dilute alcohol. Dose, five to sixty 
drops. Make an infusion of the strength of one ounce of 
bark to one pint of water. Dose, a tablespoonful. 

This agent resembles willow bark in action. It is slightly 
astringent and antiseptic, but chiefly tonic. It is used only 
in atonic states, and gives good effects in atonic dyspepsia 
and in intermittents. Some employ it as a prophly lactic against 
malarial and other fevers. In gangrenous mortification use 
the infusion both locally and internally. 



POPULUS. White Poplar. 

Synonyms. — Poplar, Quaking Aspen, American Aspen. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The bark of Popidus tremuloides, 
Michaux; Nat. Ord., Salicacecs. Common in American 
woods. 

This agent is also tonic, and resembles in action the 
willow bark. Prepare a tincture as for dogwood bark. 
Dose, five to sixty drops. Make an infusion of one ounce of 
bark to one pint of water. Dose, a tablespoonful. Employ 
this agent in atonic dyspepsia, with marked debility and 



TONICS. 183 

emaciation, associated with hepatic torpor. It may also 
be employed with good results in intermittent fever, both for 
its febricide and tonic effects. This bark yields both salicin 
and populin. 



MBLONfAS. Starwort. 

Synonym. — U^iicorn Root. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Chaincsliriinn bit- 
eiim, Gray {^Helonias dioica, Pursh); Nat. Ord., Liliacecs. 
Grows in low situations in North America. 

Specific Hflonias. — This is made of Helonias dioica and 
not from aletris. In commerce these drugs are confused to 
such an extent as to render the name inexpressive. Specific 
Helonias has a peculiar, honey-like odor when rubbed be- 
tween the fingers, and when dropped into water renders it 
milky, owing to the separation of finely divided resin. 

This agent is a general tonic, but has also a special affinity 
for the urinary and repoductive apparatus of the female. It 
is of some use in atonic digestive disorders, but its chief use 
will be found in the diseases of women, characteristized by 
mental irritability or depression. One marked symptom call- 
ing for it is a sensation of heaviness and fullness throughout 
the floor of the pelvis, a sensation as if the parts were con- 
gested and about to fall out. Use the small doses. It often 
relieves this bearing down sensation in dysmenorrhoea; dose, 
from one to ten drops. 



184 STIMULANTS. 

acts primarily on the spinal centers, etc. This latter class 
has been called tetanies. 

Stimulants have a variety of uses, but are contra-indicated 
by gastro-intestinal irritation and in acute inflammation and 
febrile diseases, cardiac palpitation and hypertrophy, in 
cerebral congestion and inflammation, and in apoplexy. 

ALCOHOL, Alcohol. 

Synonyms. — Reetified Spirit, Spirit of Wine. 

DESCRIPTION. — A liquid containing about ninety-one per 
cent, by weight (ninety-four per cent, by volume) of Kthyl 
Alcohol and nine per cent, by weight of water. It is a 
transparent, colorless liquid, volatile, and has a burning 
taste, and a pleasant, penetrating odor. It is inflammable, 
burning, when strong, with a pale-blue flame, but when 
weak with a yellowish flame. It should be kept in well-stop- 
pered bottles, in a cool situation and away from fires or lights. 

Alcohol is the product of vinous fermentation, in which 
sugar is changed into carbonic acid gas and alcohol. It may 
be obtained from any liquid in which fermentation occurs, 
as the juice of fruit, grain, etc. 

By combining high- wine with the juice of the juniper 
berry, gin is made. Rum is made from molasses. Each of 
these contain from forty-five to fifty-five per cent, of Alcohol. 
Dilute Alcohol of the pharmacopoeia contains forty-one per 
cent, by weight, or 48.6 by volume of pure Alcohol (Ethyl 
Alcohol) and fifty-nine per cent, by weight of water. Rec- 
tification of spirit is a redistillation of it to deprive it of its 
water. Proof spirit has a specific gravity of 0,936. The 
actual amount of absolute Alcohol contained in it is 
fifty per cent. Official Alcohol has a specific gravity of 
0.820 and is obtained by redistillation. Absolute Alcohol is 
a limpid, colorless, volatile, highly inflammable liquid, hav- 
ing a peculiar odor and taste. It has a great affinity for 



STIMULANTS. 18 J 



STIMULANTS. 



Agents which temporarily increase the vital functions of 
one or several organs are denominated stimulants. 

While in fact ever>^ medical agent is probably first stim- 
ulant, all medicines do not belong to this class of stimulants, 
which might be called excitants. 

Stimulants temporarily^ increase cardiac and arterial activ- 
it}^ and likewise temporarily increase the supply of nerve 
force. While these are its effects, it does not sensibly aug- 
ment the secretions, nor the evacuations from the excretory 
organs. 

Stimulants are neurotic agents, for they first impress the 
nervous system. Their next effect is that of a topical ex- 
citant. Under their action the gastric secretions increase, 
and increased power is given to the muscular structures. 
Digestion is hastened by them, and the processes of chymifi- 
cation and chylification are facilitated. The whole system 
partakes by sympathy of this local effect. 

Stimulants increase the activity of the mental functions, 
even producing a degree of exhilaration; their overaction, as 
when taken in too large doses and for a continued period, 
tend to impair the mental process, prostration often being 
the result. Some stimulants may have a particular affinity 
for certain parts of the body. Some stimulate the skin, as 
ammonium carbonate; some the mucous surfaces, as turpen- 
tine; some affect the muscular system, as strychnine, which 



186 • STTMULANl'S. 

water, and heat is always evolved by its union with that 
iiuid. It is useful in preserving anatomical specimens, etc. , 
as it coagulates the albumen, hardens the tissues, and thus 
prevents decomposition. Alcohol is a great solvent. Vege- 
table alkaloids, volatile oils, resins, camphor, etc. , are read- 
ily soluble in it. It kills plants when sprinkled on them or 
when imbibed by the roots, and in a large amount it destroys 
animal life. If applied to the skin and allowed to evaporate 
it reduces the temperature of the part. If applied with fric- 
tion it produces a sensation of heat and stimulates the func- 
tions of the part. If evaporation is prevented and it is kept 
in contact with the skin it produces inflammation and arrests 
its function. 

In small doses Alcohol is stimulant, in large doses nar- 
cotic. Its action is not unlike that of opium. It poisons 
the blood, loads it with carbonic acid gas, and destroys life. 
Used as a beverage it produces emaciation of the body, 
flabby and suffused cheeks, eyes, and skin, impairs digestion 
and the appetite, thickens the coats of the stomach and in- 
testines, and hardens the liver and kidneys; if also enters 
into and has been found in the brain. But it has some 
proper and very valuable uses. Taken in small amount it is 
appropriated by the system and burned in the body. In 
large amounts it is not assimilated, but is eliminated by the 
lungs, skin, and kidneys. Because of its great afiinity for 
water, if applied to the mucous membranes, it abstracts their 
moisture, leaving them hard and irritable. The amount of 
alcohol given determines its action. In moderate amounts it 
quickens the pulse and stimulates the digestive organs. In 
large amounts it depresses all the vital functions, dilates the 
blood vessels, and produces great perspiration. It has little 
effect on the temperature of the body. One taking it may 
feel warmer because of the irritant action on the stomach and 
the increased circulation. 



STlMULANTvS. 187 

In small amounts long continued it causes a deposition 
of fat in the tissues. It also causes degeneration of the 
tissues of the kidneys, liver, and membranes of the brain. 
Dr. Mays says "that it is a substance that has given rise to 
many kinds of action in the minds of men. ' ' Some look 
upon it as the cause of all the sins, vices, and miseries of 
men, and if it were banished from existence the millenium 
would be brought very near. Others look upon it as being 
a very valuable substance, one the place of w^hich can not be 
taken by any other substance. When Alcohol is taken into 
the animal economy it is oxidized and liberates heat. Others 
again think it is wholly eliminated by the various excretory 
organs. If the last is true it can not produce force in the 
body. All scientists agree that a portion of it is appropriated 
by the body. We may see that this is true, for in small 
doses it increases the force of the brain and circulatory 
organs. As some of it is destroyed in the system it may be 
considered as food. Large amounts retard tissue change by 
checking the excretion of carbonic acid gas and the nitrogen- 
ized tissues. Dr. Hammond thinks Alcohol is a real food. He 
found that during a fast his weight actually increased by 
taking a small amount of Alcohol, and this gain was above 
the increase produced from water alone. This proposition 
has been much discussed and the opposite conclusion has 
been also reached. But food must serve one of two pur- 
poses, namely, either build up tissue or supply force. Evi- 
dently in the first of these Alcohol fails, as it supplies no 
material to build up tissue, but it furnishes easily burned 
fuel and vital force may be derived from the force thus 
liberated. By this means it saves tissue-making food from 
being burned and in that sense only is it food. 

Alcoholic stimulants may be used in cases of great depres- 
sion. They are the remedies in atonic conditions of the 
system, hence they are good in atonic dyspepsia. Not all 



188 • STIMUI.ANTS. 

cases are benefited by it, and it must be given in proper 
doses at the proper time. Here it increases the vascular and 
nervous supply to that organ, thereby augmenting the flow 
of gastric juice. It should be given only in small doses and 
in a well diluted form. 

Given in small amounts, not in concentrated form, it in- 
creases the power of the stomach to digest food. This it 
does by increasing the nervous and blood supply of the or- 
gan, but if given in large doses, in the concentrated form, 
the opposite effect will be produced. It precipitates the al- 
bumen and retards digestion. After great exhaustion in the 
decline of life, with general depression, food digests poorly, 
and the patient may be benefited by an ounce of whisky to 
one of water. 

Alcoholics are good agents in all rapidly exhaustive dis- 
eases of the respiratory organs, in phthisis especially, if 
given with cod liver oil. It aids the assimilation of the oil 
and also prevents the destruction of tissue, thus acting as 
food to the patient. They act very powerfully on the nerv- 
ous system and are much used in nervous derangements. 

Delirium tremens may be cured by the use of Alcohol when 
nothing else will accomplish it. Opium and other stimulants 
will help to accomplish this result. The great objection to 
the use of alcoholics is that the patient gets the idea that he 
must have some all the time, hence never give them unless 
necessary, but in this disease the nervous system must be 
sustained. Just as soon as the stomach can not take and 
retain food delirium comes on, and it never comes on when 
the patient is able to take food. So in these cases give just 
enough to sustain the nervous system and no more. The 
patient must also have sleep. Give an ounce of whisky, 
alone or in milk, every hour or two until he is improved 
enough to do without it. 

In vomiting from atonic conditions of the stomach or preg- 



STIMUI.ANTS. 189 

nanc}^ alcoholics are valuable. In severe and persistent 
vomiting of pregnancy give the patient a small glass of 
sherry wine before getting up in the morning and subse- 
quently give a light breakfast. This method is quite effi- 
cient. We place much reliance on alcoholic stimulants in 
typhoid fever and other low forms of disease. They are not 
necessary in all cases, but in some they are indispensable. 
About the third week, when there is a tendency to syncope 
and exhaustion, with low, muttering delirium, the patient 
must be sustained or he will die. Nothing else gives as 
good results here as alcoholics. They are best given with 
milk. Use brandy one ounce to milk three ounces. Give as 
much as may be necessary, as this varies greatly in different 
persons. It should never be pushed to the stage of intoxi- 
cation, as the re-action therefrom might kill the patient. If, 
under its influence, the pulse becomes slower and fuller, the 
tongue becomes less dry, delirium becomes less and the pa- 
tient sleeps better, it is doing good. But if the delirium 
becomes worse, the temperature increases, the tongue be- 
come dry and the pulse more rapid, it is doing harm. 

Alcoholics are contra-indicated by severe, darting, throb- 
bing headache, noisy delirium, and suffusion of the skin and 
eyes. They are to be used in other low forms of fever when 
there is a rapidly exhausting condition and an irritable and 
atonic condition of the nervous system. 

Good results are obtained from Alcohol in somnabulism, 
when due to cerebral anaemia, but if caused by determina- 
tion of blood to the brain it is contra-indicated. It is sometimes 
given in high fevers and inflammations where the patient 
has been accustomed to its use. Give small doses. In fact, 
here it would be dangerous to wholly withdraw the stim- 
ulant. Alcoholics are good to prevent inflammation of the in- 
ternal organs after cold or great exposure. By suppression 
of the cutaneous function, the blood goes to the internal or- 



190 STIMUI.ANTS. 

gans and an inflammation may result. In threatened inflam- 
mation of the lungs or pleura give a hot toddy to relieve the 
internal congestion. 

Alcoholics are used as antidotes to snake bites, etc. In 
this condition they are good medicines in that they sustain 
the nervous system until the poison is eliminated. Alcohol 
is a good local application for stings, bites, etc. Applied to 
a part it hardens the skin and is a good agent to prevent bed 
sores, etc. Cracked nipples are benefited by it also. Bathe 
them with brandy and dust upon them bismuth subnitrate. 
In case of poisoning with Alcohol empty the stomach with 
the stomach pump and sustain the circulation with inhala- 
tions of ammonia, or give teaspoonful doses of spirit of Min- 
dererus. The latter also partly antidotes the poison. In 
the latter stages of small-pox, measles, and scarlatina, Alco- 
hol may be given when the powers of life seem threatened 
with exhaustion. In the threatened collapse of Asiatic chol- 
era give brandy. Alcohol is sometimes useful in the treat- 
ment of traumatic tetanus. 

As a beverage Alcohol is injurious in every way ,and it 
should never be used except as medicine. 



NVX VOMICA, Nux Vomica, 

Synonyms. — Qiiaker Buttons^ Poison Nut. 
Botanical Origin. — The seed of Strychnos Nux vomica, 
lyinne; Nat. Ord., LoganiacecB. A native of the East Indies. 
Chief Activk Constituents. — Strych7ii7ie and Brucinc. 

S TRVCHN/NA. Strychnine. 

Permanent, transparent, colorless crystals, or a white, 
crystalline powder, without odor, but intensely bitter to the 
taste. Soluble in cold water (6700), boiling water (2500), 
cold alcohol (no), boiling alcohol (12), and chloroform 
(7), but almost insoluble in ether. On account of the spar- 



STI3IUI.ANTS. 191 

ing solubility of this alkaloid the sulphate is generally used 
in medicine. 

Strychnine Sulphas or Strychiine Sulphate. — White or 
colorless prismatic crystals, devoid of odor, but having, even 
in dilute solution, an intensely bitter taste. This bitterness 
is perceptible even in so dilute a solution as i in 700,000. 
The crystals efHoresce in dry air. Soluble in cold water 
(50), boiling water (2), cold alcohol (109), and boiling 
alcohol (8.5). Sulphate of Strychnine should be kept in 
well-closed vials. 

Nux vomica is the seed of the Strychnos Nux vomica, 
found growing in the East Indies. The bark is also poison- 
ous to men and animals. The seeds are round, about an inch 
in diameter, and are sometimes called " dog buttons." The 
surface of the seed is covered with fine hairs and is of an 
olive-green or gray color. It is very firm and can hardly be 
pulverized, and its taste is extremely bitter. Its principal 
alkaloid is Strychnine. The alkaloid in large doses pro- 
duces irritation of the stomach, and a sense of heat and burn- 
ing and inflammation of this organ. In small doses it is 
tonic, increasing the appetite, secretions, and digestion. In 
poisonous doses it causes rigidity of the muscles, the gait be- 
comes unsteady and tottering, convulsions come on, and 
the patient dies from suspended respiration, or spasm of the 
respiratory muscles, or of the glottis. Its effects are the 
same, no matter how it is introduced into the system, differ- 
ing only in the amount taken. It stimulates the nerve cen- 
ters to exhaustion. In the lower animals if applied to the 
nerves it produces no effect, but if applied to the medulla it 
is rapidly poisonous. If plants are watered with it in solu- 
tion it kills them. In small doses it is the very best tonic :n 
the materia medica. It increases secretion in atonic con- 
ditions, if deficient, and diminishes them when excessive 
from the same cause. Hence it is equally valuable in con- 



192 ■ STIMUI.ANTS. 

stipation or diarrhoea, since they may both result from an 
atonic condition of the intestinal tract. 

In small doses Nux vomica arrests vomiting and nausea. 
Some cases yield very rapidly to it while others do not. It 
arrests vomiting from gastric irritability, but it does not 
arrest it when it results from irritable matter in the intestinal 
tract. Use it in atonic conditions, but it will do no good in 
inflammatory conditions. It is a very good drug in chorea, 
cholera morbus, and cholera infantum. It is useful in many 
troubles of the liver, spleen, and portal circulation. It is 
indicated by a feeling of fullness in the right hypochondrium, 
pain in the side or shoulder, yellow color of the face, eyes, 
and coat of the tongue. In brief it is the remedy for atony 
and not irritation. 

Nux is a remedy for biliousness, and gastric and intestinal 
pain, when due to atony, but never when produced by in- 
flammation or determination of blood. It is very efiicient in 
the treatment of typhoid and asthmatic conditions, with im- 
pairment of the spinal innervation and difficult respiration. 
It is adapted to those cases where it takes will-power to keep 
up the breathing. The patient breathes by voluntary effort 
when awake, but is suddenly aroused by a sense of suffoca- 
tion if he drops into sleep. Specific Arnica is also indicated 
in similar conditions. 

Nux is the very best remedy known in such cases. It 
many times removes these conditions even when we think 
them beyond its reach. The sense of taste, smell, and hear- 
ing having been impaired by functional or nervous diseases, 
and not by organic change, have been recovered by its use 
after having been lost for a long time. Prolapsus of the 
anus is often benefited by Nux. Heartburn is relieved or 
radically cured by it. Use it in cases in which there are 
sour or bitter eructations from the stomach, since this is the 
result of atony. It is generally indicated in atonic conditions 



STIMULANTS. 193 

of the digestive tract. Use it for painful distensions of the 
stomach after eating, or for chronic vomiting after eating. 

R. Specific Nux Vomica, gtt. v. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful after eating. 

In the dyspepsia of drunkards it is the very best remedy 
known. Give one drop of Nux after each meal, and if 
necessary small doses between meals. It lessens the craving 
for stimulants. Some cases of colic are cured by it, but 
Colocynth cures many times when Nux fails. In spasmodic 
colic after obstinate constipation of the bowels Nux is again 
the remed3^ It relieves the pain and promotes the evacua- 
tions. For hepatic colic, with nausea and vomiting: 

R. Specific Nux Vomica, gtt. x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every fifteen minutes. 

Chronic diarrhoea is many times cured by this remedy 
alone. Use it when the skin is sallow, atony marked, and 
anaemia prominent. Take from five to ten drops in four 
ounces of water, giving a teaspoonful three or four times a 
day. It is a good remedy in constipation with liver troubles, 
as torpor of that organ, and when the patient is pale. In 
jaundice, especially in the chronic form, it is an excellent 
remedy. 

Many times Nux is a good emmenagogue. In amenor- 
rhoea, with marked anaemia and torpor, give it with iron. 
If constipation exists use the following: 
R. Aloe, gr. j. 

Iron by Hydrogen, grs. ij. 
Kxt. Nux Vomica, grs. ^. 
Make into a pill. 
Sig. — Give one pill three times a day. 

It is a good remedy in dysmenorrhoea, where the dis- 
charges are premature and accompanied with crampy pains 



194 STIMI/LANTS. 

and chilly sensations. In these cases it is very efficient. 
Give it in alternation with Pulsatilla, Do not mix them. 
Again it is a good agent in menstrual colic with sharp, 
crampy pains and marked atony; Colocynth may also be re- 
quired. It cures the toothache of pregnant women when 
the pain is not due to decayed teeth, and it also relieves the 
vomiting of pregnancy. It gives very good results in leu- 
corrhoea, with marked atony,' very profuse yellow discharges, 
associated with burning of the fauces at the time of the men- 
strual flow. Use five drops of Nux vomica to four ounces 
of water in teaspoonful doses three times a day, and inject 
alum water night and morning. Prolapsus uteri is some- 
times relieved by it. 

Nux is a tonic to the urinary organs, and may be used in 
atonic conditions of these organs, being especially valuable 
when given in paralytic retention of urine. It gives tone to 
the muscles of the bladder and thereby relieves the retention. 

It is of service in vesical catarrh and in the nocturnal in- 
continence of urine, indicated in both by atony. Nocturnal 
seminal emissions are relieved by it. 

It is also a stimulant to the reproductive system of man, 
and increases venereal appetite. For impotence, if desirable. 
Strychnine may be used here instead of Nux vomica. Use 
this permanent solution: 

Dissolve four grains of Strychnine in one and one-half 
ounces of water, with enough dilute hydrochloric acid to make 
it soluble; to this add one ounce of alcohol and one and one- 
half ounces of water. Give this in water. This is a very 
good solution if minute doses of Strychnine are desired. If 
the desired dose be one-thirty-second of a grain of vStrych- 
nine take one ounce of this solution to three ounces of water 
and give a teaspoonful of the solution. The ordinary dose 
of Strychnine is from one one-hundredth to one-twentieth 
of a grain. It is a good agent in facial neuralgia. Dose, 



STIMULANTS. 195 

one-sixty-fourth of a grain three or four times a day. It is 
very valuable in obstinate cases of ague or when a very pow- 
ful tonic is needed. Then use the following: 

R. Solution of Strychnine, 

Tr. Chloride of Iron, aa. fl 3 ij. 

Sulphate of Quinine, .5 j. 

Cinnamon Water, 

Syr. Simplex, aa. fioij. M. 

Sig. — Give one or two teaspoonfuls every three 

hours. 

If more Strychnine is wanted add more of the solution. 
Give this in obstinate cases of ague or neuralgia or when a 
thorough tonic is wanted. Strychnine is a very important 
medicine in the treatment of paralysis. If the trouble de- 
pends on an active inflammatory condition it is not beneficial , 
but if the trouble is reflex, as from sexual abuse, drunken- 
ness, excessive use of tobacco, or lead poisoning, it is the 
remedy. Here give it in doses of one-sixtieth to one-thir- 
tieth of a grain three or four times a day. It is valuable in 
many obstinate cases of spasmodic asthma. Administered in 
chorea. Strychnine at first slightly increases the muscular 
twitching and activity, and afterwards improves the patient's 
condition and proves curative. In the use of Strychnine 
remember it is very powerful in large doses and its effects 
must be carefully watched. Should convulsions or twitch- 
ing of the muscles occur, stop its use. In poisoning by it 
give an emetic or otherwise evacuate the stomach, subdue 
spasmodic action by chloroform, morphine, etc., give fats 
and animal charcoal, and also give bromide of potassium in 
drachm doses at short intervals. Keep the patient perfectly 
quiet. 



lONATIA, Bean of St. Ignatius. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The seed of Strychnos Igyiatia, 
lyindley; Nat., Ord., Loga7iiacece. Phillippine Islands. 



196 STIMULANTS. 

Ivike Nux vomica this agent contains Strychnine and Bru- 
cine, and is a valuable stimulant and tonic. Its uses are prac- 
tically those of Nux, but the drug is not so powerful in 
action. It has been asserted that it is more efficient than 
Nux in disorders of females where a stimulating tonic is de- 
sirable. Ignatia may be thought of when a patient presents 
with marked twitching of the facial muscles. Use the 
small dose. 

R. Ignatia, gtt. xv. 
Aqua, fl siv. M. 

Sig. — A teaspoonful every two or three hours. 



OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^. Oil of Turpentine, 

Synonyms. — Spirit or Spirits of Turpentine . 

Botanical Origin. — An oil distilled from Turpentine, an 
oleoresinous product of several species of Pinus, notably 
Finns palustris, Miller; Nat. Ord., Coyiiferce. Northern 
Hemisphere. 

Description. — Only the rectified oil of Turpentine {Oleum 
Terebinthi7icB Rectificatuni) should be employed for internal 
use. It is a perfectly colorless fluid, having a mild but dis- 
tinct odor and a peculiar terebinthinate taste. Turpentine 
becomes less agreeable in odor by age. It is slightly soluble 
in water. Ether and boiling alcohol readily dissolve it, the 
oil precipitating from the latter on cooling. Alcohol (3) and 
glacial acetic acid ( i ) also dissolve it. 

This is a volatile liquid obtained from the sap of several 
varieties of pine trees, natives of America. The unrectified 
oil is nearly colorless and possesses a peculiar odor and taste. 
It becomes thick and dark on exposure to the air. The prop- 
erties of turpentine are stimulant and anthelmintic, diuretic 
and cathartic, antispasmodic and astringent. Applied to the 
skin, in ten minutes a vSense of burning is felt and the skin 
becomes red. In half an hour vesication revSults. If taken 



STIMULANTS. ^.. 197. 

in large amounts it causes vertigo, chill}^ sensations, etc., the 
pulse is greatly increased, the mouth becomes dry and parched, 
respiration is impeded, and death results. The urine passed 
is dark or bloody, and if the patient recovers, the nervous 
system remains very irritable. 

In small doses Turpentine produces a sensation of warmth 
in the stomach, increases the pulse-rate and gives the urine 
a violet odor. In low forms of fever small doses are used as 
a stimulant. Thus in typhoid fever, or when typhoid 
symptoms are present, it is the very best remedy known for 
this purpose. Use it when the tongue is dry and red, the 
pulse feeble, the intestinal glands ulcerated, or enlarged and 
tender, the abdomen distended, and the mind w^andering. 
Give ten drops in emulsion of Acacia every three hours. It 
is a good drug to prevent or subdue hemorrhage from the 
intestines in typhoid fever, given in ten drop doses every 
three hours. It is valuable only in atonic hemorrhage, but 
it is not the remedy when the pulse and circulation are strong. 
It is a very good anthelmintic, few^ agents being more cer- 
tain. For this purpose give it in doses of one fluid drachm 
with a tablespoonful of castor oil the first thing after getting 
up in the morning. This seldom fails. It relieves epilepsy 
when caused by the presence of worms. 

As a local application Turpentine may be used as a rube- 
facient or counter-irritant. It is also very effective in puer- 
peral peritonitis. Take a flannel cloth large enough to cover 
the abdomen, dip it in hot water, wring it out and cover it 
with Turpentine and apply it to the abdomen. Change it 
every two or three hours. In congestion of the internal 
organs use it in the same way or with equal parts of sweet 
oil, rubbing it on \\dth the hand. 

Turpentine is also employed for its influence on the urinary 
organs, it being a certain diuretic. It stimulates the kidneys 
very powerfully, and, if given in large doses, arrests their 



198 STIMULANTS. 

function, but in small doses it is perfectly admissible. Use it 
in atonic conditions of these organs when they are inactive 
and imperfectly performing their functions. Dose, ten to fif- 
teen drops every three hours. It nia)^ be given with advan_ 
tage in the second stage of gonorrhoea. With sulphuric 
ether it is very useful in the treatment of biliary calculi. Use 
equal amounts and give a teaspoonful every morning before 
eating. Turpentine is a good application to burning chil- 
blains and some suppurative diseases of the auditory canal. 
Apply it to chilblains only when the skin is not broken. 
Rubbed upon neuralgic or rheumatic parts it stimulates and 
relieves pain. 

When taken in small amounts the kidneys eliminate this 
oil, but in large amounts it is eliminated by the bowels. Tur- 
pentine is contra-indicated in all active inflammatory con- 
ditions of the urinary organs. 

The following forms a very good liniment: 

R. Olive Oil, 
Laudanum, 
Camphor, 
Turpentine, aa. q. s. for the desired amount. 



PHOSPHORUS, Phosphorus. 

Description. A semi-transparent solid, as usually found 
in commerce, perfectly colorless when pure, and possessing a 
peculiar, disagreeable, alliaceous odor. It usually occurs in 
cylindrical, flexible sticks, which exhibit, when cut, a wax- 
like lustre. Exposed to the air it gives off white fumes, 
which are luminous in the dark, and possess the garlicky 
odor in marked degree. It has a peculiar and characteristic 
taste, but should never be tasted except in a greatly diluted 
state. It is practically insoluble in water, in which fluid it 
is always kept. It is ver}^ soluble in chloroform and carbon 
disulphide, but is extremely liable to take fire when dissolved 



STIMULANTS. 199 

in the latter. Absolute alcohol (350), boiling absolute alco- 
hol (240), absolute ether (80), and the fatty oils (about 50) 
dissolve it. 

This element was discovered by Brandt, of Europe, in 
1669. It is obtained from the ashes of bones burned in the 
open air, and to which sulphuric acid, water, and charcoal 
are added. In the human body it is found in the bones and 
brain. In preserving it, it must be kept in tightly stoppered 
bottles in cold water and in a dark place. 

The best preparation to use is specific Phosphorus, though 
several preparations are on the market. If it is desired in 
large doses it may be given in capsules, otherwise use the 
foregoing or a tincture. A good tincture is made by macerat- 
ing fifteen grains of Phosphorus in one ounce of strong alco- 
hol. lyCt it macerate thirty days with occasional agitation. 
This makes a saturated tincture, though all the Phosphorus 
is not taken up by the alcohol. This preparation and the 
first and second decimal dilutions are all very good prepara- 
tions. Small doses do the most good. 

Very large amounts of Phosphorus produce violent inflam- 
mation of the stomach and intestines, pain, vomiting, and 
death. In case of Phosphorus poisoning give an emetic of 
sulphate of copper in doses of three grains every five minutes. 
It acts both as an emetic and an antidote, forming phosphide 
of copper. Also give copious draughts of water with mag- 
nesia. Turpentine also forms a partial antidote. 

Phosphorus is a powerful general -stimulant and nerve 
tonic, and is useful in diseases attended with great prostra- 
tion of vital power. It bears the same relation to the nerv- 
ous system that iron does to the blood. It is a good stimulant 
to the venereal organs, strengthening sexual appetite and 
curing sexual weakness. In the treatment of diseases from 
sexual abuse, as in involuntar\^ seminal emissions with 
marked atony and morbid irritability, it is the very best 



200 " STIMULANTS. 

remedy known. It is good in chronic nephritis and all 
atonic and irritable conditions of the kidneys and bladder, 
when the urine is milky. Use of the first decimal dilution 
from ten to thirty drops added to four ounces of w^ater. Tea- 
spoonful every three hours. It is used for its influence on 
the urinary and reproductive apparatus to relieve vesical and 
prostatic irritation. 

Use Phosphorus as a nerve stimulant. In some cases of 
nervous derangement its influence is remarkable. In cer- 
tain cases of rheumatism it is a very good drug, but gener- 
ally it is not the remedy for this complaint. It is adapted to 
those cases in which there is great debility of the nervous 
system, attended with great pain, which suddenly subsides, 
producing rheumatic headache. Use of the second dilution 
from ten to twenty drops in four ounces of water. Dose, a 
teaspoonful every three hours. Phosphorus is invaluable in 
certain respiratory disorders. It gives good results in pneu- 
monia. In the first stage it is not so useful as Aconite, nor 
does it act as well as Bryonia in the second stage, but in the 
third stage it is a very good agent. Use as above directed. 
In typhoid pneumonia, the more alarming the disease and 
the weaker the patient, the more strongly is Phosphorus in- 
dicated. It is a good agent in chronic pneumonia with 
secretion of mucus, pus, and blood, and when the patient is 
threatened with phthisis. 

If properly used in such cases, it may save many lives. 
Administer either phosphorus or the hypophosphites. In 
chronic bronchitis, with bloody and mucous expectoration, 
it may be used with great advantage. In* chronic laryngitis, 
with great dryness of and sensation of heat in the throat, and 
great depression of strength, it gives good results. Use it as 
a vital stimulant in low forms of fever, with muttering delir- 
ium, and loss of consciousness, attended with involuntary 
alvine and urinary discharges. Here give teaspoonful doses 



STIMULANTS. 201 

of a mixture of three or four drops of the specific preparation 
in four ounces of water. 

R. Sp. Phosphorus, gtt. x. 
Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful three or four times a day. 

It has a marked influence on the glandular system. For 
the condition producing enlarged glands it is a good altera- 
tive. Use it in scald-head, fistula, carious bones, etc., in 
scrofulous subjects. It is a very good drug in some bowel 
troubles, especially if the patient is scrofulous. Chronic 
diarrhoea, in scrofulous or phthisical patients, is greatly ben- 
efited by it. Associated with iron as an emmenagogue in 
chlorosis, it acts well in scrofulous females. It is a good con- 
stitutional remedy in nasal catarrh. Use it in the diarrhoea of 
phthisis when other medicines are unavailing. Employed in 
the scrofulous types of eye diseases, such as chronic conjunc- 
tivitis, and in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and leucorrhoea, 
of the same class of patients, good results may follow the ex- 
hibition of phosphorus. 

In fatty degeneration of any organ Phosphorus is the best 
remedy known, although like every other remedy it will 
sometimes fail to cure. Prominent among these are degen- 
erations of the heart, brain, and spinal cord. In fatty de- 
generation of the liver, with a bloodless, waxy appearance of 
the face, it is the very best remedy. It is of great utility in 
malignant jaundice, with great prostration and delirium. 
In paralytic conditions of the system much may be expected 
from its use. When the trouble depends on a functional de- 
rangement of the spinal cord this is better than Strychnine. 
In many troubles of a nervous character, attended with pain, 
this is the remedy. Give one-sixtieth grain twice a day. 
Thus we use it in long-standing cases of neuralgia, which 
have long resisted treatment, though it sometimes fails. It is, 
as a rule, a good remedy in epilepsy. Use it when there is 



202 STIMULANTS. 

great nervous exhaustion, and especially when it depends 
upon sexual abuse. For this condition it is the best single 
remedy with which we are acquainted. Take from twenty 
to thirty drops of the tincture in four ounces of water, giv- 
ing a teaspoonful every three hours. It is a good drug for 
muscular weakness, as in children that are slow in learning 
to walk. Give minute doses of the ix dilution; if anaemic, 
associate it with some form of iron. 

Churchill says: "Tuberculosis results from a la^ck of 
Phosphorus in the blood, and this remedy is a specific in that 
disease." Whether this be true or not it certainly is a very 
good remedy for this condition. Use the syrup of lactophos- 
phate of calcium. It is the best preparation to employ in 
this disease. Of this use one drachm three times a day. 

Iron and hypophosphite of calcium are also very good 
agents. The latter is soluble in six times its weight of cold 
water. Give doses of from three to five grains three times a 
day. 



MYRICA. Bayberry Bark. 

Synonyms. — Wax Myrtle, Candleberry, Waxberry. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of Myrica cerifera, Linne; 
Nat. Ord., Myricacece. North America. 

This is a native shrub, growing from one to two feet high. Its 
bark is gray and when chewed excites the secretions of the 
salivary glands. Its leaves are aromatic and astringent. It 
grows from Canada to Florida. We use a tincture of the re- 
cent bark of the root. Use eight ounces of the root bark to 
sixteen ounces of 70 per cent, alcohol. Dose from five to 
twenty drops. 

This drug is a general stimulant, but it is also a specific 
stnnulant to all mucous surfaces. As such it is used in atonic 
conditions of these membranes with increased secretion. Give 
small doses. In large doses it is emetic. It is a good remedy 



STi:\:uLANTs. 203 

in atonic diarrhoea and dj^senter}^, with great feebleness of 
the circulation, but should not be used in acute cases. 

Bayberry is of value in atony of the cutaneous vessels. 
For atonic leucorrhoea and amenorrhoea it is one of our very 
best constitutional remedies. For this purpose a weak in- 
fusion may be used as an injection, and the tincture adminis- 
tered internally. 

In scarlet fever Bayberry is a good general stimulant. As 
a topical application to the throat in this disorder, especially 
in the latter stages, when the tissues are much swollen and 
enfeebled, it acts both as a stimulant and antiseptic. For 
sore mouth and soft, flabby, bleeding gums it makes a good 
application. Old ulcers are improved by its use. Use it as 
a wash, or with powdered elm as a poultice. It is a favorite 
remedy among botanic physicians. 



HEDEOMA, Pennyroyal. 

Botanical Origin. — The tops and leaves oi .Hedeoma 
pulegoides, (lyinne) Persoon; Nat. Ord., Labiates. Common 
in dry situations in the United States. 

This herb is stimulant, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. 
It may be profitably used much more than it now is. Em- 
ploy a tincture or the infusion. Make a tincture by using 
eight ounces of the green leaves to one pint of dilute alcohol. 
Dose, a teaspoonful. 

When thus used Pennyro3^al is very eificient to restore the 
cutaneous function, suppression of menses, etc., when due to 
colds. Use for this purpose one-half drachm in warm water 
every three hours. Its influence is less stimulant than tonic, 
and the infusion is less stimulant than the tincture. In 
fevers and rheumatic affections when the tincture is too irri- 
tating use the infusion. 

When it has fully acted on the secretions in these com- 
plaints the circulation improves and the pain is relieved. In 



204 STlMUr.ANTS. 

the suppression of lochia a teaspoonful of the tincture in hot 
water is efficient in restoring it. Give this dose every hour 
or two. If the infusion is used, and it should be used where 
there is much febrile excitation, the tincture being too stim- 
ulating, give wineglassful doses. It is a good topical appli- 
cation in rheumatism. Oil of Hedeoma and alcohol, equal 
parts, applied with gentle friction over the part affected, give 
great relief. 



ASARUM. Wild Ginger. 

Synonyms. — Cajiada Siiakeroot, False Coif s-foot^ Broad- 
leaved Asarabacca, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Asarum canadense, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord. , Aristolochiacece. Grows in the rich soil 
of woodlands throughout North America as far south as 
North Carolina, 

This is a native plant found growing in shady places. The 
rhizome is the part used. Its odor is aromatic, and its taste 
bitter. Its properties are stimulant, carminative, emmena- 
gogue, and diaphoretic. It was highly esteemed by the In- 
dians as a parturient and as an abortive. It is a good stim- 
ulating diaphoretic, and resembles Serpentaria in its action, 
giving force to the circulation, and restoring the functions of 
the skin. 

Asarum is useful in atonic dysmenorrhoea and flatulent 
colic. It is a good parturient when the uterus is feeble. It 
should not be administered in early pregnancy, as it might 
cause abortion. In low forms of fever, it proves a good tonic 
and stimulant. Dose of the tincture, from one to two 
drachms. (Tincture made from two ounces of root to one 
pint of dilute alcohol. ) Of the infusion give a wineglassful 
made of the strength of one ounce of the drug to one pint of 
water. This drug is contra-indicated in active inflammatory 
states. 



STIMULANTS. 205 

RHUS, Poison Ivy. 

Botanical Origin. — The fresh leaves of J^/ius radicans, 
lyinne. (This species and R. toxicodendron are now regard- 
ed as identical. ) Nat. Ord., Anacardiecs. North America, 
west to the Rockies and south to Texas. 

Specific Rhus. — This preparation is made of fresh, un- 
dried Rhus toxicodendron leaves, gathered when mature, 
and at once manipulated. It is very concentrated, and must 
be used with caution. The acrid, poisonous constituents are 
volatile, and the vapor of the specific is irritating to some 
persons. Specific Rhus, when fresh, has a deep-green color, 
which gradually changes to brownish or yellowish green. It 
should be made fresh each season. 

This is a native shrub growing in woods and shady places. 
Its leaves are alternate, and made up of three leaflets, two to 
four inches long. Its flowers are small, greenish white, and 
its fruit a green berry. It is found as a climbing vine, and 
is known as Rhus radicans, and as a low shrub-like plant 
when it is known as Rhus Toxicodendron, though botanists 
think the two merely varieties of the same species. Its ac- 
tive principle resides in the leaves and branches. When they 
are broken a yellow- white juice exudes, which turns black in 
the air. It emits its poison in the air around it when broken, 
or the poison may be so intense as to impregnate the air with- 
out the plant being broken. The poisonous principle is Toxi- 
codendric acid' Cows and goats eat the leaves with impu- 
nity, but it is poisonous to dogs. In man, if large amounts 
be taken, it is an acro-narcotic poison, but in small doses it 
is a general stimulant. 

It has a very decided action on the skin and urinar}^ or- 
gans, greatly increasing their functions. Its poisonous 
action on the skin may be produced by its internal adminis- 
tration. Contact with the skin is sufficient to poison some 
persons, while others are not at all affected by it. Its 



206 . STIMUI.ANTS. 

effluvia is more intense when mixed with dew or other 
moisture, and many are poisoned by this means. When its 
poisonous action resuks it is manifested by a sense of itching, 
increased redness and inflammation of the skin. In some 
the eruption is excessive, and again it occurs in patches. 
Small vesicles appear and increase in size, being filled by a 
watery fluid. This sometimes becomes yellow like pus. 
After maturation of the vesicles they rupture, and a yellow 
scab is formed. The itching generally ceases when the 
vesicle ruptures. During its progress the arterial system is 
affected, there is an increased pulse, white tongue, burning 
and itching, intense headache, and even delirium. In some 
individuals the poison reproduces itself from month to month 
and from year to year, even though persons be far from the 
presence of the plant. 

This is a very valuable remedy when indicated. For most 
troubles we prefer a Ix dilution of the vSpecific Rhus. Many 
brain troubles are benefited by it. In cerebral irritation, 
when the face presents a pinched appearance about the eyes, 
and pulse is sharp and frequent, and, if in a child, it awakens 
suddenly from sleep with a sharp cry, Rhus is the remedy. 
For pain in the forehead, burning in the eyes or surface of 
the skin, with sharp pulse, and papillae prominent on the tip 
of the tongue, give Rhus, no matter what the name of the 
disease may be. It is indicated by a frequent, small, sharp 
pulse, red mucous membranes, sordes on the teeth, tympani- 
tic abdomen, and acrid discharges from the bowels and blad- 
der. Thus it is a very good remedy in some cases of typhoid 
fever. It is frequently indicated in other diseases with 
typhoid symptoms. It is also indicated in many cases of 
inflammation with bright redness and tumidity of the tissues, 
as in erysipelas, especially of the face, and in very young 
children. When the indications as given above are present, 
it is an absolute specific. In many inflammations, attended 
with an ichorous discharge, it is a very good remedy. 



STIMULANTS. 207 

In the treatment of old ulcers, with indurated, glistening 
edges, administer Rhus. In these cases the tissues seem to 
melt away without sloughing. In carbuncle, as constitutional 
treatment, it seems to be very effectual. Rhus influences 
the glandular system. It may be employed for the cure of 
the tumid, red, and glistening swellings of syphilis. Here 
it will seldom disappoint. Few remedies are better than this 
when we have swelling of the submaxillary gland, especially 
where the induration is very hard. It is of service in 
mumps. It is a good agent in scrofula and scrofulous oph- 
thalmia, with inflammation of the lids, burning and increased 
lachrymal secretion, with sensation as of sand in the eye. 

R. Specific Rhus, gtt. x. 

Aqua, fl 5iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every hour in acute 

cases; three or four times a day in chronic 

cases. 
Rhus is of much value in low forms of fever, and in 
typhoid pneumonia, with red, glazed tongue and bad smell- 
ing expectoration of blood and pus. Rhus may be given in 
small-pox, with foul discharges and livid color of the skin ; 
and in scarlatina and measles, with great depression of the 
vital powers. In purpura hemorrhagica, with iron, it is very 
efficient. Use it in the various forms of herpes, w^hen there 
is burning and exudation of serous fluid, with itching. It 
is very efficient in these cases. It is a better remedy in acute 
inflammations of the skin than Aconite. In some cases of 
rheumatism it is the remedy. When the patient suffers 
most when at rest and when the body is warm, use Rhus, 
but if the patient suffers most when in motion, Bryonia is bet- 
ter. It is more useful in acute than chronic cases. It is 
also valuable in rheumatic paralysis. For the after-effects 
of rheumatism, such as stiff joints, useless and partially para- 
lyzed limbs, it may be given with confidence. Toothache, 



208 



STIMUI.ANTS. 



aggravated by warmth, or by warm fluids in the mouth, and 
associated with rheumatism, is cured by Rhus. Use the 
first decimal solution of the specific medicine. Of this use 
the following: 

R. Rhus, Ix, gtt. X. toflsj. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour or two in acute 

cases. In chronic cases give it twice a day. 



ARNICA FLORBS. Arnica Flowers, 

Synonym. — Leopard' s Ba?ie. 

Botanical Origin. — The flower-heads of Arnica mon- 
tana, lyinne; Nat. Ord., CompositcB. Mountains of Siberia 
and Europe, and mountainous districts of the northern sec- 
tions of this country west of the Mississippi River. 

Specific Arnica. — This preparation has a yellowish- 
green color, and is a very fine representation of the flowers. 
It possesses the fragrant odor of Arnica and imparts the 
flavor of Arnica to water. It is too concentrated to be used 
without dilution, either with water or diluted alcohol. 

This is a perennial herbaceous plant, a native of Northern 
Europe. Its flowers appear in August, on the stalk, which 
is one foot high, and they are of a bright golden-yellow color. 
They are aromatic and possess an acrid, nauseous taste. The 
tincture is prepared from the flowers. 

Arnica is a stimulant nervine and diaphoretic, and in large 
doses an acro-narcotic poison. It is a specific stimulant to 
the spinal nervous system. It is very good in diseases w^here 
there is a lack of ability to control the urine and faeces, its 
eflFects being produced very rapidly. Give it in doses of a 
fraction of a drop to five drops. It often renders good ser- 
vice in anaemia, when no inflammatory symptoms are pres- 
ent, and when associated with weak pulse and feeble circula- 



STIMULANTS. 209 

tion, attended with general debility, and especially if attended 
mth diarrhoea or dropsy. For this use a weak dilution. 
Prepare a tincture as follows: 

R. Arnica Flowers, lij. 
Dilute Alcohol, Oj. 

Macerate two weeks and filter, add enough alco- 
hol to make one pint. Dose, one to ten 
drops. 

Arnica is very much like phosphorus in its eifects, and is 
a good drug in sexual debility from sexual abuse, and in 
paralytic conditions, as paralysis of the bladder, with no act- 
ive inflammation, and especially when occuring in old per- 
sons. 

Arnica is the best known remedy for paralysis of the optic 
nerve, generally called amaurosis. It is valuable in low forms 
of such diseases as typhoid fever, typhus fever, diarrhoea, 
d^^sentery, etc. In typhoid pneumonia, with dry tongue 
covered with foul mucus, great depression, and low, mutter- 
ing delirium, it is a very good agent, when there is alarming 
depression and difficult respiration. Give it with an infusion 
or syrup of Senega — a teaspoonful of the latter and two or 
three drops of Arnica. This makes a good expectorant and 
vital stimulant. It is indicated generally in typhoid states. 
In doses of two or three drops every fifteen minutes it cures 
some cases of nervous headache. It is adapted to those cases 
in which there is marked deprCvSsion and debility. 

Arnica is a remedy for hectic fever, with colliquative 
sweating or diarrhoea. Few remedies are more reliable for 
relieving pain and muscular soreness from strains, over- 
exertion, etc. Give small doses of it internally and apply a 
weak solution of it externally. It is a good drug in gout and 
rheumatism, when the pulse is very slow and weak, and the 
skin cold. It increases nerve force, arouses the circulation, 
and increases the action of the excretory organs. 



210 STIMULANTS. 

As an external application Arnica is very valuable, but it 
should not be used in full strength, or it may induce erysip- 
elas through its irritant action, in patients with tender skins. 
The infusion is best for this purpose, and if properly used no 
danger attends its employment ; or specific Arnica, one part 
to five of water, may be used. Apply this to contusions, 
iVuises, cuts, lacerations, etc.\ and give small doses internally 
also. Make the infusion of the strength of one-half ounce of 
the flowers to one pint of hot water. Dose of this, from ten 
to thirty drops. The dose of the specific medicine ranges 
from a fraction of a drop to five drops. Never employ large 
doses of Arnica in any form. 



MYRRH a: Myrrh. 

Botanical Origin. — The gum-resin obtained from Cotn- 
f7iiphora (^Balsamodendron) Myrrha, (Nees) Bngler; Nat. 
Ord., BurseracecB. East Africa and Southwest Arabia. 

This agent has been used since the earliest history of medi- 
cine, and was brought as an offering to the infant Jesus. It 
is a gum-resinous exudation obtained from a tree, a native of 
Africa and Arabia. Its properties are stimulant, expectorant, 
emmenagogue, and diaphoretic. It may be given in doses of 
from ten to twenty grains. It is stimulant to the digestive 
organs, increasing the digestive power of the stomach and 
the desire for food. In large doses it causes heat and burn- 
ing in the stomach, and produces profuse diaphoresis and 
great prostration. It has the property of diminishing dis- 
charges from the mucous membranes, especially of the 
respiratory and urinary passages. As an expectorant it is a 
very good remedy. It acts best when combined with other 
agents. By using it with other remedies, such as squill, 
their action is increased, and a result is obtained that can 
not be brought about by either administered alone. As such 
it is very useful in chronic affections of the respiratory or- 



STIMUI.ANTS. 211 

gans, as chronic bronchitis, with exhausting and unheaUhy 
secretions and relaxed mucous tissues, without great arterial 
excitement or fever. For this use the following: 

R. Syr. Prunus Vir., 

Syr. Senega, aa. flsij- 

Comp. Tr. Myrrh and Capsicum (No. 6.), fl 3 ij. M. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 

This is one of the best stimulative tonics and alterative 
expectorants in use. It lessens the cough and expectora- 
tion, reduces the mucous secretion, has a kindly action on 
the stomach, and sustains the strength of the patient. It is a 
very good form of administration in asthma, especially in old 
people. It prevents the exhaustion consequent from profuse 
expectoration. In this case use it as above directed. 

Myrrh, though not very efficient as an emmenagogue when 
used alone, when employed with other remedies, as iron, 
Aloes, etc. , increases their action and gives to the combina- 
tion powers not possessed by any of the ingredients used 
separately. In amenorrhoea use the following: 

R. Powd. Myrrh, grs. xxx. 

Aloes, grs. x. 

Macrotin (or Cimicifugin), grs. x. 
Make twenty pills. 
Sig. — Give one or two pills three times a day. 

This pill is especially useful if constipation accompanies 
the uterine torpor. 

Myrrh is a good remedy in atonic dyspepsia, with flat- 
ulence and frequent mucous evacuations from the bowels. 
Give it with some of the simple bitters, as Myrrh and 
Gentian, equal parts, in doses of from five to twenty drops. 
If nervous symptoms are prominent add Valerian so as to 
give equal parts of the three. 

Myrrh may be exhibited with advantage in pulmonary 
catarrh, with excessive mucous secretions. It is a good agent 



212 STIMUI.ANTS. 

in chronic mucous flux from the digestive or urinary organs, 
employed alone or with some astringent. 

Myrrh is valued internally and externally as a local applica- 
tion. It is a powerful deodorant and has no bad odor in it- 
self. It is good for dressing wounds that are slow in healing, 
or those with granulations imperfect. It stimulates the growth 
of the granulations and changes the disagreeable character of 
the pus. In these cases the bowels and stomach are w^eak, and 
Myrrh is good to sustain their proper tone. In many con- 
ditions of sore throat and mouth, as swelling of the gums, 
apthous sore mouth, bad breath in dyspepsia and scorbutus, 
it acts as a topical stimulant and excellent deodorant. Use 
two drachms to four ounces of w^ater, as a wash or gar- 
gle. This is also a good application for malignant sore 
throat, etc, Dose of powdered Myrrh, from five to ten grs. ; 
of the tincture, from twenty drops to one drachm ; of spe- 
cific myrrh, from five to thirty drops. 



CAPSICUM, Cayenne Pepper, 

Synonyms. — African Pepper, Bird Pepper, Pod Pepper. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The dried ripe fruit of Capsicimi 
fastigiatum, Blume ; Nat. Ord., Solaiiacecs. Thought to be 
indigenous to tropical America, and now cultivated through- 
out the tropics. 

This is an annual plant, a native of the West Indies, but 
it is grown in the United States and Europe. Its fruit is a 
pod of red or dark orange color. It is a pure stimulant, car- 
minative, and rubefacient. In large doses, as a teaspoonful 
of the powder, it acts as^a pungent, acrid stimulant, and pro- 
duces a sensation of heat, burning, and loca) irritation. In 
proper doses it is a powerful stimulant, arousing sensiblity 
and promoting secretion. The vascular excitement attending 
its use does not correspond with its local action, as it quick- 
ens the pulse but little or not at all. 



STIMULANT^. 213 

Capsicum improves the appetite and digestive power, hence 
it is a good remedy in atonic dyspepsia, and may be sprink- 
led on the food as a condiment, though other agents are bet- 
ter. It is a good stimulant in many paralytic conditions of 
the system when there is great torpor of the nervous system 
and the digestive organs, without organic change. Use it in 
flatulence from indigestion in doses of from five to ten grains. 
This causes the bowels to contract and expel the wind. 

Capscium is a very good drug in atonic conditions of the 
upper part of the throat. Man 3^ cases of hoarseness may be 
cured by it, especially from atony of the vocal cords. It is 
a ver}^ good remedy in some cases of haemorrhoids, with a 
lax habit of body and torpor with constipation. These are 
cases in which aloes are useful, but do not give capsicum in 
recent cases, or w^here there is marked burning sensation in 
the rectum. 

R Capsicum, gr. ij. 

Aloes, gr. %. M. Make one pill. 

In malignant intermittent fever Capsicum is a very impor- 
tant remed}^, sometimes being as effective as quinine. Use 
it in doses of ten to thirty grains with quinine. It is valua- 
ble in tonsillitis if employed early. Gargle the throat with 
an infusion, and in many cases it w411 abort the inflammation. 
If it does not abort the disease, do not give it again until the 
active inflammation is subdued, and then administer it as a 
stimulant and tonic to the mucous surfaces. Low or inac- 
tive inflammatory fever, with a relaxed condition of the tis- 
sues and blood-vessels, is benefited by it. It is very valuable 
in the atonic dyspepsia of drunkards. Use it with Rhubarb 
in doses of five grains each. 

It is useful as a gargle, or applied wdth a swab, in the sore 
throat of scarlet fever. It is very valuable in delirium tre- 
mens, being one of the YQ.ry best agents in the materia med- 
ica for this condition. Give it in doses of from ten to twenty 



214 



STIMUI.ANTS. 



grains every three hours. A very good preparation is the 
following : 

R. Myrrh, gij. 
Capsicum, § ss. 
Dilute Alcohol, Oij. M. 
Sig. — Dose, from two drops to one drachm. 

This preparation is known as the Compound Tincture of 
Myrrh, or No. 6, of the Thomsonians, and is a very powerful 
diffusible stimulant — much more so than Capsicum alone. 
This is a very good form of administration for cramps in the 
stomach and bowels, and to arrest diarrhoea. In the collapse 
stage of cholera it renders great service, applied externally 
and administered internally. 

Use the following preparation whenever the craving for 
alcoholic drink becomes severe : 

R. Comp. Tincture of Myrrh, ^j. 
Specific Nux Nomica, 5 ss. M. 

Let the patient have twenty drops in water. This relieves 
the gnawing and irritation of the stomach. 

Capsicum acts as a local stimulant when sprinkled upon 
indolent ulcers. An alcoholic preparation of it applied with 
friction gives relief in some forms of rheumatism, as lum- 
bago, etc. A Capsicum plaster may be used like one of mus- 
tard. The dose of Capsicum ranges from ten to forty grains. 



AMMON/I CARBONAS, Ammonium Carbonate. 

Synonyms. — Sa/ Volatile^ Ammonium Sesquicarbonate, 
Harts hor?i. 

Dkscription. — This salt is not a definite compound, but 
a mixture of acid carbonate of ammonium and carbamate of 
ammonium. It occurs in crystalline translucent lumps, hav- 
ing a strong, pungent odor of ammonia, and an alkalme re- 
action. On exposure to air it loses ammonia and carbon 
dioxide, and leaves an opaque, porous lump (of acid car bo- 



STIMULANTS. 215 

nate or bicarbonate), which, as a stimulant, is vaUieless. It 
has a sharp and saHne taste. Cold water (5) slowly dissolves 
it. Alcohol dissolves the active constituent (carbamate of 
ammonium). This salt should be kept in a well closed con- 
tainer, and only the strongly ammoniacal, translucent pieces 
should be used, and the white and light porous lumps re- 
jected. Hot water decomposes ammonium carbonate. 

Boiling water and alcohol decompose this salt with the evo- 
lution of carbonic acid gas ; the alcohol retains the stimulat- 
ing constituent. It is stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, 
and in large doses emetic. 

In broken-down constitutions, with greatly diminished 
vitality, when an antacid is needed, this is the best remed}- 
known. Give doses of five grains in a tablespoonful of 
sweetened water as necessary. It is a very good agent in 
epilepsy and hysteria, but better in hysteria than in epilepsy. 
Dose, ten to twenty grains. In epilepsy associated with hys- 
teria, the paroxysms being frequent and not fully developed, 
and the disease recent, it also gives good results. Asthenic 
conditions of the reproductive organs, as asthenic amenor- 
rhoea, dysmenorrhoea, etc., are benefited by it. Dose, five 
grains. In asthenic pneumonia and bronchitis, and in gan- 
grene of the lungs, it is a good remedy. In croup it sustains 
the strength and promotes the detachment of the membranes. 
Give from two to five grains to a child. Cancrum oris is 
benefited by it ; give five grains in sweetened water every 
three hours. It is a good remedy in the eruptive diseases, 
especially when an alkali is indicated. It neutralizes undue 
acidity, increases strength, and the eruption is augmented. 
Use it also in low forms of fever, with great depression, for 
many times it is better than alcohol, especially where the 
latter acts as an irritant. 

In the latter stage of typhoid pneumonia give this remedy 
with a cold infusion of boneset. The combination makes a 



216 • S'TIMUI.ANTS. 

very good tonic and expectorant, as it lessens the pulmonary 
secretion, makes the expectoration easier, and sustains the 
patient's strength. It is a good stimulant in typhoid fever 
when alcohol is not favorably received. Here it improves 
the condition of the skin, sustains the nervous system, gives 
sleep, and produces no cerebral disturbance. When the 
brain is irritable use Ammonium Carbonate in doses of five 
grains every two or three hours. It is used as an antidote 
in cases of snake bites. Here it may well be given with 
alcoholic stimulants to sustain the patient's strength until 
the poison may be eliminated. It does not antidote the 
poison very much. It is the antidote to Digitalis, Tobacco, 
Aconite, and hydrocyanic acid. Give it internally if pos- 
sible, or hold it to the nose to be inhaled. Be very careful 
that you do no not cause enough to be inhaled to induce 
acute rhinitis. This remedy is very often used in sick head- 
ache resulting from undue acidity of the stomach. Dose, 
five grains. It also counteracts the intoxicating effects of 
alcohol. Empty the stomach and give five grains of the 
Ammonium Carb. every half hour. Use it in dyspepsia from 
undue acidity of the blood. This salt is a tonic to the nervous 
system and may be exhibited in chorea when an antacid is 
needed. It should not, in any disease, be administered for 
any great length of time. 

If Carbonate of Ammonium be swallowed in poisonous 
doses give diluted acids, as vinegar or lemon juice, as, 
antidotes. 



STAPHISAGRIA. Stavesacre. 

Botanical, Origin. — The seeds of Delphi7iium Staphi- 
sagria, lyinne; Nat. Ox^., Ranimculacecs. Indigenous to the 
Mediterranean section of Europe. 

AcTivK Principle. — Delp/miine. 

Staphisagria Specific has a greenish-yellow color and 



STIMULANTS. 217 

a greasy feeling if rubbed between the fingers. When drop- 
ped into water the resuU is milky, and, if the Staphisagria 
be in large amount, globules of oil separate. 

This is a small plant, one or two feet high, of the order of 
Ranunculaceae, bearing blue flowers. (Our garden lyark- 
vSpur is a related species. ) 

Staphisagria is an emeto-cathartic. In doses of from three 
to five grains it has been used as a vermifuge. The tincture 
is made from the seed after the fixed oil has been removed. 

This is the remedy for chronic inflammation and atony of 
the genito-urinary apparatus. It should be used for irrita- 
tion of the testes or prostate and urethra. Add ten to thirty 
drops of specific Staphisagria to four fluid ounces of water 
and give a teaspoonful every three hours, or less, as may be 
necessary. Used in this way it is a good remedy for pros- 
tatorrhoea. 

It gives relief in some diseases of the eye, as ophthalmia. 
It relieves the irritation and itching. It is also of service in 
amaurotic conditions of the eye. When black spots appear 
before the eyes in reading Staphisagria may be given. When 
the eyes are glued together in the morning, or in scrofulous 
affections of the eye, it may be used with benefit. 

It has a marked influence on the nervous system and some- 
times relieves neuralgia of the facial or superficial nerves of 
the neck. Many female troubles are relieved by it. It is a 
good agent in amenorrhoea and in some cases of dysmenor- 
rhoea, as when the menses come at greatly prolonged inter- 
vals, and are unduly prolonged in period. Hysteria from 
chronic irritation of the uterus is radically cured by its use. 
It relieves chronic irritation and catarrh of the bladder. In 
most chronic cases the following prescription is proper: 

R. Specific Staphisagria, gtt. x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Dose, teaspoonful four or five times a day. 



218 • STiMUI.AN'rs. 

It is of great value in cases of nocturnal emissions, if the 
patient is nervous and anaemic. If plethoric give bromide of 
potassium. It lessens the vomiting of pregnant women. It 
IS also a good agent in seasickness. Staphisagria is clearly 
indicated in those conditions in which there is a sensation as 
if a drop of urine were rolHng in the urethra; a sensation of 
incomplete urethral evacuation. It is employed chiefly as a 
stimulant to the urinary tract. 



BALSA MUM PBRUVIANUM. Balsam of Peru. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — A balsamic exudation from the 
trunk of Tohiifera PereircB, (Royle) Baillon; Nat. Ord., 
LeguminoscB. Balsam Coast of San Salvador along the 
Pacific Slope. 

Peru Balsam acts as a stimulant to mucous surfaces. It is 
adapted to atonic states with free secretions. Its range of 
usefulness, therefore, will include such disorders of the re- 
spiratory tract as chronic laryngitis, and chronic bronchitis; 
such gastro-intestinal affections as gastric catarrh, intestinal 
catarrh, and chronic forms of dysentery and diarrhoea. Use 
it also in long-standing cases of cystitis and urethritis. Give 
small doses of an alcohoHc solution administered in glycerin. 



PENTHORUM. Virginia Stone=Crop. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The root of Penthorum Sddoides, 
Linne; Nat. Ord., Crassulacece. Wet situations in the 
United States. 

This remedy has a pronounced action upon mucous sur- 
faces. It relieves irritation and restores normal activity. Its 
action upon the gastric surfaces resembles that of Ipecac 
administered for its medicinal effect. The chief use for this 
agent is to allay irritation of the mucous tissues when there 



STIMULANTS. 219 

is chronic inflammation. Nasal catarrh is markedly bene- 
fited by it when used by atomization. Dr. Scudder extols it 
very highly in diseases of the pharyngeal vault, posterior 
nares, and eustachian tubes. The dose, for its specific effect, 
should be from a fraction of a drop to five drops of specific 
Penthorum. 



EUPHRASIA, Eyebright 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The herb of Euphrasia officinalis, 
lyinne; Nat. Ord,, ScrophulariacecE. United States in White 
Mountains and near I^ake Superior. 

This drug, both in infusion and poultice, exerts a good 
influence in conjunctivitis. Small doses internally adminis- 
tered seem to influence conjunctival inflammations. It is 
adapted to catarrhal conditions, and will exert a good in- 
fluence in disorders of the mucous membranes of both the 
breathing and digestive organs when of a catarrhal character. 
It seems to have an affinity for the nasal and lachrymal 
mucous membranes, and is a remedy for coryza, with thin 
discharges, especially "snuffles" in infants. It prevents un- 
pleasant eye disorders that are apt to follow in the wake of 
measles. 



OLEUM CAJUPUTI. ^ Oil of Cajuput 

Botanical Origin. — The essential oil distilled from the 
leaves of Melaleuca Leucade7idro7i, I^inne; Nat. Ord., Myr- 
tacecs. India. 

Description. — A thin, light, blue-green liquid, having a 
peculiar, penetrating odor, and a camphor-like, bitterish, 
aromatic taste. It completely dissolves in alcohol. When 
rectified it is colorless. It should be kept in a cool situation 
in well-closed bottles. 

Cajuput is a diffusible stimulant, diaphoretic, and anti- 
spasmodic. It is employed where there is great torpor of 



220 • STIMUI^ANTS. 

the system' with languid circulation. In neuralgia, with 
marked torpor, it may be used alone or in combination. Use 
it both locally and internally. 

R. Ol. Cajuput, gtt. V. 

Sugar oSS. 
One-half teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

In gout and rheumatism, and in retrocession of these dis- 
orders, the pain leaving the external muscles and attacking 
the internal organs, give the oil internally, and apply it to 
the part. The following makes a good liniment for lumbago: 

R. Ol. Turpentine, 5 iss. 

01. Cajuput, 5SS. 

01. Olive, 3 ij. M. 

Apply with gentle friction. 

In hysteria with great depression: 

R. 01. Cajuput, gtt. V. 

Tr. Valerian, gtt. xv. or xx. M. 
Sig. — Give at one dose every three hours. 

In flatulence three or four drops of this oil gives immedi- 
ate relief in some cases. A small piece of cotton saturated 
with the oil and pressed into a carious tooth often relieves 
the torturing pain. 

Cajuput is a valuable stimulant in Asiatic cholera. When 
that scourge visited Cincinnati the fpUowing preparation 
gave splendid results. 

Hunn's Lifk Drops: 

R. 01. Cajuput, 

01. Cloves, 

01. Anise, 

01. Peppermint, aa.^^]. 

Alcohol, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, from one-half to one teaspoonful every 

ten minutes in sweetened w^ater, or brandy 

and water, until reaction is estabUsed. 

Cajuput is quite permanent in its effects. 



STIMUI.ANTS. 221 

MARRUBIUM, Horehound. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The tops and leaves of Marrubium 
vidgare^ Linne; Nat. Ord., Labiatecs. Native of Kurope, 
but naturalized in this country. 

Horehound should be gathered just before it flowers. A 
tincture may be made of eight ounces of the drug and one 
pint of sixty per cent, alcohol. Dose, from eight to ten 
drops. Make an infusion of one ounce of the drug to one 
pint of boiling water. 

This agent is employed in respiratory troubles, particu- 
larly as a stimulant to the laryngeal mucous surfaces, and in 
asthma and chronic catarrh. 

It may also be employed in amenorrhoea, and is a stimulant 
and tonic to the nervous system. It has a good influence on 
the stomach, and may be used with advantage in atonic dys- 
pepsia. Make a syrup as follows: Macerate one ounce of 
the drug for two or three hours in a half pint of boiling 
water, strain and add enough water to have one-half pint of 
the infusion; add one pound of sugar. 



CAMPHORA, Camphor. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — A stearopten obtained from Cm- 
namomum Camphor a (lyinne) Nees et Kbermaier; Nat. Ord., 
LaurinecB. China and Japan. 

Camphor is stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, ano- 
dyne, expectorant, rubefacient, and narcotic. It acts prin- 
cipally upon the nervous apparatus, inducing an exhilarating 
state, and relieving pain. The mental operations are dis- 
turbed by large doses, and lassitude, giddiness, visual im- 
pairment, drowsiness, stupor, and convulsive movements 
succeed each other. In small and medicinal doses it excites 
the vascular system, heightening the temperature, and giving 
fullness to the pulse. The frequency of the latter is some- 
times increased by it. It has a strong tendency, if the body 



222 STIMUI.ANTS. 

be kept warm, to excite diaphoresis, and may be used for 
this purpose even when febrile and inflammatory action is 
high. 

lyow forms of fever, particularly typhoid and low grades 
of inflammatory diseases, having an irritable and quick 
pulse, great restlessness, and morbid watchfulness, dry skin, 
low, muttering delirium, and subsultus, are greatly benefited 
by camphor. It is highly useful in Asiatic cholera. 

Camphor enters into many mixtures for bowel disorders. 
It is often associated with pain-relieving agents, as in Di- 
aphoretic and Tully's Powders. It is useful to calm 
excitation of the nervous system, and tends to induce restful 
sleep. Irregular muscular action calls for its exhibition. It 
seems to have a controlling action over the nervous manifes- 
tations of la grippe. The ordinary dose of camphor will 
range from one to ten drops of the tincture. 



POLYGONUM, Water Pepper. 

Synonym . — Smartweed. 

BoTANiCAi^ Origin. — The whole herb of Polygomwi Hy- 
dropiperoides, Michaux ; Nat. Ord., PolygonacecE. Common 
in the United States. 

This indigenous plant yields its virtues to water and alco- 
hol. The infusion and specific Polygonum are the prepara- 
tions to use. Its chief use is as a stimulant emmenagogue. For 
this purpose it is indicated when there is great torpor of the 
uterine system. It is an excellent remedy for suppressed 
menses when the condition is due to cold. 

Epilepsy, especially where the fits are in some way con- 
nected with the menstrual suppression, has been successfully 
treated with the infusion. For asthma the infusion may be 
both inhaled and taken internally. 

Polygonum is one of the good antidotes for Rhus poisoning. 
Use it locally and internally. 



STiMULANTvS. 223 

The dose of this agent ranges as follows : Specific Polygo- 
num, two to sixty drops ; infusion one to two ounces. 



PIPER, Pepper. 

Synonym. — Black Pepper. 

Botanical Origin. — The unripe fruit of Piper Nigrum, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Piperace^E. India and Indian Archipel- 
ago, West Indies, Cochin China, etc. 

Tincture of Black Pepper is prepared with 75 per cent, 
alcohol. It is a gastric stimulant and emmenagogue. Give 
it in congestive chill, associated with quinine. Administer 
it in atonic dyspepsia, alone or in combination with other 
tonics. As an emmenagogue it acts best when combined with 
other agents, such as macrotin (cimicifugin). 



SABINA. Savine, 

Botanical Origin. — The tops of Juniperics Sabiyia, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Conifera;. Europe and Asia, near the 
Mediterranean, and also near the great lakes of the United 
States. 

This agent is a powerful stimulant, emmenagogue, and 
abortive The drug should be fresh and gathered in May. 
Both the oil and tincture are employed. The tincture may be 
prepared by taking of the tops eight ounces and one pint of 
70 per cent, alcohol. Dose one to twenty drops. The dose of 
Specific Savine is from one to ten drops; of oil of Savine, the 
same. 

Savine is decidedly stimulant both locally and constitution- 
ally. Watch its action upon the mucous surfaces. It is 
contra-indicated in active inflammation. It is not a safe drug 
to use during pregnancy except in very small doses. 

Savine is of value in diseases of the urinary tract. It is 
serviceable in atonic conditions of the kidneys. It may be 
used to relieve. chronic catarrah of the bladder and chronic 



224 STIMULANTS. 

irritation of the urethra. It must not be used in any acute 
trouble of the urinary organs. It is a powerful emmenagogue 
and may be employed in both menorrhagia and amenorrhoea 
when torpor is a marked characteristic of these disorders. 



ORIGANUM. Wild Majoram. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The herb of Origanum vulgare, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Labiates. Europe, Asia, North Africa, 
and naturalized in Eastern United States. 

This plant is found plentifully in limestone regions, and 
flowers from May to October. The entire plant is used 
medicinally. Make a tincture of eight ounces of the herb 
and one pint of sixty per cent. Alcohol. Dose, ten to thirty 
drops. The oil is used in liniments. 

Origanum is stimulant, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. 
It may be used in colds, due to suppression of secretions, 
when fever is absent. Amenorrhoea, with marked atony, is 
relieved by it. 



XANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Asli. 

Botanic Aiv Origin. — The bark and berries of Xanthoxy- 
lum Ajnericanzim^ Miller, and XantJioxylum Clava-Herculis, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Rutacece. North America. 

This agent is a pronounced stimulant. If the warm in- 
fusion be freely used it produces diaphoresis. As a stimulant 
it is very active, producing general excitement. It is 
adapted to sluggish conditions. 

Both the bark and the berries have been used in rheuma- 
tism, and as a gastric tonic and carminative. Atonic dys- 
pepsia is greatly benefited by it. It is a remedy of much 
value in atonic diarrhoea and dysentery, and in colic and 
cholera morbus. Great reliance was placed upon it in the 
treatment of Asiatic cholera, in which disease it rendered 
excellent service. When masticated Pricklv Ash bark and 



STIMULANTS. 225 

berries excite the buccal secretions, and have been emplo3^ed. 
in neuralgic and semi-paralytic states of the mouth and im- 
mediate tissues. The dose of specific Xanthoxylum ranges 
from ten drops to one drachm. 



CALENDULA. Marigold. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The florets of Calendula officinalis, 
Linne; Nat. Ord., Composites. Cultivated in gardens. 

This remedy has been used in conditions in which Arnica 
has proved beneficial localh'. A feature claimed for it is that 
it prevents the formation of pus when applied to wounds, and 
favors healing with the least possible cicatrization. It has 
been successfully applied to ordinary wounds, as a dressing 
after the removal of epithelioma, to burns, and for the relief 
of catarrhal affections with raw and tender surfaces. 

It is a perfectly safe drug, being non-poisonous, and seems 
to favor union by first intention. In the proportion of five 
drops of specific Calendula to one ounce of rosewater it has 
been used with good results in mild forms of conjunctivitis. 

Calendula is aromatic, slightly stimulant, and somewhat 
diaphoretic, when internally administered. 



SABAL. Saw Palmetto. 

Botanical Origin. — The fruit of Sadal sermlata, R. 
and S.; Nat. Ord., PalmacecB-. Barrens from North Caro- 
lina to Florida. 

Specific Sabal Ser. — This preparation possesses the 
exact aroma of the fresh berries from which it is made. It 
has a strong, ethereal, aromatic flavor, and precipitates when 
mixed with water in large amount. In small amount it pro- 
duces an opalescent mixture. If rubbed between the fingers 
a greasy sensation results, the strong odor of the berries 
remaining. 



226 • STIMUI.ANTS. 

Saw Palmetto powerfully influences the male and female 
reproductive apparatus. It improves the functions of the 
ovaries, testes, prostate gland, etc. It is a remedy for irri- 
table prostate. It is restorative in wasting conditions of the 
reproductive glandular apparatus. It increases sexual power. 

Irritation of the bladder, when due to sexual troubles, 
hypertrophied uterus, or prostate, is said to be reduced by 
this agent. Enlarged breasts are a result of its action when 
taken for a continued length of time. 

Chronic prostatic disorders, with difficulty in urinating, 
especially in old men, are relieved by this drug, and favor- 
able mention has been made of its effects in inflammatory 
conditions of the uterine appendages. The specific Saw 
Palmetto may be given in from ten to twenty drop doses. 



MOMORDICA. Balsam Apple, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The fruit of Momordica Balsamina, 
lyinne; Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacecs. Cultivated. 

The tincture of this drug is stimulant, and resembles Ar- 
nica in its action, both locally and internally. In doses of 
from one to ten drops it is a stimulant to the nervous system. 
For muscular pains give it in doses of from ten to fifteen 
drops. Apply it externally to bruises, contusions, cuts, 
lacerations, etc. 

The tincture is prepared by taking four ounces of the drug 
to eight ounces of fifty per cent, alcohol. 



ACIDVIW BENZOICUM. Benzoic Acid. 

Synonym. — Flowers of Benjamin. 

Description. — An acid distilled from gum Benzoin, or 
made artificially from toluol. This acid occurs in satiny, white 
scales or feathery groups of friable needles, having a warm 
acid taste, and a faint but pleasant Benzoin-like odor. Ex- 



STOIULAXTS, 227 

posure to light causes it to darken, therefore, keep it in 
amber bottles well-stoppered. The acid here described is 
the English Benzoic Acid, the only kind which should be 
used in medicine. That known as German Benzoic Acid, 
though equally handsome, is produced from the urine of 
herbivorous animals, and should not be used in medicine. 

Benzoic Acid is soluble sparingly in water (500), boiling 
water (15), alcohol (2), boiUng alcohol (i), ether (3), 
chloroform (7 ), and freely in oils. 

Benzoic Acid is stimulant to the mucous surfaces. It is 
very efficient in chronic cough, chronic catarrh, etc. In 
cases where the urine is constantl}^ dribbling away from irri- 
tability or want of tone this agent generally gives relief. It 
is used as a stimulant to the brain when the latter is over- 
worked. Very good results may be obtained from its use in 
obstinate cases of rheumatism and jaundice. Use it also as 
a tonic. It is one of the constituents of ' ' Paregoric. ' ' Dis- 
solve one ounce of Benzoic Acid in one pint of alcohol. Dose, 
ten to thirty drops. 



228 NARCOTICS. 



NARCOTICS. 



Agents which lessen both sensibility and nervous irritation, 
abolish the intellectual faculties, directly relieve pain, and 
produce sleep, are called narcotics. Unlike sedatives they 
first stimulate or excite the nervous and vascular apparatus, 
and afterward act as sedatives. By continuing or enlarging 
the amount given insensibility and sleep result. Attention 
is called to the fact that narcotics and sedatives have been 
included by some in the same class (see Sedatives), Some 
articles which have no narcotic power whatsoever have 
been thus classed with the narcotics, as is done when Digi- 
talis, Lycopus, Veratrum, etc., have been included. Again 
agents are classed as sedatives and never used for, nor do 
they possess, narcotic power, as Tartar Emetic, Kalmia, 
Prunus Virginiana, etc. 

Narcotics in doses insufficient to produce sleep induce a 
morbid wakefulness, and this fact should be borne in mind. 
In such cases the dose has only to be increased. 

Narcotics not only relieve pain, thus serving as aiiodjmes, 
but are also powerful antispasmodics. 

The effects of narcotics are too well known to demand ex- 
tensive consideration here. If further information is desired 
the reader is referred to larger works. The chief effects 
desired of this class of drugs are the relief of pain, the con- 
trol of vSpasm, and the induction of sleep. Some agents not 
true narcotics may give hypnotic results. 



NARCOTICS. 229 

STRAMONIUM, Stramonium. 

Synonyms. — Thornapple, J imp son Weed, Jimsoii Weed, 
Jamestown Weed, Stinkweed, Apple of Periu 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The leaves and seeds of Datura 
Stramonium^ Linne ; Nat. Ord., Solanacece. A native of 
Asia, but naturalized in most parts of the world. 

This plant is commonly known in some localities as Jimson. 
It is an annual plant, three or four feet high, with smooth 
stems, large deep green leaves and funnel-shaped flowers. 
Its fruit is a large capsule containing the seed. The whole plant 
has an unpleasant odor. It diminishes sensibility and relieves 
pain. Under its influence the pulse is not much affected but 
the pupils are dilated, the throat becomes dry, and intense 
nervous agitation ensues, amounting to delirium in some cases. 
It is not so powerful a remedy as Opium and its benumbing 
effect is not so marked, but in many cases it may be prefer- 
able to Opium, for it produces sleep by removing the cause 
of wakefulness. In poisonous doses it produces violent de- 
lirium, dryness of the throat, dilated pupils, and a scarlet 
rash resembling that of scarlet fever. But this may be 
differentiated from that disease from the fact that there is not 
the high temperature and rapid circulation of scarlet fever. 
It is a very valuable narcotic, antispasmodic, and anodyne. 
Large doses produce the opposite effect of small ones. It is a 
.good neurotic, resembling Belladonna and Hyoscyamus most 
in its action. 

Stramonium is valuable in diseases resulting from irrita- 
tion of the cerebral nerves, in derangements of the abdominal 
organs, with irritation of the sympathetic, and in vertigo 
from sour stomach. In gastric headache, nervous erethism 
and restlessness, with unsteady condition of the nervous sys- 
tem, it is a good remedy. Among the indications for its use 
great restlessness and trembling of the hands are very promi- 
nent. It is valuable in acute delirium, when the patient is 



230 NARCOTICS. 

noisy and violent, can not control his temper, and wants to 
destroy something. Give it in doses of a fraction of a drop 
to four drops. 

Stramonium is a remedy for hysterical mania. Use ten 
drops to four ounces of water and give a teaspoonful of the 
dilution every hour. It gives good results in insanity with 
epilepsy, acting by promoting a better condition of the nerv- 
ous system. In the treatment of hysterical convulsions, 
with alternate laughing and weeping, and in globus hysteri- 
cus, when a sensation as of something solid in the throat 
exists, this is an excellent remedy. Headache, flushed face, 
and irritation of the sexual organs are usually present. 

R. Specific Stramonium, gtt. x. to xv. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — A teaspoonful every fifteen minutes. 

Some cases of paralysis, following convulsions, resulting 
from strong injections, from shock, or from the suppression 
of eruptions that should appear on the surface, are benefited 
by it. The symptoms indicating it are bloating and redness 
of the face. 

Stramonium is a better remedy for some forms of cough 
than opium, as it does not restrain secretions. It is service- 
able in whooping cough. Use it when the paroxysms are 
severe, with more or less hemorrhage and vomiting. In 
bleeding from the nose or mouth this is a good remedy, as it 
is also in hemorrhage caused by fits of coughing, or spasm. 

In eruptive diseases Stramonium aids in developing the 
eruption, and, when indicated it quiets nervous irritability, 
and favors sleep. To bring out the eruption it is not equal to 
Belladonna. Use it when the face is flushed. Use it in dis- 
eases of the female organs, as dysmenorrhoea. Give from 
two to four drops every three hours. It relieves pain and 
promotes expulsion of the coagula. Use it for its influence 
on the bladder. Prepare a cataplasm of it and apply it to 



NARCOTICS. 231 

the abdomen when there are painful conditions of the 
bladder. 

Stramonium ointment rubbed on the part generally relieves 
rheumatism and hemorrhoids. Make the ointment as follows : 

R. Extract Stramonium, 5ij. 
Pulverized Opium, 5 ss. 
Vaseline, 5J- M. 

Stramonium leaves stewed in lard make a better prepara- 
tion than the extract. 

Stramonium gives speedy but only temporary relief in 
purely spasmodic asthma. Use the following: 

R. Powd. Stramonium Leaves, 5J. 

Powd. Anise Seed, 

Powd. Nit. Potas., aa. 5 ss. M. Triturate. 
Sig. — Burn a thimbleful of this under a conical 

vessel, as a funnel, and inhale the fumes. 

Or you may use an equal amount of Stramonium and sage 
and have it smoked in a pipe until slight nausea is induced. 

Stramonium is used as an antidote to the opium habit. 
For this purpose use the following: 

R. Tr. Stramonium, 5 ss. 

Tr. Cardamom, ,5 iiiss, M. 
Sig. — Begin with ten drop doses and increase as 

may be necessary. 



OPIUM. Opium. 

Botanical Origin. — The concrete juice obtained by in- 
cising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, Linne ; 
Nat. Ord. , Papaveracecs. Cultivated chiefly in Asia Minor, 
Egypt, and Japan. 

Chief Active Constituents. — Morphiyie and Codeine 
are the chief constituents, therapeutically considered. 

Description. — Opium is found in commerce in chestnut- 
brown or darker, irregular or subspherical cakes, to which 



232 NARCOTICS. 

adhere the remnants of popp}' leaves and fruits of a foreign 
plant (a species of rumexj. It may be plastic or even 
harder, has a distinctive bitter taste, and pronounced narcotic 
odor. It is inflammable. When pulverized it yields a yel- 
low-brown powder. Its virtues are imparted to water, alco- 
hol (which takes up about four-fifths of it), and dilute acids. 
Ether does not dissolve it. When assayed by the U. S. P. 
method, it must yield at least nine per cent, of crystalline 
morphine. There are several grades of Opium, as Turkey 
(Smyrna or Constantinople), Egyptian, Persiayi, East Indian^ 
European and American (experimental grades). 

MORPHINE SULPHAS, Morphine Sulphate. 

DESCRIPTION. — The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from 
Opium. On account of its greater solubility the sulphate of 
Morphine instead of Morphine itself is chiefly used by the 
doctor. It occurs in beautiful, feathery, white, needle crys- 
tals, permanent, odorless, and possessing a silk-like lustre. 
It has a very bitter taste. Soluble in cold water (21), boil- 
ing water (0.75), cold alcohol (702), and boiling alcohol 
(144). Ether scarcely dissolves it. The hydrochlorate and 
acetate of Morphine are also eligible forms. 

CODEINA, Codeine. 

Description. — An alkaloid obtained from Opium. It 
forms white, or nearly, translucent crystals, devoid of odor, 
but having a feebly bitter taste. In warm air it slightly 
effloresces. Soluble in cold water (80), boihng water (17), 
cold alcohol (3), chloroform (2), ether (30), and very read- 
ily soluble in boiling alcohol. 

Opium is the concrete juice of the Papaver somniferum, a 
species of the Poppy. The Poppy is a native of Asia, but is 
grown in Europe and the United States. In Turkey, India, 
Persia, and France it is grown extensively. It is an annual 



NARCOTICS. 233 

plant from four to six feet high with flowers white or violet 
colored ; its fruit is a capsule of spherical form, two to four 
inches in diameter, containing many seeds. Opium is ob- 
tained from the capsule as soon as the leaves fall, by incising 
the side of the pod, when the juice exudes and is collected 
as a mass. 

Opium of commerce is red or brownish, has a peculiar odor 
and a bitter, acrid taste. Its narcotic properties are chiefly 
due to the Morphine it contains, of which it should contain 
not less than nine per cent. Its properties are anodyne, nar- 
cotic, sedative, antispasmodic, soporific, and stimulant. 

All animals are not affected in the same way or degree by 
Opium. Herbiverous animals are not much affected by it. 
Thirty grains are required to kill a rabbit, and a horse may 
eat from an ounce and a half to two ounces of it without 
much damage. But if injected into these animals hypoder- 
matically it produces very marked effects. This is explained 
by the fact that their digestive fluid changes the nature of 
the drug before being absorbed. In man it produces the 
same effects, no matter which way it is given. If Opium be 
taken in doses of one and one-half grain by a healthy person, 
in half an hour a disposition to sleep comes on, accompanied 
by such a placid sensation that no noise or disturbance arrests 
his desire. The pulse becomes slightly quickened, the 
mouth becomes dry, and perspiration bathes the entire body. 
The sleep may be peaceful and lasts one or more hours. In 
doses of from one to three grains the excitement is more 
marked, the head feels full, there is burning in the ears, the 
ideas become confused, and delirium comes on, and is fol- 
lowed by exhaustion. During the latter stage the pulse be- 
comes slow and irregular, the head heavy, the feeling of 
fallness becomes less acute, and intoxication results. If 
taken in poisonous doses, after the primary excitement, there 
is very great depression, the pupils are contracted, breathing 



234 NARCOTICS. 

becomes stertorous, perspiration profuse, deglutition difficult, 
and the vessels full and muscles relaxed. 

Opium produces sleep by lessening cerebral action. There 
are two stages of its action. During the first stage the pa- 
tient is stimulated, the face is flushed, the eyes bright, and 
hyperaemia of the brain takes place. When this effect passes 
off re-action takes place, but the nervous system being ex- 
hausted, the blood stagnates and profound coma comes on, 
with stertorous breathing, and congestion of the brain fol- 
lows. Post-mortem examination reveals engorgement of the 
vascular structure with dark or black blood. In its action as 
a stimulant it produces a very marked effect on the nervous 
system ; all the nervous functions being affected, the drug 
first exalting and then depressing them. 

It also produces a very marked impression on the digestive 
organs. While it produces a desire to sleep, it also induces 
disgust for food. By the prolonged use of opium the stom- 
ach becomes accustomed to it, and cravings are produced 
when it is withheld. This results from its effect of checking 
the secretions of the mucous membrane ; therefore it dimin- 
ishes appetite, but increases thirst. It likewise arrests diges- 
tion. Hence it should not be given when the stomach is en- 
gaged in the act of digestion. If it must be given at such 
times, give it hypodermatically. Under its influence the 
bowels become constipated, and the circulation is markedly 
affected. After a full dose the heart-action becomes stronger, 
the skin turgid, and a condition of general excitement en- 
sues. After this its frequency may be reduced, but the vol- 
ume of blood may not be much changed. As its effects con- 
tinue, respiration becomes slower, the blood grows dark in 
color because it is not being aerated, and after a time this fluid 
becomes so impoverished as not to be able to support life. 

Opium has a very marked effect on the skin, being one of 
the most certain diaphoretics when not contra-indicated. But 



NARCOTICS. 235 

it diminishes the secretion of the kidneys and produces a con- 
dition of paralysis of the urinary organs, especially the blad- 
der, and may cause retention of urine. In using this remedy 
it is necessary to remember that opposite effects may be pro- 
duced by it according as it is given in large or small doses. 
In small doses, say one-fourth or one-half grain, it is stim- 
ulant and its effect is permanent . But if the dose be large 
its primary action is still stimulant and the excitement pro- 
duced is very intense and brief in duration. After this its 
secondary effects are produced. So if a stimulant influence 
is wanted give the small doses, and for its sedative effect give 
one large dose. Opium may safely be emplo^^ed when the 
pulse is soft and open, and the skin and tongue moist. It is 
contra-indicated when the skin is constricted, the eyes bright, 
the pupils contracted, and the tongue dry. It first acts as a 
cerebral stimulant and invites an increased amount of blood 
to the brain, and with this comes increased cerebral activity 
and restlessness, and this soon leads to exhaustion. After a 
time the influence ceases and the system wdll no longer re- 
spond to its stimulus. 

Stupor, slowness of the pulse and respiration, and conges- 
tion of the brain follow. Although a cerebral stimulant, it 
may act as a sedative to other organs. 

Opium contains several alkaloids, the most important of 
w^hich is Morphine; another is Narceine. 

Narceine has been recomended as a hypnotic and sedative. 
It has only one-fourth the strength of Morphine and its ac- 
tion is quite unlike that alkaloid. In large doses it purges and 
causes nausea and loss of appetite. In all its action it is a 
very uncertain drug. 

Another alkaloid is Codeine. Some claim this produces sleep 
without causing constipation nor headache. Others think it 
useless. As a narcotic it is not so good a drug as Morphine. 
But it is useful in many respiratory troubles for lessening 



'26b . NARCOTICS. 

cough and irritation of the respiratory organs. It is valua- 
ble here because it does not arrest the secietions like Mor- 
phine. It is a good hypnotic when the disease results from 
nervousness or some slight irritation of the brain. For this 
give the following: 

R. Wild Cherry, il 5 ss. 
Codeine, grs. iij. to iv. 
Simple Syrup, siijss. M. 

Another alkaloid is Narcotine. This may be given in doses 
of from one to three grains. It is an antiperiodic. As a hyp- 
notic it is apt to fail even in large doses. 

A fifth alkaloid is Papaverine. This possesses narcotic 
properties with no primary stimulant influence, and it pro- 
duces no headache. Its results are not always reliable, and 
statements concerning its action are contradictory. 

Morphine is the best alkaloid of Opium. As a cerebral 
stimulant, diaphoretic, and an anodyne and soporific, Mor- 
phine acts like Opium, though none of the alkaloids exactly 
represent the crude drug. One grain of Morphine equals six 
grains of good Opium. Morphine has advantages over 
Opium in some conditions. It is less apt to nauseate, does 
not restrain secretions so much, and is less stimulating to the 
circulation than Opium. 

The salts of Morphine generally employed are the sul- 
phate, hydrochlorate, and acetate, being each of equal 
strength. When speaking of Morphine in this connection 
the sulphate will be understood unless otherwise specified. 
Morphine is not alwa^'S the best preparation to use. In 
diarrhoea, for restraming excessive discharges, or as a stim- 
ulant m low forms of fever, Opium is to be preferred. In 
using Opium or Morphine great care is necessary, as in deter- 
mming the amount of either proper to be administered, the 
condition of the patient, the severity of the pain, or the con- 
dition of the nervous system must be considered. As an 



NARCOTICS. 237 

anodyne and soporific, under ordinary circumstances, the 
commencing dose of Opium is one grain, and more than two 
grains should never be given at first until the action of the 
drug on the patient is discovered. Less than one-half grain 
is stimulant and produces no tendency to sleep. If the 
patient were suffering from loss of sleep from cerebral anae- 
mia, then this dose would promote sleep. As a stimulant in 
low forms of fever Opium must be given in doses of one- 
fourth grain every two to four hours. When the patient is 
suffering from exhaustive discharges, and both a stimulant 
and astringent is needed, Opium may be used. As a rule, 
the dose of Opium may be repeated safely in an hour, pro- 
vided the drug be given in a soluble condition. If an old, 
dry, hard Opium pill be given it may be several hours before 
it is absorbed, and a dose repeated under these conditions 
might produce harm. 

Opium forms an element of several preparations, some of 
which, with their relative strength, are here given. A ver}' 
common one is Laudanum. A teaspoonful of Laudanum 
contains sixty mimins or about one hundred and twenty 
drops, and 10.5 minims or about twenty drops equal a grain 
of Opium, or the usual dose of the latter, hence a teaspoon- 
ful of Laudanum contains nearly six grains of pure Opium. 
The deodorized tincture of Opium has the same strength as 
Laudanum, and it may be substituted for Laudanum when 
the latter disagrees with the stomach. 

Paregoric contains about one-fourth grain of Opium in a 
teaspoonful. Hence a tablespoonful may be given at a dose 
to obtain the effects of one grain of Opium. Dover's Powder 
contains one grain of Opium in ten grains of the mixture. 

Owing to the controlling influence of Opium over pain if 
is used more than an}^ other remedy for this effect. Mai- 
dreads pain, and when suffering will resort to any means for 
relief. Pain should be relieved by removing the cause; but 



238 • NARCOTICS. 

when conditions are such that this can not be done then give 
some remedy to reheve the suffering of the patient. Opium 
offers the very best remedy in such cases, all other narcotics 
being inferior to it. When pain is intense and speedy relief 
is demanded, Morphine hypodermatically gives this effect 
most rapidly and permanently, with less unpleasant results 
than when Opium is used. The dose is generally one-fourth 
grain, but in some cases one-eighth, one- third, or one-half 
grain may be best. A good solution for hypodermatic use is 
made by dissolving one and one-half grains of Morphine in 
one drachm of distilled water. In ten drops of this solution 
there is one-fourth grain of Morphine, or the usual dose. 
This gives relief in a few minutes. 

Opium in small quantities is stimulant, and although not a 
food, it increases power for the time being, and thus prevents 
complete exhaustion. Its action is through the nervous 
system. Some savages in making long journeys take Opium 
to sustain them when they lack food, using it themselves 
and feeding it to their horses. In large doses it is sedative 
and narcotic. During the stage of narcotism all the functions 
of the body are depressed. Pain is often the result of ex- 
treme debility, either general or local ; thus anaemic persons 
have pains in one part of the body and then in another. 
Neuralgia often comes on from nervous troubles. 

For such states, Opium, to relieve pain, and a nourishing 
diet, form the treatment. Opiates are very good in painful 
conditions of the digestive organs. Under ordinary circum- 
stances they destroy the appetite, but in diseased conditions 
of these organs they may improve the appetite and digestion. 
Thus when food acts as an irritant and hurries through the 
digestive tract poorly digested, causing pain and great dis- 
turbances. Opium with Bismuth or Nux relieves the trouble. 
In gastralgia. Morphine is the remedy, to be given with Bis- 
muth. Use the following: 



NARCOTICS. 



289 



R. Morphine, gr. j. 

Subnitrate of Bismuth, 5 j. 
Peppermint Water, fl 5 ij • 
Give a teaspoonful every two hours. Vegetable and min- 
eral tonics may ^be profitably employed in connection with 
this, such as iron or quinine. Opium is a good remedy in 
diarrhoea or dysentery. In the latter disease it may be a 
good, bad, or indifferent remedy, according to the manner in 
which it is used. In acute dysentery it is a very good agent 
combined with other more permanent and specific remedies. 
To relieve tenesmus inject Laudanum, from ten to fifteen 
drops, in one ounce of starch water. This relieves pain and 
irritation, gives sleep, and thus tends to restore the system 
to its normal condition. In the treatment of cholera, cholera 
morbus, etc. , this is the most reliable drug in use. But when 
using it in cholera we must keep in mind the nature of its 
action. In small doses it is stimulant, but in large doses it will 
kill the patient by its depressing influence. Hence it must 
be used here in stimulant doses. During the prevalence of 
cholera many people will have an exhausting diarrhoea which 
may or may not terminate in cholera, but it renders the per- 
son much more liable to an attack, and it must be arrested. 
Use the following: 

R. Tinct. Opium, 
Tinct. Camphor, 
Essence Peppermint, 
Tinct Kino, aa. fl 5 j. 

Tinct. Capsicum, fl 5 ss. 
Neutralizing Cordial, fl 5 iiiss. M. 
Sig. — Give teaspoonful doses every half hour if the case is 
severe ; if mild, three times a day. 

Sometimes a single dose arrests it. After each evacuation 
from the bowels the patient should be careful to avoid the 
use of much fluid, and should have applied to the bowels a 
mustard plaster. In cholera, when nothing can be taken 



240 NARCOTICS. 

into the stomach or retained in the rectum, give a hypoder- 
matic of one-fourth grain of Morphine. This will stop the 
diarrhoea, vomiting, cramps, etc. Under these circumstances 
this is the most reliable treatment that can be adopted. But 
it must not be given in narcotic doses. 

Opium is indispensable in severe spasmodic troubles, with 
much pain, and is, therefore, one of the most reliable drugs 
in the treatment of colic, as nephritic and painter's colic. 
When the pain is spasmodic and intense administer Mor- 
phine one-fourth grain hypodermatically. If relief is not 
obtained in a quarter of an hour give another one-fourth 
grain. Under ordinary circumstances Opium constipates, 
but when constipation results from spasm of the bowels 
Opium relaxes the muscular spasm and relieves the consti- 
pation. In the passage of biliary calculi relief from pain 
must be had speedily and Morphine gives it. It also pro- 
duces relaxation which favors the passage of the calculi. A 
hot bath may be profitably employed to assist in relaxing the 
part. In spasm of the urethra also give Opium or Morphine 
in full doses, and employ the warm hip bath. 

Opium may be used as an anti-abortive, and in this direc- 
tion it is a very certain drug. A common cause of abortion, 
not criminal, is overexertion. When it is threatened inject 
from twenty to thirty drops of I^audanum into the rectum ; 
this relieves the pain and puts the patient to sleep; she 
awakes relieved. 

Opium is a good drug in nervous diseases. It is a remedy 
of great value in delirium tremens to produce sleep, for the 
long continued wakefulness may result in death, and rest 
and food are essentials to a cure. But unless rightly used it 
may kill the patient. Under ordinary circumstances this 
would not result, but if the kidneys are affected it is very 
liable to produce harm. Even if there is no disease of the 
kidneys contra-indicating its use and the face is flushed, the 



NARCOTICS. 241 

pulse full and bounding, the tongue red and turgid, the e3'es 
bloodshot, and there is pain in the head, with wild delirium, 
Opium would kill such a patient. But if the skin is moist 
and relaxed, the tongue moist and dirty, the face pale, and 
the circulation feeble, Opium may be safely used. It sus- 
tains the nervous system, affords a proper degree of stimula- 
tion, and induces sleep. We must not be too hasty in its 
use. Give one-eighth grain of Morphine, or at most one- 
fourth of a grain every three or four hours until sleep is 
produced. If the patient eats and sleeps he will recover ; if 
not he will die. 

Morphine is the very best remedy known in puerperal 
convulsions, being worth more than all others combined. It is 
not contra-indicated in this case by the usual symptoms con- 
tra-indicating its use. Give it in rather large doses if the case 
oe severe, say one-half grain, and repeat in a short time if 
necessary. These convulsions may be controlled by chloral, 
chloroform, bromide of ammonium or potassium, etc., but 
Morphine is the remedy par excellence. Opium is also a 
good parturient. When labor progresses slowly from rigid- 
ity of the OS uteri in its circular fibers, give Opium. It re- 
laxes these fibers more effectually than any other remedy, 
and at the same time stimulates the other fibers to contrac- 
tion. It may be used in all faults of labor pains, if they^ 
depend upon the contraction of the circular fibers. 

In traumatic tetanus keep the patient fully under the in- 
fluence of Morphine until the spasm is over. 

Morphine relieves dyspnoea and pain in angina pectoris. 
Use it hypodermatically. It strengthens the heart and relieves 
the congestion of the lungs. The dyspnoea that preparations 
of Opium relieve comes on in paroxysms, especially at bed- 
time. If the trouble is constant it does no good. 

Opiates are valuable in surgery; thus in operations on the 
lower bowels, as upon fistula in ano, haemorrhoids, etc., rest 



242 NARCOTICS. 

of the part is required for several days. If the bowels be 
thoroughly emptied by an enema and Opium then be given, 
total rest for several days may be obtained. Morphine 
hypodermatically given relieves the pain attendant upon 
fractures. In inflammatory affections, Opium in full doses 
is sometimes valued for its sedative effect. This is more true 
of the bowels than of the respiratory tract. 

Opium, or its preparations, are seldom called for in fevers. 
Ft is, however, a good remedy in enteritis and peritonitis, 
tending to keep the bowels quiet, and lessen pain. In res- 
piratory affections Opium must not be given until the secre- 
tions are free. 

BELLADONNA. Deadly Nightshade, 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Atropa Belladonna, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Solanace<^.- Indigenous to Central and 
Southern Europe and Asia Minor ; flourishing in woodlands ; 
also cultivated. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Atropme. 

ATROPINES SULPHAS. Atropine Sulphate. 

Description. — The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from 
Belladonna. This is the form of Atropine most often em- 
ployed in medicine. 

A permanent and indistinctly crystalline white powder, . 
without odor, neutral in reaction, and having a nauseous, 
very bitter taste. Soluble in water (0.4), alcohol (6.2), chlo- 
roform (694), and ether (2270J. 

Specific Belladonna is now of a light wine color. For- 
merly it was green from chlorophyll, which added nothing 
to its value, the green coloring matter of plants being useless 
in therapy. Specific Belladonna is energetic, and must be 
used in small doses. 



NARCOTICS. 243 

This plant is a native of Southern Europe, but it also 
grows in the United States in shady places, in rich soil. It 
has very beautiful purple flowers ; these are followed by 
green berries that assume a purplish color when ripe, some- 
what resembling cherries. All parts of the plant exhale a 
nauseant odor, and possess narcotic properties. Its principal 
alkaloid is Atropine. This is soluble in alcohol (3), water 
(130), ether (16J, chloroform (4), and ghxerin (50). 

Atropine in the market is in the form of needle cr3^stals, 
colorless when pure, but usually yellowish, inodorous, acrid, 
and bitter ; or in the form of a more or less non-cr3^stalline 
powder. Its properties are substantially the same as those 
of Belladonna, but it is much more speedy in action, requir- 
ing only ten or fifteen minutes. The best preparation is 
Sulphate of Atropine (see above) which is most freely soluble 
in water. Herbivorous animals are but slightly affected by 
Belladonna, but it is a violent poison to the Carnivora. A 
pigeon may be killed by two grains, a rabbit b}' ten to fifteen. 
In man, if taken in large amounts, it is a powerful narcotic 
poison. Children are sometimes poisoned by eating its berries, 
mistaking them for cherries. In cases of poisoning by it the 
following symptoms are prominent: Burning of the throat 
and stomach, difficult deglutition, followed by delirium, wild 
and furious, dilated pupils, eyes insensible to light, face 
flushed, ner\'OUss5"stem prostrated, pulse feeble, twitching of 
the muscles, scarlet rash over entire body, deep coma, and 
convulsions preceding death. 

Belladonna, pathologically, is irritant to the cerebral mass 
and nerve centers, producing excitement and hyperaemia of 
a very active character, nausea, insomnia, active determina- 
tion of blood to the head and face, headache and intolerance 
of light. When very severe, stupor and exhaustion super- 
vene. It has a marked effect on the special senses of \dsion 
and of hearing, producing strange sights and sounds, they 



244 NARCOTICS. 

being either pleasurable or fearful. Post mortem examina^ 
tions reveal a marked congestion of the cerebellum and 
medulla. 

In its therapeutic action Belladonna causes contraction of 
the capillaries and is the remed}^ for congestion, which con- 
dition is manifested by dilated pupils, and dull, expression- 
less face. Pereira says, "There are three degrees of its 
action. It first diminishes sensibilty and irritability in the , 
ordinary medicinal dose. Secondly, it produces a marked 
effect on the cerebro-spinal system, causing blindness, numb- 
ness, and difficult deglutition, with pulse small and the 
secretions increased. In the third stage all these are inten- 
sified." Dilatation of the pupil is owing to a relaxation of 
the fibers of the ciliary muscles. This may result from its 
sedative influence on the center of vision, or from congestion 
of the nerve centers, thus suspending their functions. 

Belladonna may be regarded as a powerful stimulant to 
the vaso-motor centers and to the capillary circulation. It is 
antispasmodic in spasm of involuntary muscles, and locally 
applied it is a powerful sedative. In spasm of voluntary 
muscles it is not a good remedy. It is a very good agent in 
spasmodic colic, lead colic, spasmodic dysmenorrhcea, spas- 
modic constriction of the bowels, etc. Obstinate cases of 
constipation are sometimes cured by it. It is a remedy for 
nervous cough and spasmodic asthma. It should be directly 
applied to the part on which its action is desired. In spasm 
of the urethra annoint a bougie with a combination of the 
extract of Belladonna and vaseline. In spasm of the sphinc- 
ter ani or os uteri it may be applied to the parts as suggested. 
In medicinal doses Belladonna increases the heart action by 
its paralyzing influence on the inhibitory centers. It stim- 
ulates the sympathetic and paralyzes the other nerves. By 
its action on the heart and capillaries it increases the blood 
pressure. It also stimulates the vaso-motor centers. In 



NARCOTICS. 245 

large doses it produces spasm and convulsions. In some 
cases of headache it seldom fails, and a single drop may give 
relief. This occurs when the pain is nervo-congestive. If 
the headache comes from stomach troubles, as gastric debil- 
ity, it is not a good drug. In such cases give Nux. 

In convulsive diseases Belladonna is a very good remedy. 
In puerperal convulsions it is very useful, though inferior to 
morphine. Epilepsy is relieved by it when there is evidence 
of congestion. 

Epilepsy results from irritation of the medulla, and this 
drug relieves the irritation. In infantile convulsions, when 
epileptiform, it often proves serviceable. It relieves chorea 
by its action upon the motor ganglia. It is the remedy in 
many febrile diseases, though not so valuable as Aconite. 
In almost all forms of fever it renders good service, but it is 
especially excellent in scarlet fever. In this disease it quiets 
delirium, aids the development of the eruption, lessens the 
effect of the poison on the nervous system, improves the 
condition of the kidneys, and aids in the expulsion of the 
poisonous matter from the blood. We seldom omit it in this 
disorder, and the more congestive the form, the better it 
acts. Aconite and Belladonna are the best remedies for this 
disease. They cure all curable cases. Some regard it as a 
prophylactic against that disease. We are not strongly of 
that opinion. The use of five drops in four ounces of water, 
given in teaspoonful doses three times a day, may be of some 
use in this direction. If it does not prevent the disease it 
will do no harm. 

Belladonna influences the bladder and kidneys. Its ten- 
dency is to increase the amount of urine and its solids. It 
is a stimulant to the urinary tract, and in small doses relieves 
irritation. In incontinence of urine in small children it is a 
good remedy when this trouble results from a poor pelvic 
circulation, or chronic irritability of the bladder. Some of 



246 . NARCOTICS. 

these cases result from worms and then Santonine is the 
remedy. In the first class of cases : 

R. Specific Belladonna, gtt. v. 

Water, fl g iv. M. 

Give a teaspoonful three times a day. 

It is a very good remedy in diabetes insipidus. In this 
disease apply a Belladonna plaster over the loins and admin- 
ister the specific medicine internally. 

In large doses Belladonna causes dryness of the mouth 
and throat through its effect on the chorda tympani nerve. 
Hence it is a good remedy in salivation, but to get good 
results it must be given in full doses. Use Atropine Sul- 
phate from one one-hundredth to one-fiftieth grain, or Eng- 
lish Extract of Belladonna one-fourth of a grain in pill form. 
In full doses it produces dryness of the skin. Therefore, 
use it in exhaustive sweating, as of phthisis. But in many 
of these cases, though the sweating be arrested, the dryness 
of the throat and cough produced by it more than counter- 
balance its good effect. Use same dose here as for its in- 
fluence on the salivary glands. 

Overactivity of the salivary glands during pregnancy is 
benfited by Belladonna, when it is given in quantities suffici- 
ent to produce dryness of the throat. 

R. Specific Belladonna, gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl g iv. M. 

Dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

Many obstinate cases of neuralgia are cured by the use of 
Belladonna. In these cases, where there is excitement of 
the circulation or increase of temperature, use it with Aco- 
nite. Employ the usual dose of each. It is a very good 
drug in diphtheria, in fact one of our best remedies, but to 
be efficient it must be given in the early stages of the disease. 
It does not give satisfaction when the disease is fully de- 



NARCOTICS. • 247 

veloped. But when given early it interferes with the exu- 
dation and the formation of false membranes. Give the 
usual dose with Aconite, and alternate these with Phytolacca 
every half hour. 

In inflammation of the throat, not diphtheria, wath more 
or less fever, redness and swelling, soreness and difficult 
deglutition and unpleasant dryness of the throat, use Bella- 
donna in alternation with Aconite. Administer the usual 
dose every half hour. 

Belladonna is an excellent remedy in erysipelas, when the 
skin is deep red and the patient complains of a burning sen- 
sation, and when the inflammation does not affect the sub- 
mucous areolar tissues and the surface is free from vesicles. 
Always give it with Aconite if fever is present. In spas- 
modic asthma, Belladonna, Hyoscyamus and Stramonium are 
all good remedies, but when the dyspnoea is paroxysmal, 
with but little bronchial secretion, use Belladonna. If the 
trouble be very severe and immediate relief is demanded give 
morphine one-sixth to one-fourth grain, and Atropine sul- 
phate one one-hundredth grain hypodermatically. This gen- 
erally gives relief. Belladonna is a good remedy in whooping 
cough; in the earlier stage of this disease it is usually not 
needed, but in the latter stage it is generally indicated. It 
lessens the severity of the paroxysms and increases the 
intervals between them. It is a good remedy in habitual 
constipation. Use of the English extract one-fourth grain 
two or three times a day. 

In ophthalmic practice Atropine is extensively used. It is 
employed in iritis to prevent adhesions, and it is used to 
dilate the pupil so that the interior of the eye may be ex- 
amined. Morbid adhesions may be broken up by its use. 
For these purposes it must be applied directly to the e^^e in 
a solution of from two to four g^rains in one ounce of distilled 



248 NARCOTICS. 

water. This solution in doses of from two to five drops is a 
very good form of administration for its sytemic effects. 

Belladonna is useful to relieve pain when locally applied, as 
in painful abscesses, etc. If applied early it prevents sup- 
puration. Use it on recurring boils for the same effect. It 
is of much value in neuralgia, lumbago, etc. For lumbago 
apply a Belladonna plaster over the affected part. It is one 
of the best remedies to arrest the mammary secretion, as 
when the child dies or there is prompt necessity for weaning 
the infant. Use one part of the specific to three parts of 
glycerin and paint it on the breast once or twice a day. If 
it comes in contact with the broken surface it produces its 
constitutional effects. With vaseline it may be used as an 
ointment. 

The dose of Belladonna depends on the condition of the 
patient and the effects desired. As a remedy for congestion 
we use from five to ten drops of specific Belladonna in four 
ounces of water and give teaspoonful doses of the solution 
every hour. Always carefully watch the constitutional 
effects of both Belladonna and Atropine 



HVOSCVAMUS. Henbane. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The flowering tops and leaves of 
Hyoscyamus niger, Linne; Nat. Ord., SolanacecE. Collected 
from second year's plants. Indigenous to Europe and Asia 
and naturalized m some portions of North America. 

Chief Active Constituents. — Hyoscy amine and Hyos- 
cine, both alkaloids whose salts are employed to some extent 
in medicine. 

Specific Hyoscyamus. — This preparation is of a green 
color and preserves the full qualities of the herb. 

This plant is a native of Europe and Asia, but grows in 
this country also. It is from two to four feet high, with 
large pale green. leaves and yellow, funnel-shaped flowers. 



NARCOTICS. 249 

A tincture and an extract of the leaves, besides the specific 
medicine., are used. Its properties are narcotic, antispas- 
modic, and anodyne. It is a member of the Nightshade 
famil3^ In large doses it is an acro-narcotic poison, causing 
vomiting, great thirst, impairment of vision, dryness of the 
throat, dilated pupils, rapid and intermittent pulse, delirium 
and death. Post-mortem examination reveals redness and 
inflammation of the bowels. If the patient recovers a bloody 
diarrhoea succeeds. 

Hyoscyamus is used as a nerve stimulant to relieve pain 
and promote sleep. In small doses it is a stimulant to the 
cerebro-spinal centers. If sleeplessness results from want of 
innervation this drug may be used in small doses. Like 
Opium it is narcotic in large doses. It is of very great power 
in the typhomania of typhoid fever. Add from ten to fifteen 
drops to four ounces of water and give in doses of a teaspoon- 
ful every hour. In delirium tremens, when the delirium is 
low and muttering, give it in stimulating doses to sustain the 
nervous S3'stem. It is well adapted to such cases in old 
topers. Very good results are obtained from its use in hys- 
teria and all nervous derangements. In hysteria, with fre- 
quent desire to urinate, though but small quantities of urine 
pass, use this remedy, given as previousl}^ suggested. 

Compared with opium as a hypnotic and anodyne, though 
not so reliable, it is man}^ times preferable for these reasons: 
It relieves spasms, quiets the nervous derangement, and pro- 
duces sleep, with no arrest of secretions, and it does not con- 
stipate, nor does it arrest the flow of bile or urine. It may be 
employed when opium is contra-indicated. It is a very suc- 
cessful agent in pulmonary affections. It lessens the cough 
and irritability and does not arrest the secretions. In inflam- 
matory conditions of the liver and kidneys it may be used to 
relieve pain, and here it is better than opium, for it acts 
without producing headache. 



250 NARCOTICS. 

Given at bedtime it relieves syphilitic bone pains. In 
phthisis, combined with Wild Cherry, it gives much relief. 
In some cases of neuralgia, with anaemia and great depres- 
sion, it is a good drug. It may be given to quiet nervous 
irritability and produce sleep in children. Use for this pur- 
pose ten drops of Hyoscyamus in four ounces of water and 
give a teaspoonful every hour.' In functional diseases of the 
heart in nervous persons, as palpitation, it gives relief. For 
painful hemorrhoids and cancer, applied locally, it is also a 
good remedy. Use one or two parts of Hyoscyamus to from 
five to fifteen parts of vaseline and give the drug internally 
at the same time. If a more pronounced effect is desired 
give the extract in doses of one-fourth to one grain. 

For puerperal convulsions, associated with a nervous con- 
dition bordering on mania: 

R. Specific Hyoscyamus, gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M, 

Sig. — Teaspoonful frequently. 



SULPHONAL. Sulphonal. 

Synonym . — Diethyls7iipho?i-dimethyl-inethane. 

Description. — This drug occurs in nearly tasteless, col- 
orless, and odorless crystals. Soluble in cold water (450), 
boiling water (15), cold alcohol (50), and ether, and very 
readily soluble in boiling alcohol. 

This drug is but slightly soluble in cold water, and com- 
pletely so in hot water and alcohol. Any of these solutions 
may be used. Sulphonal is not narcotic, but in many cases 
it is the best hypnotic known; in other cases it has no more 
effect than sawdust. In its action it does not increase nor di- 
minish the temperature, and it has no effect on the secretions 
nor bowels, It simply acts on the nervous system. It has no 
effect on the digestive organs and never destroys the appetite. 



NARCOTICS. 251 

When given it must be powdered, and is best given in hot 
tea. It does not act immediately, but undergoes some change 
in the body, and requires two or three hours for its effect. 
Hence it should be given that length of time before its effect 
is desired. 

Sulphonal is a good hypnotic in the anaemia of typhoid fever, 
producing a quiet, refreshing sleep with no bad effects on the 
nervous system. Give it in doses of ten grains, though twice 
-M«as much may be safely given. It is a very efficient hypnotic 
for persons who can not sleep from over-activity of the brain. 
Give such a patient a dose two or three hours before bed-time 
and he will have a good night's rest. To patients who suffer 
mentally from gonorrhoea and cannot sleep, owing to the un- 
pleasant thoughts of the disease, give this remedy. In some 
cases of wakefulness from cough this remedy may be used. 
It does not entirely stop the cough, but it gives rest and. 
sleep. It is also of some little value in rheumatism, but if 
the pain be very severe it is not very effective. In all cases 
of sleeplessness from severe pain it does little good and is 
not the proper remedy. 

It is a very good remedy for teething children provided 
the child can not sleep. Here give one or two grains of Sul- 
phonal, and even if this does no good it will do no harm. 
It is effective in mild chronic cases of mania, given in doses 
of from ten to twenty grains. It has been given in doses of 
one drachm. When the patient sleeps from its influence he 
should not be awakened, as giddiness and headache are apt 
to follow. Let him alone until he aw^akens naturally and no 
unpleasant effects will ensue. 



25:2 NARCOTICS. 

DULCAMARA. Bittersweet 

Botanical Origin. — The young branches and twigs of 
Solayium Dulcamara, I^inne ; Nat, Ord., SolaiiacecB. Europe, 
Asia,- and North America. 

Chief Active Constituent, — Solanine. 

Specific Dulcamara. — This preparation is made of the 
true and not of the false Bittersweet. Much confusion has 
existed with some persons concerning these plants, which 
are utterly unlike, both in appearance and qualities. 

This plant is known as the Woody Nightshade. It is a 
woody vine, with its leaves alternate, acute, smooth, and of 
a bright green color, with drooping, purple flowers, the calyx 
being very small and greenish-purple in color. It grows in 
hedges and woods in good soil. The flowers are followed 
by brilliant scarlet berries, which remain for a long time on 
the vine. 

This plant contains an alkaloid, Solanine, and a glucosid, 
Dulcamarin. Solanine is in the form of a white, amorphous 
powder, or white, fine cr3^stals, bitter to the taste and having 
very little odor. It is not soluble in water, but is soluble in 
alcohol, ether and glycerin. The vines of all the members 
of this family are more or less poisonous, but their fruits are 
used as food. Potatoes, tomatoes, etc., belong to this class. 
Much diversity of opinion exists with regard to the medicinal 
qualities of this drug. Ta3dor reports a case in which a per- 
son took four ounces of the extract or one hundred and 
eighty berries and there was no effect. Another reports that 
thirty berries killed a dog in three hours. ThCvSe various 
opinions may be reconciled in the fact that the active prin- 
ciple varies in the different seasons of the yearo In large 
doses in man it produces giddiness, trembling of the limbs, 
and loss of sight, vomiting, purging, convulsions, and death. 
The alkaloid Solanine, though a decided poison, is not very 



NARCOTICS. 253 

energetic in its action. Three grains may destro}^ life. It 
increases cutaneous sensibilit}^ and destroys life by paralysis, 
very mucli like Strychnine or Nicotine. It produces no 
stupor, delirium, nor coma. 

Dulcamara has a great influence on the organs of secretion 
and excretion, and its principal value is as an alterative. 
Next to specific Dulcamara the tincture of the twigs is the 
best preparation. Prepare it from eight ounces of the twigs 
to one pint of alcohol. This makes a very good tincture and 
may be given in doses of three or fc)ur drops every three or 
four hours. 

An infusion of one ounce of the twigs to one pint of water 
may also be used in tablespoonful doses, either preparation 
exerting a specific influence on the skin, being very valuable 
in chronic cutaneous diseases. It is a good alterative in 
obstinate cases of pustular, vesicular, or scaly eruptions on 
the skin. Give from five to ten drops of the tincture three 
times a day. It is useful in catarrhal troubles resulting from 
cold and suspended cutaneous secretion. Give it in small 
doses. 

R. Specific Dulcamara, gtt. x. to xv. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful doses every three hours. 

Catarrhal diarrhoea of small children is benefited by it. It 
is useful in some cases of chronic rheumatism. In acute 
rheumatism it should be associated with Aconite if there be 
fever, but in chronic cases, w^hen the patient lies in a damp 
house and is much exposed to cold, it gives best results. 

Dulcamara is a useful remedy in most acute troubles 
brought on by colds. Small doses of it give permanent 
relief in suppression of the menses, caused by cold, and 
associated with headache, nausea, and chilliness. It is a 
good agent for difficult breathing, cough, and pain in the 
chest, when due to colds and exposure. Some cases of head- 



25 t ' NARCOTICS. 

ache, resulting from colds of a catarrhal character, are re- 
lieved by Dulcamara. It is a good agent in nasal catarrh 
used with local remedies. In retrocession of eruptions and 
in their first development, this remedy is often useful. Am- 
aurosis and asthmatic troubles, from suppression of secretions, 
are improved by its use. It is a good alterative in scrofula 
and in syphilis, in the secondary or tertiary stages. It exer- 
cises a good influence on the kidneys and digestive organs. 



SOLANUM CAROLINENSE. Horse Nettle, 

Botanical Origin. — The whole plant of Solanum Caro- 
linense, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Solajiacece. From New York 
south and westward. 

Specific Solanum Carolinense. — This is made of the 
root of the plant and contains the alkaloid Solnine, discov- 
ered by Prof. lyloyd. The drug is quite energetic in over- 
doses. 

This remedy w^as brought forward for the relief of convul- 
sive diseases, particularly epilepsy. It has been extolled in 
epilepsy when the paroxysms take place mostly at the men- 
strual epoch. Good results are also reported from its use in 
infantile and hysterical convulsions and in puerperal eclamp- 
sia. The drug is probably much over-rated. The dose 
ranges from ten to thirty drops of specific Solanum Caro- 
linense. 



CANNABIS. Indian Hemp. 

Synonyms.— Cannabis /?idica, Hemp, Gunja/i, Gang a, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The flowering tops of the female 
plant of Cannabis sativa, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Urticacea:. 
The U. S. P. requires that grown in the East Indies. 

vSpecific Cannabis Indica is of a green color and contains 
the green coloring matter of the fresh plant. It is highly 
resinous and when mixed with water produces cloudiness in 
small amount and a precipitate in large portion. 



NARCOTICS. 255 

This plant is a native of wet places. It is a native of 
Persia, grows ten or fifteen feet high, and appears very 
much like common hemp, though there is a great difference 
in their medicinal qualities. A resinous substance which 
exudes from the stalk and leaves, or may be obtained by 
boiling in alcohol, is the part used. 

Cannabis is narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, and seda- 
tive. As a narcotic it is safe, and no bad results may come 
from its misuse. It may be used as a narcotic or hypnotic 
when opium would prove objectionable. Under its use the 
breathing becomes regular, the pulse and skin remain nor- 
mal, the pupils are slightly contracted, and there is no arrest 
of secretion, nor loss of appetite under its influence. If a 
powerful narcotic is needed give opium. When there is 
atony of the uterus it is a good agent in protracted labor as a 
stimulant, but its action is not permanent. It is useful in 
painful, conditions of the stomach, as gastralgia, gastric 
ulcers, etc., and should be selected where opium can not be 
emploj^ed. It arrests the pain but does not disturb the appe- 
tite nor secretions. It has great power over painful spasms. 
It relieves pain in neuralgia, rheumatism, etc. Give of the 
tincture from one to three drops. It is valuable in chorea, 
relieving abnormal muscular action and giving sleep. 

Strangury is controlled by Cannabis when the attacks 
assume spasmodic form. It is a good remedy in nervous dis- 
eases, wdth palpitation of the heart, neuralgia of the uterus, 
etc. Use it in hysterical convulsions. Headache attending 
the menopause is cured b}' it. Sick headache, resulting from 
fatigue or from menstrual trouble, is benefited by it. In 
these headaches give five drop doses. 

In Bright' s disease, when the urine is bloodj^, give the 
remedy ; give it also in the acute stage of gonorrhoea. Here 
it relieves spasms of the urethra, and lessens the tendency to 
chordee. In amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhcea it proves very 



256 • NARCOTICS. 

serviceable, as it does also in irritability of the bladder. The 
tincture of the English extract is a good preparation. Dis- 
solve one ounce of it in one pint of alcohol. Use of this 
tincture from one to ten drops. 



CONIUM. Hemlock. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The fruit of Conium maculatum, 
I^inne ; Nat. Ord., Uinbelliferce. Europe and naturalized in 
America. 

Chikf Active Constituknt. — Conine. 

This agent is resolvent, sedative, antispasmodic, and nar- 
cotic. It kills by paralyzing the spinal cord. In very small 
doses it is stimulant to the vascular and nervous systems. 
Large doses are narcotic. Locally it acts as a sedative. It 
produces sleep usually by relieving pain, thus removing the 
cause, and not, like opium, by benumbing sensation. Vary 
the dose according to its action upon the muscular functions 
of the patient. It may be employed in tetanus and in teeth- 
ing as an antispasmodic. Its alkaloid is very poisonous. 
Prussic acid destroys but little more quickly than does Commie. 

Conium may be used as an alterative to impress glandular 
enlargements and for the relief of the pains of syphilis. Use 
it in chorea and epilepsy when due to sexual abuse. It re- 
lieves pain in rheumatism and neuralgia. 

R, Specific Conium, gtt. v. to x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Dose, a teaspoonful as often as necessary. 

Or the English extract may be given in doses of from one- 
half to two grains. The drug is of some value in acute 
mania and whooping cough. It is thought by some to exeri 
some power over syphilis. Conium is contra-indicated by 
debility. 

The following makes a good ointment for painful parts : 



NARCOTICS. 267 

R. English Ext. Conium, 5 ij. 

Vaseline, ovj. M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

PASSIFLORA. Passion Flower. 

Botanical Origin. — The root and stalk-base of Passi- 
flora incarnata, Einne ; Nat. Ord., Passifloracecs. 

Specific Passiflora is made of the root and attached 
stem stalks. It has a green color and gives better effects 
than when made of the root alone. The first specific was of 
a brown-red color, being made only from the root, but now, 
as already stated, it is a deep green. 

This new remedy is antispavSmodic, hypnotic, and tonic. 
It quiets nervous irritation and promotes sleep. Passiflora 
should be used in atonic conditions. It tones up the sym- 
pathetic nervous system and improves the circulation and 
nutrition. Use this remedy in asthenic insomnia. In in- 
somnia, with flushed face and determination of blood to the 
brain, it will do no good. In such cases give Gelsemium or 
bromide of potassium. Passiflora is of use in some cases of 
spasm in children, and it may be employed as a nervine at 
the menstrual period. In the insomnia of fevers, particularly 
low forms of t5^phoid, beneficial results are obtainable from 
this drug. The dose depends upon circumstances. Usually 
from ten to twenty drops every half hour, or every two or 
three hours. 



PISCIDIA. Jamaica Dogwood. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of Piscidia erythri?ia, 
Jacquin ; Nat. Ord., Leguminoscn. West Indies. 

This agent is both soporific and sudorific. It has been 
used wdth some success in sick headache and neuralgia, par- 
ticularly facial neuralgia. Its chief use, however, is as a 
hypnotic, being xoxy valuable, it is said, in the msomnia of 



258 ■ NARCOTICS. 

aged individuals. While other agents which quiet nervous 
irritation, such as Pulsatilla, may be first selected, if these 
do not succeed in allowing sleep to take place, Jamaica Dog- 
wood may be used. It should be given a trial in preference 
to the more powerful agents, such as opium. Administer 
from one-half to one teaspoonful at a dose. It sometimes 
produces nausea and other unpleasant symptoms. 



CHLORALAMIDB. Chloralamid. 

Synonyms . — Chloramid, Chloral-formamide, 

Description. — This is a patented drug said to be ob- 
tained by the interaction of chloral and formamide. , It is a 
feebly bitter crystalline compound, soluble in alcohol and 
water (9). 

Chloralamid is one of the new hypnotics, and is reputed 
better than either chloral or sulphonal. There are contra- 
dictory statements regarding its safety, some claiming it safe 
under all circumstances, while others declare it dangerous 
where there are heart complications. One drawback to its 
use is its uncertainty in producing hypnotic effects. It may 
also induce vomiting. 

Chloralamid is recommended as a sleep producer for the 
senile and neurasthenic, and for phthisical individuals. 
Chorea has been treated successfully with it, but as one class 
of this affection is self-limited in its course, too much can 
not be attributed to this drug. The dose recommended is 
from twenty to fifty grains in warm water. We have but 
little practical knowledge of this drug, but should recom- 
mend the smaller amounts as a beginning dose. 



ANTISPASMODICS. 259 



ANTISPASMODICS. 



Agents which calm excited nerve centers so as to allay 
that irregular and oftentimes violent action of the muscular 
fibers (both voluntary and involuntary), popularly known 
as spasm, are called antispasmodics. 

As spasmodic affections may arise from a number of causes 
so antispasmodics are of various kinds and act in various 
ways. A sedative may prove antispasmodic when indicated. 
Many of the antispasmodics are closely related to the nar- 
cotics, though many of them have nothing in common with 
that class of agents. We will notice but six in this group, 
many other drugs spoken of elsewhere acting also as valu- 
able antispasmodic remedies. 



ASAF(ETIDA. Asafetida 

Botanical Origin. — The gum-resin yielded by the root 
oi Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel ; Nat. Ord., UmbellifercB. 

Asafetida is stimulant, antispasmodic, laxative, expec- 
torant, emmenagogue, and nervine. It is a general excitant, 
causing acceleration of the circulation, quickened respiration, 
alvine mucous discharges, genito -urinary irritation, with 
increased sexual desires, and it also increases the broncho- 
pulmonary secretions. Dizziness and headache may ensue 
from its use in improper doses. 

This agent is valuable in spasmodic affections arising from 
functional derangements. It is employed in hysteria, gastric 
and intestinal spasms, and in various catarrhal conditions. 



260 ANTISPASMODICS. 

when not accompanied with inflammation. It is a good 
remedy in atoTiic states of the stomach and bowels when 
associated with flatulence. It is likewise useful in flatulent 
constipation. The dose of this gum-resin is from two to ten 
grains. A tincture may be employed if desired. 



EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM. White Snake Root 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Eupatorium aromati- 
cum, Linne ; Nat. Ord., CompositcB. Low woods in the 
United States. 

This agent is diaphoretic, nervine, antispasmodic, and ex- 
pectorant. Used freely in warm infusion it provides a valu- 
able diaphoretic in acute pneumonia. Use it also in acute 
pleurisy and acute bronchitis. In these conditions it works 
well with Asclepias. It is useful in many febrile and inflam- 
matory states where diaphoresis is desired and a stimulant is 
permissible. 

As a nervine and antispasmodic it seems to exert a pro- 
nounced action upon the brain and nervous vSystem, relieving 
irritation and tending towards a restoration of normal action. 
It is adapted to some forms of hysteria, chorea, and convul- 
sive and spasmodic affections, and allays the restlessness, 
morbid watchfulness, and the subsultus tendinum of the last 
stages of low forms of fever. The dose ranges from five to 
thirty drops of specific Eupatorium aromaticum. 



VALERIANA. Valerian. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Valeriana 
officinalis, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Valeriana. Europe, m botli 
dry and damp situations. 

This agent has a special affinity for the nervous system, 
being gently stimulant and antispasmodic, but not producing 
narcosis. Heaviness in the head accompanied with dull pam 
and other nervous disturbances, such as impaired intellect, 



ANTISPASMODICS. 261 

result from the taking of large doses. I^arge doses also 
increase the renal secretions and lessen the frequency of the 
heart-beat. 

In medicinal doses it acts as a cerebral stimulant. It is 
adapted to those nervous conditions arising from enfeebled 
circulation in the cerebral structures. When thus indicated 
it controls pain, allays irritability, induces rest, and conse- 
quently sleep follows, but not from any narcotic property of 
the drug. 

This drug is useful, as above indicated, in hysteria, hemi- 
crania, hypochondriasis, and especially in chorea, when 
given with Macrot^^s. Macerate two ounces each of Valerian 
and Macrotys in a pint of dilute alcohol and give the patient 
a teaspoonful three times a day. 



CAFFEA. Coffee, 

Botanical Origin. — The seed of Caffea Arabica, Linne ; 
Nat. Ord., Rubiacecs. Tropical climes. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Caffeine (methyl theo- 
bromine or trimethyl-xanthine), occurring in white, silky, 
feebly bitter needles, somewhat soluble in water, but more 
so in chloroform and alcohol. The citrate is largely used 
for nervous headache. 

Specific Coffee. — This preparation is made of the green 
Coffee and not of the burned. It is, therefore, quite different 
from the Coffee used as a beverage. 

Coffee is stimulant and antispasmodic. It is of some value 
in nervous cough, with spasmodic constriction of the larynx. 
Employ it for dizziness in the head in nervous females. 
Drink a cup of strong Coffee without milk or sugar for nerv- 
ous headache. 

Coffee may be given for nervousness in children and for 
the mania arising from the abuse of alcoholics. 



262 ANTISPASMODICS. 

I^arge doses of coffee increase sexual propensities, while 
small doses lessen them. Remember that strong Coifee may 
form an important part of the treatment in cases of narcotic 
poisoning. 

Persons who are habitually accustomed to the use of Coffee 
are not readily impressed by it in a medicinal way ; on the 
contrary, it is a useful remedy for those not accustomed to 
its use. 



DROSERA. Sundew. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The whole ^Aant oi Drosera rotu?idi- 
folia, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Droseracece. In boggy situations 
in Eastern North America and in Europe. 

Specific Droskra. — This preparation is made from the 
recent plant, but has an exceptionally dark color. Some- 
times considerable precipitate is produced by age. 

This drug is an excellent antispasmodic. It is a remedy 
of great value in cough. Use it where the cough is one of 
explosive character, the act being spasmodic and the air 
pavSsages dry. It is a remedy for whooping cough and the 
cough of measles. It relieves also the cough of phthisis. 
For these purposes the following prescription will answer : 

R. Specific Drosera, iisj. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every hour. 

It acts well in combination with Sanguinarine nitrate in 
tickling, dry cough. 



BROMOFORM UM. Bromoform. 

Synonym. — Tribro)nomethane . 

Description. — A sweet, agreeable, colorless liquid, pro- 
duced by acting upon methylic alcohol and caustic potash 
with bromine. Its taste resembles that of chloroform. It 



AXTISPAS-MODICS. 263 

is an oily fluid insoluble in water, but soluble in both alcohol 
and ether. 

This remedy is antispasmodic, antiseptic, and analgesic. 
Like its analogue, chloroform, it is also anaesthetic. This 
drug has been applied to ulcers, tuberculous and otherwise. 
Its chief use, however, is as a remedy for pertussis, from 
two to five drops being given three or four times a da3^ It 
is said to be a prompt and efficient remed}'. 



264 • ANESTHETICS. 



ANESTHETICS. 



Agents capable of occasioning a temporary suspension of 
general sensation and consciousness, through their power 
of inhibiting the action of the higher brain centers, are 
known as ajicssthetics. If their use be continued long enough 
the spinal cord and medulla become also impressed. The 
first effect of an anaesthetic is to increase the intellectual 
faculty, and this is followed closely by the stage in which 
the emotional functions become excited, after which narcosis 
takes place. 

Anaesthetics are among the most valued of drugs. Under 
their use convulsions are subdued and surgical and other 
painful operations are performed without inflicting a particle 
of suffering to the patient. Care must, however, be observed 
in administering them, and each individual drug should be 
well studied before the beginner attempts to administer it. 
Always see that the patient is kept breathing, for upon this 
function depends the life of the patient. 

Anaesthetics are general when they affect the whole sys- 
tem through the cerebro-spinal centers, producing narcosis. 
They are local ancEsthetics when they produce circumscribed 
loss of sensation in parts to which they are applied. In the 
Jatter instance they act directly upon the peripheral nerves. 
(For Cocaine see Coca under Tonics. ) 

Anaesthetics, as a rule, are contra-indicated in grave car- 
diac disorders, as hypertrophy of the heart, valvular ossifica- 
tion, atheromatous states of the vessels, aneurisms, etc. 

These agents destroy life through paralysis of the medulla 
centers. 



ANESTHETICS. 265 

MENTHOL. Menthol. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — A stearopten derived from oil of 
peppermint (from Mentha piperita^ Smith) or from Chinese 
or Japanese oil of peppermint (from Mentha arvensis, I^inne, 
var. pipe'rascens ^ Holmes), and Mentha ca?iadensis, lyinne, 
var. glabrata, Holmes; Nat, Ord., LabiatcB. 

Description. — Colorless prisms or needles of a pure and 
strong peppermint odor, and an aromatic, warm taste fol- 
lowed by coldness when air or water is drawn into the 
mouth. Very slightly soluble in water, but freely so in 
alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils. 

This agent is used as a local anaesthetic. Applied to the 
skin it produces a burning, painful sensation, succeeded by 
coldness and numbness. It may be used locally for the 
relief of urticaria, pruritis ani, boils, carbuncle, toothache, 
neuralgia, sciatica, painful eczema, and hay fever. We have 
obtained good results from a weak solution of Menthol in 
olive oil as an application in pruritus vulva. 



AMYL NITRIS. Amy 1 Nitrite. 

Description. — This drug contains, besides variable 
amounts of undetermined compounds, about eighty per 
cent, of Amyl Nitrite (chiefly iso-amyl nitrite). It is a 
clear or pale yellow fluid, having a distinctive, fruit-like, 
ethereal odor, and a sharp, aromatic taste. It is very vola- 
tile and inflammable, scarcely dissolves in water, though 
ether and alcohol mix with it in all proportions. Glycerin 
also dissolves it. In solution in the latter solvent it gradually 
decomposes, forming amylic alcohol and ethyl nitrite. It 
should be kept in amber-colored vials, well secured, and in a 
dark, cool place. When exposed to the air Amyl Nitrite 
decomposes and leaves an alcoholic residue. 

This drug is a very active agent and should be employed 
with care. When its vapor is inhaled it causes a cough, fol- 



266 AN^STHKTICS. 

lowed by flushing of the face, throbbing of the carotids, 
quickened pulse, feeling of tension and giddiness in the head, 
and quickened respiration. If the dose be too large respira- 
tion becomes quickened and labored, blood pressure greatly 
lessened, and the arterial tension greatly relaxed. 

By its powerful influence on the spinal cord Amyl Nitrite 
lessens nervous action. In doses of one-half grain given 
hj'-podermatically, or by mouth or inhalation, the face be- 
comes flushed, the heart's action increased, the heat of the 
head, face, and neck is increased, as is likewise the entire 
cutaneous function. Its increasing of the heart action is due 
to its lowering of arterial tension by depressing the action of 
the vagus. Hence when arterial tension is desired to be 
lowered use this remedy, as its action is very rapid and cer- 
tain. Though being a rather dangerous preparation it is not 
more so than others of equal value and power. It is the 
great remedy for angina pectoris, arresting almost every case 
and giving relief almost immediately, and its effects con- 
tinue for considerable time. It is to be taken whenever an 
attack is threatened, and persistence in this treatment often 
works a radical cure. It is a very good agent in some cases 
of asthma, giving relief from the dyspnoea almost immedi- 
ately. The more this disease depends on nervous derange- 
ment and the less upon structural lesion the more is this 
remedy indicated. It is a good drug in cardiac dyspnoea 
from anasarca or hypertrophy of the heart. It is very useful 
in very obstinate cases of whooping cough, when unusually 
severe. It gives present relief in neuralgia until a more per- 
manent remedy has time to act. Certain cases of epilepsj^ 
are controlled by it. It is somewhat valuable in those cases 
where a long interval elapses between the attacks, but more 
so when they occuj: often. By inhaling its vapor from the 
hand or bottle the paroxysms may be prevented. In epi- 
leptics who have one attack immediately following another, 



ANESTHETICS. - 267 

tintil ten or twenty spasms occur, this remedy will almost 
instantly stop trie trouble. 

By simply smelling Amyl Nitrite many cases of sick head- 
ache are cured. It is a good drug in troubles of nervous 
females at the menopause, as flushes of heat, followed by 
sweating, palpitation of the heart, and great prostration. 
Give it internally in small doses as follows : Dissolve fifteen 
drops in one ounce of alcohol and give from one to ten drops 
on sugar three times a da}'. 

A few drops give relief in dysmenorrhoea. If its decided 
effect is desired let the patient inhale the vapor, as it is much 
more certain administered in this way. It varies greatly in 
its effects in different persons. Some can inhale from five to 
ten drops with no inconvenience, and in others a single 
whiff may produce a decided impression. Hence it should 
be given at first in small doses until its effects on the person 
are known. 



CHLOROPORM UM. Chloroform. 

Description. — A liquid containing 99 to 99.4 per cent, 
(by weight) of absolute Chloroform and from i to 0.6 per 
cent, of alcohol. Chloroform is a heavy liquid, mobile, dif- 
fusible, colorless and clear, possessing a sweet, burning taste, 
and a peculiar and characteristic, ethereal odor. It volati- 
lizes even at a low temperature. Though it is not inflam- 
mable, its vapor, when heated, burns with a green flame. Its 
density at 59 °F. should not be below 1.490. It dissolves 
sparingly in water (200) and in all proportions of alcohol, 
ether, benzin, benzol, and essential and fixed oils. Its sol- 
vent powers are very extensive. It is easily decomposed by 
sunlight or daylight, hence it should be kept in bottles 
wrapped in dark paper, and placed in dark situations. 

As death sometimes results from the use of Chloroform, 
every physician necessarily inquires whether or not he is 



268 ANESTHETICS. 

justifiable in using it. Death resulting from its use is very 
unfortunate for the physician as well as the patient, because 
the friends will think surely the doctor is to blame for the 
accident. But though life is occasionally destroyed by it, 
yet we are justified in using it for reasons hereinafter men- 
tioned. Chloroform was discovered by Samuel Guthrie, of 
Sackett's Harbor, New York, in 1831, simultaneously with 
a physician in Paris named Soubeiran, and with Baron I^ie- 
big in Germany. In 1838 and '39 it was introduced at 
Liverpool by Waldeyer, and by him it was made known to 
Dr. Simpson as a substitute for sulphuric ether. Simpson had 
been looking for something in that line and he at once began 
experimenting with it. During the first experiment he and 
several of his friends experienced sensations of pleasure and 
soon became insensible. It was first used in public upon a 
patient undergoing an operation for necrosed bone, and 
Chloroform soon became popular as a substitute for ether. 

In this country ether is used more than it is in Europe, 
where Chloroform has generally displaced it. Chloroform 
has some advantages and some disadvantages. It is a power- 
ful solvent of many drugs, as camphor, gums, resins, iodine, 
etc. Its vapor is very heavy, being four times the weight of 
air. A warm atmosphere will hold more vapor of Chloroform 
than a cold one. 

Chloroform is anaesthetic, antispasmodic, stimulant, and 
sedative. If given internally in small doses, as from three 
to five drops in a teaspoonful of water, it produces a sensation 
of warmth in the stomach and relieves any pain or spasm in 
that organ. If given in teaspoonful doses it produces a dim- 
inution of the pulse, slight reduction of the circulation, and 
slight anaesthesia. If locally applied and its vaporization 
prevented it diminishes the sensibility of the part, and if 
applied for some time it produces painful sensations and finally 
vesication. As compared with ether. Chloroform is more 



AX.^:STHETICS. 269 

direct and permanent in its effects, and less of it is required for 
anaesthesia. Its odor is more pleasant and less irritating, 
but ether is claimed to be safer. Chloroform is sedative and 
ether is stimulant, in all stages of their action. Some use a 
mixture of the two, the one counteracting the effects of the 
other, as regards sedation and stimulation. Some use a 
mixture of alcohol, Chloroform, and ether, called the A. C. 
E. mixture. The action of Chloroform, like that of ether, is 
chiefly on the brain and spinal centers. Inhalation of its 
vapors produces a lowering of arterial pressure, while on the 
heart it has a powerfully depressing influence, and when 
death results from it it is generally from cardiac paralysis, 
the patient dying almost instantly, even when the smallest 
amount may have been taken. Death from ether results 
from asphyxiation. Some persons have taken a pint of 
Chloroform without ill effects, and others have been killed 
by a fluid drachm of it. 

When Chloroform is first inhaled pleasant sensations rap- 
idly follow and soon the patient becomes boisterous after the 
stage of anaesthesia comes on. 

Snow divides its action into five stages : The first stage is 
that during which slight effects are produced while the 
patient is perfectly conscious ; the second takes in the dream- 
ing, wandering state of the mind ; this deepens into uncon- 
sciousness in the third stage ; during the fourth stage there 
is relaxation of the voluntary muscles and stertorous breath- 
ing ; in the fifth respiration is impeded, and deathly pallor 
of the face and death ensue. Other writers give only three 
stages of action, the first resembling alcoholic intoxication, 
and, in persons who are habitual drunkards, this stage may 
not be at once overcome. Others during this stage have 
merely a blunting of sensation, but remain conscious. This 
stage produces a very good condition for an obstetrical 
patient. During the second stage consciousness and sen- 



270 . AX.'ESTHKTICS. 

sation are abolished and the muscles are relaxed. This is 
the stage for surgical operations. During the third stage 
there is profound narcosis with stertorous breathing. Dur- 
ing the first stage the pulse is slightly quickened, in the 
second nearly normal, in the third very rapid and weak. 
Before giving Chloroform have the patient under the most 
favorable circumstances. Have abstinence from food for a 
few hours preceding its administration or vomiting may re- 
sult, and should this take place the patient may inhale pieces 
of food into the trachea, thus causing disagreeable strangula- 
tion. If the patient is very weak give an alcoholic stimulant, 
as an ounce of brandy or whisky, before administering Chloro- 
form. Have the patient undressed, or at least with the 
clothing very loosely applied, especiallj^ over the neck and 
chest. Have him in a recumbent position and use a napkin 
for an inhaler. Use as little of the drug as possible, though 
you will find that the greater the nervous excitement, the 
more Chloroform will be required. Have your patient calm 
and quiet, and believing that everything will be done for his 
safety. When its effects become manifest, watch the respira- 
tion and the color of the face, lips, and cheeks. If the face 
becomes purple and pallid, danger is near ; when the breath- 
ing becomes stertorous, danger is at hand ; also, if the 
patient gasps for breath, there is the greatest of danger ! If 
respiration ceases, all means must be used quickly for its 
restoration. 

Use artificial respiration. Have one person make prejssure 
on the abdomen and alternately have another manipulate the 
chest, thus imitating respiratory movements. Lower the 
head, draw the tongue forward from the glottis, slap the 
chest, use electricity, etc. The danger is not always pro- 
portionate to the amount inhaled. 

None but C. P. (chemically pure) Chloroform should ever 
be used. Enough air should be admitted to greatly attenuate 



ANAESTHETICS. 271 

the vapor of the drug. Five per cent, of Chloroform vapor 
has produced death. As a rule three and one-half per cent, 
should not be exceeded. Use sufficient time in administer- 
ing it, and don't get excited. Always have an assistant at 
hand. In performing surgical operations, when the patient 
is pinched, or his eyelids are turned up, he flinches, or looks 
conscious, give more Chloroform. Some conditions contra- 
indicate its use. It is dangerous in extensive disease of the 
heart and lungs, though in some of these cases it is better to 
give than to withhold it. It may produce blood poisoning 
in the latter stage of pregnancy. 

Chloroform being powerfully antispasmodic, it is the rem- 
edy for all spasmodic troubles. Thus in spasmodic asthma 
no other remedy compares with it. It is the one unfailing 
remedy. It does not cure the disease, but it always relieves 
for the time being. In such cases give enough to produce 
muscular relaxation and normal respiration. It is the rem- 
edy for hysteria when other remedies fail. This remedy 
never fails. Give it in bad cases only as a last resort, and 
then carry it to anaesthesia. It checks puerperal convulsions 
until other and appropriate remedies can act. Here it may 
be given with morphine. It is very useful in infantile con- 
vulsions, when no inflammation is present, as in some of 
these spasmodic disorders a speedy action is necessary, and 
without such a remedy in some of these cases the child will 
die. Some will die anyway. After the patient is under its 
influence give other remedies to prevent a return of the con- 
vulsive movements. Chloroform may be required to control 
the movements in tetanus and chorea, and to give temporar}^ 
relief from pain in some forms of colic. 

It is a very important drug in obstetrics, being safer in 
this state than in almost any other condition. It relieves 
pain and does not interfere with the force and frequency of 
uterine contraction, while it promotes relaxation and relieve^ 



272 ANESTHETICS. 

suffering. Use it in cases of turning or in any other severe 
operation, unless the patient be very much enfeebled by 
hemorrhage. In these cases do not use it unless necessary, 
and then do not administer enough to render the patient un- 
conscious. She can give you m.uch valuable information if 
conscious, though her pain may be subdued. Use it, unless 
contra- indicated, where there is great and unbearable pain, 
abnormal labor, to extract retained placenta, and in using the 
forceps. When performing craniotomy bring the woman 
fully under its influence. It may be employed in puerperal 
mania, where the woman is furious, and the trouble is not 
due to cerebral hemorrhage. 

Chloroform is a good local anodyne. Use it in painful 
neuralgia, rheumatism, lumbago, etc. To relieve localized 
neuralgia, as of the face, wet a handkerchief with Chloro- 
form and apply it to the part until the pain vanishes. Neu- 
ralgia has been cured by injecting Chloroform near the pain- 
ful nerves. It causes great pain and swelling, and sometimes 
an abscess, but these soon pass away. 

The following is a very elegant and efficient liniment for 
relieving pain : 

R. Chloroform, fl^vj. 

Tr. Aconite, fl 5ij. 

Spts. Camphor, fl 5 iiss. 

Glycerin, fl 5 ss. M. 

Sig. — Rub on the painful part. 

This a good liniment in pulmonary troubles, as pleurisy, 
and for neuralgia, rheumatism, or pain in any part of the 
body. 

In such troubles as hernia, gall-stones, fractures, and dis- 
locations, use Chloroform by inhalation. 

In delirium tremens, with marked depression, the follow- 
ing is a very good preparation : 



AX^ESTHETICS. 273 

R. Chloroform, fl 5 j. 

Dilute Alcohol, flsxij. 

Tr. Capsicum, fl 5xiij. M. 
Sig. — Give this in teaspoonful doses in water. 

This combination may be used also for spasmodic hiccough 
and flatulent colic. Use from ten to fifteen drop doses in 
water. 

The following is a good mixture for irritating cough : 

R. Chloroform, flo ij- 

Beach Wood Creosote, fl 3 j. 

Alcohol, q. s. fl5J. 
Sig. — Inhale fifteen drops b}^ atomization or other 

means. 



yBTHER. Ether. 

Synonym . — Sulph uric Ether. 

Description. — This is obtained by the distillation of alco- 
hol with sulphuric acid, and it is then purified by distilling 
it with a solution of caustic potash, or preferably with a sat- 
urated solution of calcium chloride together with lime. It 
is a transparent, colorless liquid, containing 96 per cent, of 
eth}^ oxide or absolute Ether and about four per cent, of 
alcohol with a little water, and having a specific gravity of 
0.725 to 0.728. It has a burning, sweetish taste, and a pe- 
culiar and characteristic odor. It is soluble in water (10) 
and mixes freely and in all proportions with alcohol, chloro- 
form, oils, both fixed and volatile, and in benzol and benzin. 
It is highly inflammable and must be used with great care 
because its vapor when mixed with air is very explosive. 

It boils at 98.6°F. Its vapor is very heavy, being two 
and a half times heavier than air. Mixed with equal parts 
of water it contracts and loses bulk. No residue is left on 
evaporation. 

The properties of ether are stimulant and anaesthetic. 
Applied to the surface and allowed to evaporate it lowers 



274 ANESTHETICS. 

the temperature, but if evaporation is prevented it produces 
pain, redness, and vesication. Parts may be frozen with a 
spray of Ether, produced by means of atomization. As a 
stimulant it is Hke alcohol , but its effects are more rapid and 
less permanent. It is a general stimulant, producing a full, 
strong pulse, pleasant state of mind, followed by a sense of 
depression and sleep. Its action is on the nerve centers. It 
first stimulates them and increases their functions, and then 
it depresses them. Its greatest value is as an anaesthetic. 
It is safer than Chloroform, though not so powerful. Chloro- 
form is more pleasant and less inflammable. In the use of 
Ether as an anaesthetic great care is necessary. Only C. P. 
(chemically pure) must be used. The stomach must not be 
full or vomiting may result, and the patient may draw par- 
ticles of food into the air passages. A sponge provides a 
good inhaler, or a folded towel may serve the same purpose. 
Either may be inserted in a paper cone. To produce insen- 
sibility, about one ounce, as a rule, is necessary. Hold the 
inhaler close over the mouth, but do not entirely exclude 
the air. The inspired air containing from sixty to seventy 
per cent, of Ether is safe. Administer it with moderate 
rapidity only. If given too rapidly unpleasant choking sen- 
sations are produced. When first inhaled it produces a burn- 
ing sensation in the fauces. This is followed by exhilaration 
and buzzing in the head. Some weep, some laugh, and 
others rage, but in the second stage there is complete loss of 
consciousness, respiration becomes irregular, and when the 
stertorous stage is reached it must be given very carefully, 
or rather temporarily stopped, as stertor is an indication 
that the respiratory muscles are becoming paralyzed. If the 
face becomes pale or livid it indicates failing of the heart or 
respiratory organs. Its first effect is on the respiratory 
organs, and when death results from its use it is from paraly^ 



an^sthe:tics. ' 275 

sis of the respiratory center. The heart continues to beat 
after respiration ceases. 

Ether is valuable in obstetrics when there is great excite- 
ment of the nervous system and fear on the part of the 
patient. It may be used to relax a rigid os uteri, or to les- 
sen the severity of pain. 

In surgical operations it serves a good purpose. It may 
be used to subdue severe after-pains. A few whiffs of Ether 
relieves them greatly. Always observe the following propo- 
sition : In ordinary cases of obstetrics it is best to let nature 
alone, but in difficult cases when there is great" nervous irri- 
tability and attending danger, Ether may be used. In case 
manual or operative interference is demanded use Ether by 
inhalation. 

In puerperal eclampsia, use Ether until the patient be- 
comes quiet and other remedies can be employed. Begin its 
use as soon as there are indications of an approaching con- 
vulsion, giving suiffcient air in all these cases and stop ad- 
ministration of the Ether when coma comes on. Any of the 
volatile Ethers may kill sometimes, but in obstetric practice 
the Sulphuric Ether is the least liable to kill. It is also ex- 
cellent in cases of hysteria, especially the hysterical con- 
vulsions occurring after child birth, arresting the paroxysms 
when properly used. It is the remedy in infantile convul- 
sions when the trouble does not depend upon a morbid irri- 
tability of the nervous system with organic change. Always 
give enough to arrest the spasmodic action. In spasmodic 
asthma, w^hen the paroxysms are severe, give an inhalation 
of Ether as an adjunct to internal treatment. 

A few whiffs of Ether relieve nervous headache. Pour a 
little in the palm of the hand and inhale. To make its effects 
even more permanent in this state bathe the forehead with it. 
It is a good palliative in the treatment of neuralgia till more 
permanent remedies can act, and its effects very soon pass 



276 ANESTHETICS. 

off. It is very valuable in dysmenorrhoea when the pain is 
unbearable. Pain following the extraction of teeth is also 
relieved by it. It is sometimes a very good agent in delirium 
tremens. 

Ether is both an antispasmodic and pain-relieving remedy. 
It relieves pain during the passage of biliary or urinary cal- 
culi, and it also promotes their expulsion by producing mus- 
cular relaxation. Bring the patient fully under its influence. 
It is a good agent to relieve pain or cramps in the stomach 
given by the mouth. Hoffman's Anodyne is made as 
follows : R. Sulphuric Ether, fi o j. 

Alcohol, lis ij. M. 

Sig. — Give a teaspoonful in water until relief is 
obtained. 

This gives a more permanent effect than Ether, relieving 
pain, promoting the expulsion of fluids and producing sleep. 
It is excellent in melancholy and depression of the spirits. 
As a topical application it is of value to check vascular ex- 
citement. It lowers the temperature and relieves pain, hence 
it is a good local application in strangulated hernia. It may 
be used in low forms of fever or when asphyxia is threatened. 



CARDIACS. 277 



CARDIACS. 



In works on materia medica the remedies given under this 
head are variously classified, sometimes as sedatives, some of 
them, like Digitalis, as narcotics, etc. We have ventured in 
this connection to apply to the few drugs here considered the 
term cardiacs. 

Cardiacs are vascular stimulants. Thej^ improve the nu- 
trition of the heart and strengthen its contractile power as 
well as that of the blood vessels. They are all more or less 
different in action, yet they all are adapted to weakened con- 
ditions of the heart, and may be emplo3^ed to give strength 
and regularity to the circulation. For their peculiar action 
the reader is referred to the respective drugs. 



DIGITALIS. Foxglove. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves of Digitalis purpurea, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., SchropJndarincE. The leaves of plants 
grown in sandy soils ; second j^ear's growth only areoflScial. 
Europe, also cultivated in gardens. 

Specific Digitalis. — This is made of the imported, 
selected English herb. It possesses all the qualities capable 
of being abstracted and retained by an alcoholic menstruum. 
In many cases it is found that an aqueous preparation of 
Digitalis is desirable, and the infusion of Digitalis should be 
used. This, however, must be freshl}^ made. 

This is a biennial plant, a native of Europe. Its stem is 
from three to five feet high, its leaves large, alternate, and 



278 . CARDIACS. 

deep green, and its flowers purple, hence it is called Purple 
Foxglove. The leaves are used and should be gathered 
from the mature plant during its second season. It proper- 
ties are sedative, narcotic, and diuretic. It is a sedative to 
the heart by improving the strength of that organ, thus act- 
ing as a cardiac tonic. 

Digitalis rests the heart by prolonging the asystole, thus 
allowing the chambers to become better filled with blood. In 
proper doses it is a valuable drug, but in large doses it is 
poisonous. If poisonous doses be taken, it produces nausea, 
vomiting, salivation, giddiness, flushing of the face, cold 
sweat, swelling of the lips and tongue, fetid breath, inter- 
mittent pulse, convulsions, and death. It is an acro-narcotic 
poison ; it paralyzes the heart, produces cramps in the limbs, 
depresses nervous functions, and irritates the digestive or- 
gans. The intermittent pulse in case of cardiac debility indi- 
cates Digitalis. Pereira says, "there are three degrees 
of its operation. First, when given in small doses frequently 
repeated it affects all the organic functions, but produces no 
effect on the cerebro-spinal function ; all the other functions 
are depressed. Its influence on the circulation is not regu- 
lar, sometimes exalting and at other times depressing it. 
Secondly, when large doses are given the previously named 
symptoms are increased in intensity. In the third degree, 
vomiting, purging, griping of the bowels, irregular pulse, 
cold sweat, great debility, convulsions and death take place." 

In small doses Digitalis is a stimulant to the heart, but in 
large doses powerfully sedative. Its influence is best in 
atonic states. It may be used as a sedative in some fevers, 
acting somewhat like Aconite in these cases. It should be 
employed in small doses in chronic cases. Being a pow- 
erful heart tonic, it is a very good agent in heart disease 
with enfeeblement. It is the true opium for the heart. In 
sufficient doses it is one of the most powerful of sedatives, 



CARDIACS. 279 

though a stimulant to the kidneys as well. Applied to 
abraded surfaces it produces irritation and inflammation. It 
increases the circulation of the stomach by irritation of its 
mucous coat. In moderate doses it is stimulant to the mus- 
cles of the heart, and contracts the arteries. 

Digitalis is one of the best remedies in the materia medica 
for dropsy, when the heart action is feeble. In general 
dropsy, when the breathing is difficult and distressing, espe- 
cially when lying down, and the jugular veins are enlarged, 
the face pale or dusky, the urine high-colored and scanty, 
and the pulse frequent, feeble, fluttering, and irregular, we 
have the case for its exhibition. It gives increased power to 
the heart, and, being eliminated by the kidneys, it stimulates 
them to greater activity. Use it in many cases of cardiac 
.disease where the heart action is feeble and rapid. These 
cases usually terminate in dropsy, and this is a good agent 
to prevent such a termination. It is valuable in rheumatism 
when the patient is threatened with heart failure from the 
effects of the disease. Use the infusion prepared as follows : 
Macerate one drachm of the leaves in eight ounces of boiling 
water. Give a teaspoonful every two hours ; this produces 
its effects very rapidly. The dose of the tincture ranges 
from one to ten drops ; of specific Digitalis from one to five 
drops. 

Digitalis is sometimes used as a sedative and diuretic in 
scarlet fever. For this purpose we have better sedatives. It 
is of value, however, when dropsy supervenes after that dis- 
ease. Hemorrhagic conditions, such as uterine hemorrhage, 
have yielded to Digitalis. It causes contractions of the 
uterus. It may be employed with Ergot in this trouble, as 
well as in haemoptysis. 



280 . CARDIACS. 

CONVALLARIA. ' Lily of the Valley, 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Conval- 
laria majalis^ Ivinne ; Nat. Ord., Liliacece. Indigenous to 
Europe, but both naturaHzed and cultivated in America. 

Chief Active Principi.KS. — Convallamarin (cardiac 
stimulant) and (r^?2z/^//^r/?z (purgative). 

Specific Con vai,l aria Majai^is. — This preparation is 
made of the fresh root of the plant. Confusion has arisen 
in some cases concerning this drug and false species have 
appeared in market. Fortunately Eclectics have not had to 
contend with these conditions for unusual care is exercised 
in selecting the true species for our specific. 

Besides a tincture of the root a tincture of this plant may 
be made by using two parts of ninety -eight per cent, alcohol 
to one part of the plant. The doses of this is from one to 
ten drops in a little water. 

Use this remedy to lessen the pulse when there is sluggish 
and obstructed capillary circulation. In moderate doses it 
slows the action of the heart and at the same time increases 
its power. In large doses it increases the heart's action. Its 
effect is tonic to the heart and blood vessels and hence it may 
be used in atonic conditions of these organs. 

It is used considerably with Digitalis. It is superior in 
some respects to Digitalis, in not impairing the condition of 
the digestive organs, and in many cases it seems to exert a 
better tonic influence than Digitalis. Digitalis may destroy 
life by paralyzing the heart, but such action never results 
from the use of Convallaria. 

Its properties are diuretic and heart tonic. It is a good 
remedy in dropsy and rheumatism, used for its influence on 
the circulatory organs. Give from one to ten drops four 
times a day. It is indicated in dropsy with feeble circula- 
tion and diminished blood pressure. Dose, from one to ten 
drops every three hours. 



CARDIACS. 281 

STROPH\NTHUS. Strophanthas, 

Botanical Origin. — The seed of Strophanthus hispidus, 
DeCandolle, after having been deprived of its awn ; Nat. 
Ord., Apocynacece. Africa and Asia. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Strophanthine a glucoside. 

Specific Strophanthus. — This preparation is made of 
the cleaned Strophanthus seed. It is a very energetic rem- 
edy and must be used with care. The value of Strophanthus 
in Eclectic medicine has been established by the specific 
Strophanthus, which with us is the standard and not the seed 
or any other preparation thereof. 

From this plant the natives of West Africa prepare the 
Kombe arrow-poison — a powerful muscle poison. 

In small doses Strophanthus increases the appetite and 
improves digestion through its bitter and tonic properties. 
Its chief action, however, is that of a cardiac tonic. It is 
likewise diuretic. A few drops of a solution of the glucoside 
( I in looo) dropped into the eye produces local anaesthesia. 
This anaesthesia is said to be more powerful than that of 
cocaine. As a heart tonic it slows the beat, increases the 
energy of the heart muscle, and gives the organ rest by pro- 
longing the interval between contractions. When a fatal 
dose is given the heart is arrested in diastole. While not 
cumulative, the doses may be too frequently given, and 
thus be equal to cumulative effects. Diarrhaea may be in- 
duced by its prolonged use. 

This agent is a drug for weak heart and may be emploj^ed 
in cases similar to those in which Digitalis is employed, but 
not well borne. It is probably weaker in action than Digi- 
talis, but, on the other hand, it produces no change in the 
size of the arteries, and, therefore, does not add an extra 
burden to the heart as Digitalis sometimes does. Strophan- 
thus may be employed in cases of gradual heart failure, 
especially when occurring in the aged. The form in which 



282 CARDIACS. 

it acts best is that in which dyspnoea is marked and there are 
pains resembling those of angina. It is one of the newer 
remedies for dropsies of cardiac origin. 

When d^^spncea and uraemia are concomitants of Bright' s 
disease this drug renders good service, and it Hkewise re- 
duces the dropsical accumulations which may result from 
this or other chronic affections of the renal secreting ap- 
paratus. 

Strophanthusmay, therefore, be employed where a cardiac 
stimulant and a diuretic combined are needed. The dose of 
specific Strophanthus may range from a fraction of a drop to 
five drops. 



CACTUS, Night=Blooming Cereus. 

Botanical Origin. — The flowers and stem of Cereii^ 
(^Cactus) grandifloriis , lyinne ; Nat. Ord., CactacecB. Mexico. 

Specific Cactus Grandiflorus. — This preparation has 
established with us one of the most useful of our medicines. 
It is made of the green stem of the true species, the sweet- 
scented Cactus grandifiorus. Among florists much confusion 
exists concerning this plant, for many other species are sold 
under that name. It is essential that the true Cactus gran- 
difiorus be used, and that it be worked green and with the 
right menstruum. Otherwise this most important remedy 
wall be of no value. 

This plant is a native of Mexico, but is cultivated as a hot- 
house plant, and admired universally for its wonderful, large 
and showy, pearly or cream-white, nocturnal fiowers, which 
are strongly fragrant. 

The effect of Cactus is to strengthen the heart's contractile 
power, to regulate its movements, and to improve its general 
condition. It does not produce the unpleasant effects of 
Digitalis, and is an excellent cardiac tonic. 



CARDIACS. 283 

Large doses of Cactus produce gastric irritation, belching 
of acrid gases, and, in some cases, bilious diarrhoea and mel- 
ancholia. To make a tincture add eight ounces of the com- 
minuted drug to one pint of alcohol. Specific Cactus is an 
excellent preparation. 

Cactus is sedative, diuretic, and antispasmodic. It acts 
upon the sympathetic nerves, and especially upon the cardiac 
centers. It is the drug to employ when there is a sense of 
oppression around the heart, and associated with mental 
d-epression. Use it in cases of hypochondria with fear of 
death, the patient firmly believing the disease to be incurable, 
but the doctor knowing better. Employ it in heart troubles 
resulting from nervous derangement. It is of much value in 
the functional cardiac derangements of nervous females, 
particularly during the menstrual period. 

For the headache of menstruation : 

R. Specific Cactus, gtt. x. to xxx. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. ' M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful three or four times a 

day. 

Prof. Scudder says of Cactus that it is neither sedative nor 
stimulant. According to our view it is a sedative, but not a 
depressant. Possibly its best property is that of a heart 
tonic. It ma}^ even be used in organic heart troubles, for, 
while it does not cure, it improves the nutrition of that organ. 



284 SEDATIVES. 



SEDATIVES. 



Agents which decrease or wholly quiet irritation and cor- 
rect sympathetic innervation are denominated sedatives. By 
many sedatives and narcotics have been included in one 
class, but there is an important difference, which, we think, 
entitles sedatives to a class distinction, and that is that they 
produce sedation without first being excitant (stimulant). 
The first action of a narcotic is that of stimulation, after 
which it acts much like the sedatives in that it produces se- 
dation. Further, sedatives do not act upon the intellectual 
functions, directly relieve pain, nor produce sleep. 

Sedatives, as before stated, correct sympathetic innervation. 
This they do when given in proper, small doses. When 
given in large doses they act as depressors, hence the belief 
which many hold that agents classed as sedatives are depres- 
sants. When the true medicinal action of sedatives is ob- 
tained it is never that of depression, but tends rather toward 
normal action. 

Sedatives are direct and indirect. Indirect sedatives are 
those which, through some influence other than direct action 
upon the nervous system, produce sedation. Thus the 
secondary effect of an emetic may be sedation. 

Direct sedatives are absorbed into the blood and exert their 
action upon the nervous system in whole or part, relieving 
irritation. Their action is transient and directly opposite to 
that of stimulants. They markedly affect the circulation 
and control inflammatory and febrile excitation. lyocally 
applied their sedative etiects are produced much the same as 



SEDATIVES. 285 

when taken internally. They are often topically applied in 
neuralgic and other painful and inflammatory local affections. 
Some of the sedatives, as Veratrum, Aconite, etc., are fre- 
quently alluded to as the special sedatives from their marked 
action in relieving nervous irritability and in controlling cir- 
culatory disturbances. They likewise produce pronounced 
relaxation. {Qovn-^d^x^ Narcotics.) 



VERATRUM. American Hellebore. 

Synonyms. — Indian Poke, Sivanip Hellebore, etc. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Veratrum 
viride, Solander ; Nat. Ord., Liliaceoe. United States as far 
south as the Carolinas. 

Chief Active Constituents. — Jervine^M^Veratroidine. 

Specific Veratrum. — This is made of recent (not green) 
Veratrum root It is very energetic and must be used with 
caution. Many authorities consider that Veratrum depends 
exclusively upon an alkaloid for its medicinal value, but 
Prof. Lloyd considers that the association of the alkaloid and 
resinous constituents must be unbroken to give the full effects 
of this valuable drug. No solution of Veratrum alkaloids 
will produce the therapeutical action of specific Veratrum . 

This is a native plant found growing in swamps and wet 
places. The rhizome is the part used and should be gathered 
in the autumn after the leaves fall. Several preparations are 
on the market which are of greater or less value. A very 
good tincture is made by taking eight ounces of the rhizome 
and macerating it two weeks in one pint of alcohol. Filter 
and use doses of from one to fifteen drops. Norwood's 
Tincture is another very good preparation. Our specific 
Veratrum is also a very powerful and reliable medicine. 

Veratrum was used by the native Indians not so much as a 
medicine as for a poison. Certain tribes, when selectinsr a 



286 SEDATIVES. 

chieftain from among the candidates, gave each of them a 
drink of a strong infusion of this plant, and the one who 
could stand the most of it was regarded the strongest and 
best able to endure" hardship, and hence was chosen chief. 
In some parts of the East, farmers use it to protect their 
grain from the ravages of birds, by soaking the seed in the 
decoction. When the birds eat it they become paralyzed and 
are easily captured, but if they are not soon caught they 
recover and escape. Though so very powerful it does not 
make a very permanent impression on the system. In large 
doses it produces a reduction of the temperature, slowness of 
respiration, and circular dilatation of the pupil, impeded mus- 
cular motion, hiccough, headache, nausea, great prostration ; 
the body becomes covered with clammy perspiration, pain in 
the stomach and bowels ensues, lividity of the skin super- 
venes, and life is threatened. 

But although causing such alarming symptoms no deaths 
are reported from it. When given in sufficient quantities it 
produces vomiting and thus prevents fatal termination. In 
some cases given in doses C)f from five to ten drops to preg- 
nant women abortion results, brought on by the excessive 
and frequent vomiting produced. This does not take place 
from any specific effect the drug has on the uterus, but from 
the prolonged constitutional disturbance which it produces. 

Osgood, in 1835, made the medical profession acquainted 
with Veratrum and its action, though Tully had previously 
called his attention to it. In 1850 Norwood again came out 
with some opinions concerning it. He says that vomiting 
produced by it is solely from spasmodic action of the stomach 
with no action of the diaphragm. This action is not very 
severe, but protracted. Veratrum increases secretion from 
the lungs, liver, and kidneys, but depresses the circulation. 

Veratrum is used in fevers and inflammations to reduce 
excited cardiac action, and restore secretions, as well as to 



SEDATIVES. 287 

lessen the temperature. Here the danger to life and the de- 
structiveness of the disease are in proportion to the increase 
of the temperature. Hence any agent that will lessen tem- 
perature and circulatory excitement will be indicated in the 
treatment of them, provided it produces no bad effects in 
itself. Our sedatives come in here, and are good agents in 
all such cases. Even though a sedative may meet all the 
primary requirements of the case, yet other remedies act 
more effectively when the sedation is accomplished. In large 
doses Veratrum is a very powerful arterial and spinal de- 
pressant^ producing muscular weakness and paralysis. There- 
fore, it must not be given in large doses ; but to obtain its 
sedative effect it must be given in small doses frequently re- 
peated. Though powerful, its action is not permanent, and 
if ten drops be given in cases of increased vascular excite- 
ment and temperature, it produces a marked impression for 
a time, but in three or four hours the excitement is as great 
as ever. If given in doses of two drops sedation is slow, but 
when obtained is more permanent. Another objection to 
large doses is that it soon affects the stomach and can not be 
tolerated. In small doses it is stimulant to all the vegetative 
processes through its action on the S3anpathetic nerves, and 
removes obstructions to the circulation as well as increases 
heart power. As obstructions to the circulation are removed 
the heart beats less frequently to do its work, because of 
increased power and lack of resistance. It is a good remedy 
for inflammation of serous tissues with a cordy, wiry pulse. 
Here a sedative effect must be obtained rapidly, as a loss of 
a few hours may result in a fatality. Thus in peritonitis, 
especially puerperal peritonitis, the inflammation must be 
checked. Give doses of two drops every half hour ; if this 
produces nausea give srnaller doses, and when the sedative 
effect is obtained lessen the dose. This treatment may many 
times arrest the inflammation in pneumonia, when associated 



288 SEDATIVES. 

with a full, bounding pulse. It generally controls the in- 
flammatory action, lessens cough, and in every way improves 
the patient. Aconite is a better remedy here than Veratrum 
unless the pneumonia is markedly sthenic. Veratrum is the 
best known remedy to prevent inflammation in injuries to 
the abdominal walls, as by blows, etc. Give full doses if 
inflammation is threatened. It is far superior to Aconite in 
these cases. 

Veratrum is a good remedy for puerperal convulsions. It 
nnist not be relied upon here alone, but it prevents inflam- 
mation and favorably influences the stomach, secretory organs 
and absorbents. 

It is a very good drug when a sedative is needed in the 
early stage of acute dropsy given in alternation with Digi- 
talis ; the effusion sometimes rapidly disappears under its 
employment. It is valuable in the early stage of phthisis to 
control a violent condition of the circulation, and to bring 
down the temperature. Give it in one-half drop doses. It 
likewise proves useful in hemorrhages of an active character. 
In acute inflammatory rheumatism it lessens the pain and 
promotes elimination of the rheumatic poison. 

Heart troubles, such as active cardiac hypertrophy, are 
relieved by Veratrum. In these cases the pulse is full, 
strong, and intense, the carotids pulsate forcibly, the eyes 
are blood-shot, and there is cough, headache, and weight in 
the upper epigastrium, while the heart may beat so violently 
as to shake the bed, and sleep is entirely prevented. This 
remedy relieves the excitement, the heart action becomes 
normal, the cough improves, and the patient is in every way 
better. Give one drop in water five or six times a day. If 
the pulse is feeble and rapid Digitalis is preferable. 

Veratrum is a very good remedy in delirium tremens 
where the pulse is full and bounding, and the eyes red and 
blood-shot, with evidence of inflammatory action. Veratrum 



SEDATIVES. 289 

improves the circulation and innervation, and gives sleep. 
Excellent results are obtained frora its use in such diseases 
as spinal irritation, spinal convulsions, acute mania, cerebro- 
spinal meningitis, or any undue excitement of the spinal 
nervous system. In urgent cases large doses may be given. 
Veratrum appears to be a specific in orchitis and is not 
without value in Rhus poisoning, and in certain forms of 
erysipelas. 



ACONITUM. Aconite. 

Synonyms. — Aconite Root, Monkshood , Wolf bane. 

BoTANiCAE Origin. — The tuber of Aconitiun napellns^ 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Ranunculacece. This poisonous plant 
grows in the mountain regions of Asia, Europe, and the 
northwestern portion of North America. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Aconitine, an alkaloid too 
poisonous for use, though used to some extent in medicine. 

Specific Aconite. — This is one of our most important 
remedies. It is made of fresh Aconite and is very energetic. 
The color of specific Aconite is light brown-red, and it is a 
fearful poison in overdoses. Physicians must bear in mind 
that no antidote will counteract an overdose of specific Aco- 
nite, and that while very light in color it is very active in 
effects. Do not use in larger doses than we commend. 

This plant is of the order of Ranunculaceae, an order which 
comprises many valuable medicinal plants, as Pulsatilla, 
Helleborus niger. Delphinium, Cimicifuga, etc. Aconite is 
a native of the mountainous regions of Northern Europe and 
Switzerland. The stem is erect and simple, the leaves palmate 
and green, the flowers blue or purple, and the plant is cul- 
tivated for ornament. Its root resembles the Wild Turnip 
and its specific name is given it on that account. Its generic 
name is from a Greek word meaning rock. The plant is 
known by the common name of Wolfbane because it destroys 



290 SKDATIVKS. 

wolves, dogs, and cats, but horses eat it freely. The root is 
spindle-shaped, about the size of the finger, appearing much 
like horse-radish, for which it has been mistaken by some 
with serious results. It may, however, be distinguished from 
horse-radish by its shape, the root of the latter being of the 
same size for some distance from the base, while Aconite 
root is tapering, and lacks the pungent odor of the former. 

Diiferent estimates of Aconite are made by different writers. 
Fleming says concerning its toxic effects that five drops at a 
dose of a strong tincture causes a sensation of warmth in the 
stomach with slight nausea, dyspnoea, tingling of the lips 
and tongue, and diminished pulse and respiration. If in an 
hour a second five drops be given all the previous symptoms 
become more pronounced, the pulse sinks to forty or fifty, 
and respiration to thirteen or fifteen per minute. Vomiting 
may occur and continue for a day. If in another hour five 
drops be again taken all the poisonous symptoms increase, 
the face becomes deathlike, there will be frothing at the 
mouth, the voice, sight, and hearing are lost, wandering 
delirium ensues, and death ends the scene. 

Aconite is not a new remedy, for it was in use in 1762. 
It was then used as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and narcotic, and 
to increase the flow of urine, relieve pain in rheumatism, and 
paralysis. 

Aconite is a stimulant to the sympathetic nervous system, 
increasing the power of the heart to move the blood, and 
putting the vessels in better condition for its passage. The 
same system of nerves govern the heart and blood vessels, 
and a remedy that influences one also influences the other. 
Aconite is both stimulant and sedative. It is a very certain 
remedy to reduce the frequency of the pulse and an excited 
condition indicating lack of power in the heart and capillaries. 
Aconite reduces the frequency of the pulse by removing ob- 
structions and giving cardiac power. It is indicated by a 



SEDATIVES. 291 

frequent, small pulse ; by the hard, wiry pulse ; by the open, 
compressed pulse ; by the rebounding pulse ; by the irregular 
pulse ; and in any marked enf eeblement of the circulation . 
With Belladonna it is the remedy in congestion of the nerve 
centers, or to relieve cough from congestion. It controls 
undue activity of the excretory organs, as of the skin, kid- 
neys, and bowels. 

Dr. Phillips says that the ancients, who were well ac- 
quainted with mineral poisons, considered Aconite more 
deadly, and subsequent experience has proven that they 
were not far from wrong. Every part of the plant is poison- 
ous, even the odor being so to some highly sensitive persons, 
causing fainting or temporary loss of sight. 

When any considerable quantity of the juice enters at a 
wound on the skin, pain, cardialgia, suffocation, mental 
anxiety, and syncope result. If the twigs or leaves be 
chewed a sensation of numbness is produced that lasts many 
hours ; if the quantity be large death speedily ensues. Be- 
fore death, pungent heat in the stomach, palate, fauces, 
painful numbness of the limbs, general tremor, severe vomit- 
ing, and a weak, irregular pulse, purging, suffocation, and 
death ends the scene. This indicates, the mind generally 
being all right until death, that it is not narcotic. A dog 
under its influence follows his master, but he has no feeling 
of touch nor pain. Death results from cardiac paralysis, the 
poison first acting on the medulla and then paralyzing the 
pneumogastric nerve. The cerebro-spinal nerves become 
paralyzed and voluntar}^ movement is lost. The muscles 
are not affected, nor are the spinal cord and sensor}^ nerves. 
Because of this powerful and poisonous effect it must be given 
with great care and in small amounts. 

In all inflammatory diseases, as much of the difficulty as 
depends upon the exalted circulation and temperature will 
be removed by Aconite. Hence, use it in all acute inflam- 



292 SKDATlVKvS. 

matory troubles, whether local or general. In local inflam- 
mation there is a tendency to exudation, adhesions, indura- 
tions, and enlargements. Such results will be prevented by 
Aconite better than by anything else. Some remedies de- 
press the temperature more rapidly than Aconite, as Anti- 
febrin, Antipyrin, and so on. But these do not lessen the 
danger from the disease, as does Aconite. Aconite is the great 
antiphlogistic of the materia medica. No remedy influences 
the capillary circulation better than Aconite, relieving con- 
gestion of those vessels. If the capillaries are obstructed 
arterial engorgement results, as the blood then has no outlet. 
This produces congestion, and then inflammation with in- 
creased heart action ensues, from the greater resistance to be 
overcome. This engorgement of arteries may be in any 
part, as the brain, lungs, etc., and gives rise to inflammation 
of those organs. No remedy in use will better prevent this 
than Aconite. Our two great sedatives are Aconite and 
Veratrum. The direct cause of sedation is their action on 
the nervous system, though they act secondarily on the vascu- 
lar system. To control great vascular excitement give Verat- 
rum, but in great nervous excitement, with small, rapid 
pulse. Aconite is the remedy. Aconite is the remedy to 
relieve pain when there is a small, rapid pulse, capillary 
congestion, and nervous excitement. Aconite cures quickly 
in cases of uncomplicated inflammation, generally giving 
immediate relief. 

Aconite is the backbone of the Homoeopathic practice. It 
acts in small doses with great certainty, and it has a wide 
range of application. Indeed it is the most valuable agent 
in the materia medica, but we must not expect it to cure 
everything ; if cases are well selected it never fails to do its 
work. In cases of pure inflammatory rheumatism, inde- 
pendent of any organic lesion, and with no septic processes 
going on in the blood, Aconite is an absolute specific. 



SEDATIVES. 293 

Aconite as a medicine is sure and rapid.. It aids in the 
diagnosis of simple fever. If in twelve hours of treatment 
with Aconite, the patient is not well or markedly improved, 
he has more than a case of simple fever. In typhoid fever 
it will not arrest the disease as in simple fever, because there 
is a lesion of the blood which will not yield to any treatment 
at once. Homoeopaths say that Aconite will not reduce the 
pulse one beat nor promote one drop of secretion in typhoid 
fever. We believe it an important remedy here and often 
indicated, and does good work in some cases, though Bap- 
tisia, as a rule, is better. 

Aconite is of some value in cardiac diseases. In palpita- 
tion of the heart relief comes from it owing to the fact that it 
relieves the irritation upon which the trouble depends. For 
spasm of the heart with a sense of suffocation and a feeling 
as if the heart's action were about to stop : 

R. Specific Aconite, gtt. v. 

Aqua, fisiv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every five minutes. 

Asthma, with increased temperature, is also benefited by 
Aconite. Aconite is exceedingly effective in measles, small- 
pox, scarlet fever, etc., where there is hot, dry skin, excited 
circulation, and marked febrile action. Here it controls the 
temperature as soon as the eruption develops ; Belladonna is 
frequently demanded also. Aconite is the very best remedy 
to develop the eruption, control the temperature, and place 
the skin in good condition. It must not be expected to control 
the fever until the eruption appears. In the early stages of 
pneumonia no drug is its equal. It acts well even with 
Veratrum when the latter is indicated, because Aconite not 
only controls temperature and circulation, but acts directly 
upon the diseased structure. Aconite is a good remedy in 
pleurisy, though in some cases Brycmia is better, as is the 
case in the second stage of pneumonia. In pleurisy, in the 



294 SEDATIVES. 

early stage, with a marked chill, cough, sharp pain on res- 
piration and pressure on the intercostal spaces, Aconite is 
again the remedy. But after the acute pain subsides and 
considerable effusion takes place, the patient lying on the 
affected side, . Bryonia is the remedy. We generally advise 
the use of Aconite and Bryonia in both stages of the disease. 

Aconite is a very good agent in rheumatism. All simple 
inflammatory cases will be cured by it in two or three days, 
but in more complicated cases it may run five or six weeks in 
spite of everything. Aconite is not specific in rheumatism 
because the latter is a defect of the blood, but it helps toward 
a cure. Inflammatory rheumatism may affect the internal 
organs, as the lungs, liver, bowels, urinary apparatus, etc. 
Aconite checks inflammatory action in every place and it 
may here be given with some appropriate antirheumatic, for 
such combinations often act better than either remedy admin- 
istered singly. 

Aconite is a remedy for intermittent and rheumatic fevers; 
it is just as good here as in simple fever when indicated. It 
is the remedy for chill as well as for fever (in any stage, hot 
or cold), causing equalization of the circulation. Aconite is 
a very good drug in gastric fever, associated with a yellow 
tongue, bad taste in the mouth, and diarrhoea consisting of the 
passage of undigested food. Here use Aconite and Ipecac. 

In erysipelas, when high fever is present, never omit Aco- 
nite. Aconite is an excellent medicine in many forms of 
inflammation of the skin. It assists in controlling the inflam- 
mation, and other remedies may be used for their specific 
influence on the disease. In inflammatory forms of brain 
disease Aconite may be given internally and applied locally. 
For topical use add one drachm to one pint of water. It is 
a good agent in apoplexy, with hot, dry skin and flushed face, 
when the trouble is due to hyperaemia of the superficial ves- 



SEDATIVES. 295 

sels. But if the cerebral vessels are ruptured no remedy will 
cure. R. Specific Aconite, gtt. v. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every fifteen minutes. 

Aconite is a good local application in most inflammatory 
troubles such as inflammation of the throat, with heat, dry- 
ness, and difficult deglutition. 

If used early it scatters the inflammation and removes the 
swelling incident to tonsilitis. With Belladonna it is the 
remedy for dry, raw, sore throat. It is very effective in 
acute inflammatory laryngeal and bronchial troubles. 

It is a good remedy in croup. If given early in psuedo- 
membranous croup it will abort or prevent the disease. It 
arrests the inflammation, prevents the effusion and coagula- 
tion, and promotes the absorption of abnormal products. It 
is one of our best remedies in catarrhal and spasmodic croup. 
Emetics are largely used here, but they are not always the 
best remedies. Give the emetic when the secretions are abun- 
dant and loose, and then continue with Aconite. In the large 
majority of cases Aconite alone is sufficient to cure. 

R. Specific Aconite, gtt. iij. to v. 

Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — A teaspoonful every fifteen minutes. 

Aconite is useful in many troubles of the female. In some 
conditions it is a good emmenagogue. Recent amenorrhoea, 
from cold, with increased temperature and circulation, is re- 
lieved by Aconite. It is a good agent in the vomiting of 
pregnancy ; by its influence on the nerves it deadens their 
sensibility and removes the irritation. Give small doses two 
or three times a day for some length of time. 

Aconite is one of the chief drugs in the treatment of diar- 
rhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum. Ipecac is the other 
great remedy for these troubles. In dysentery it may be 
used wdth Ipecac or magnesium sulphate. Bow^el troubles of 



296 SKDATIVES. 

an inflammatory character, and especially those resulting 
from colds, usually demand Aconite as a part of the 
treatment. 

Aconite administered internally and applied locally relieves 
neuralgia, especially in the head, if not the result of some 
irritation, as from peripheral irritation or from bad teeth. 
Aconite, with Belladonna, usually gives relief. Women, at 
the menopause, often complain of "a rush of blood to the 
head"; this results from arterial torpor and produces pain, 
unrest, alternate chills and flushes of heat, palpitation of the 
heart, dyspnoea, fullness of the stomach, the bladder feels 
distended and there are frequent attempts to micturate. Give 
the usual doses of Aconite every half hour until relief is ob- 
tained. In hemorrhage from the uterus, lungs, nose, and 
excessive menstruation, it proves serviceable. Here it is 
indicated when the circulation is excited and the face is dry 
and hot. As a local application it is an anaesthetic and may 
thus be used to relieve pain. 

In poisoning with Aconite remove it from the stomach as 
soon as possible and give animal charcoal in water followed 
by an emetic. For this sulphate of copper or sulphate of 
zinc may be used for rapid action. Stimulants may be given 
until the depressing effects pass away. Vinegar is, in a 
measure, antidotal to Aconite, at least it relieves the tingling 
sensation produced in the throat by the drug. If the amount 
of Aconite be very large death will surely result. 



BRYONIA. Bryony. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Bryonia alba, Linne, 
and 79r)/^?zz<2 <//(?zV<2, Linne; Nat. Ord., Cucurbitaceoe. Hedges 
and thickets of Southern and Central Europe. 

Specific Bryonia. — This is made of the recent selected 
drug imported from England. Commercial Bryonia is often 



SKDATIVKS. 297 

worthless from the attacks of worms and the effects of age. 
It must be worked promptly and with the right menstruum. 

These are perennial plants, natives of Europe. All the 
plants of this order (Cucurbitacese) are succulent, creeping, 
or climbing, as the cucumber, squash, melon, etc. The root 
is the part used. It is large, forked, and bitter, and yields 
its ^properties to alcohol and partially to water. In large 
doses it is a drastic purgative, active and corrosive in action, 
destroying the mucous coat of the bowels, and giving rise to 
an uncontrollable diarrhoea. Its antidote, when given m 
poisonous doses, is an infusion of galls. 

The physiological action of Bryonia is as follows : It ex- 
cites the peripheral nerves and capillaries, producing symp- 
toms of inflammation and nervous irritation. It is indicated 
when absorption of inflammatory or sanguineous or serous 
exudation is desired, no remedy being better in these cases. 
It is further indicated by a hard pulse, pain m the orbital 
and frontal regions, flushing of the right cheek, and irritat- 
ing cough, with pain and soreness. It relieves irritation of 
the sympathetic nerves, lessens arterial tension and frequency 
of the pulse, promotes the elimination of heat, and puts the 
vascular system in good condition, 

Bryonia is a very excellent remedy in lung diseases. In 
affections of the serous and synovial membranes it is the best 
remedy known. 

Bryonia is a good agent in rheumatic affections, being 
more or less useful in all forms of rheumatism. It is a good 
remedy in rheumatic headache and sharp pain in the tem- 
poral region. For frontal headache and hemicrania, with 
tenderness of the scalp, and sharp, tearing pains, aggravated 
by motion, it is the direct remedy. If fever be present give 
it v/ith Aconite. One controls the inflammatory action and 
the other the blood lesion. With Aconite it is an excellent 
drug m acute rheumatism, and in the chronic form it is one 



298 . SKDATIVKS. 

of the very best medicines, especially when the joints are 
swollen and stiff. When the swelling attacks the finger- 
joints it is an absolute specific. In rheumatism of the spine, 
in children, when the parts are stiff and painful, it renders 
good service. It always does best m these cases when the 
pain is severe. Rheumatic toothache is relieved by it also. 

Its influence on the blood is very salutary in scrofulous 
affections. In all scrofulous affections of the eye and ear, as 
scrofulous ulcerations, and in white swelling, associated 
with burning, stinging pain, very excellent results may be 
obtained from Bryonia. It proves useful in partial deafness 
following scarlet fever, with swelling of the glands. 

Bryonia is a leading remedy for cough. In chronic cough, 
worse in the morning after eating and causing the patient to 
vomit, it is the most reliable remedy. In cough, with tick- 
ling of the throat, and in those cases excited by talking, 
walking, etc., it is also curative. 

R. Specific Bryonia (Ix dilution), gtt. xxx. to xl. 
Aqua, fl ^ iv. M. 

Dose, a teaspoonful every hour. 

Few cases of pneumonia and bronchitis occur without 
demanding this valuable drug. In bronchial troubles, with 
frothy and bloody expectoration, it lessens the cough and 
the amount of the expectoration. Use Bryonia in the typhoid 
pneumonia sometimes present as a complication of typhoid 
fever. When the pleura is affected be sure to give this drug. 
Should the chest become at all affected in typhoid fever give 
Bryonia early. In inflammations of the serous membranes 
and viscera, when fever is most pronounced, Aconite is the 
best remedy, but when serous exudation occurs Bryonia is 
the remedy. In all these cases these two remedies are indi- 
cated and may be given alternately. The decimal dilution 
is the best to use. 

In all acute respiratory disorders first give Aconite and if 



SEDATIVES. 299 

this does not relieve give Bryonia. It is the remed}^ for 
pleurisy, with sharp, cutting pain, and in so-called bilious 
pleurisy — associated with jaundice — it is very serviceable, 
and is particularly useful in those cases in which there is a 
burning sensation in the lung, and expectoration of tenacious 
mucus. For simple pleurisy, from a chill or cold. Aconite 
is the best remedy, but when insidious or complicated, Bry- 
onia is the remedy. Give it in pleuro-pneumonia for its ab- 
sorbent effects. 

Bryonia gives good results in brain disorders, with serous 
exudations. It is also valuable in pericarditis, especially 
that form which results in hydropericardium. 

Give Bryonia in mammitis where there are tender, swollen, 
and knotty mammary glands. Here associate it with Aconite. 
Hepatic affections, developing pain on pressure, and associ- 
ated with high-colored urine and jaundiced skin, are benefited 
by Aconite and Bryonia alternately. It gives fine results in 
ordinary jaundice and in indigestion, where the food seems 
to lie heavy like a stone in the stomach. It is said to be of 
value in typhus fever with gastric distress, diarrhoea, and 
tympanitic abdomen. Bryonia, in most cases, seems to act 
best in the first attenuation. 



PULSATILLA. Pasque Flower. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — The fresh herb of Ayiejnone Pulsa- 
tilla, Linne, and Anemone Pratensis, Linne ; Nat. Ord., 
Ranmiculacecs . Europe. 

Specific Pulsatilla. — This preparation is one of the 
most important remedies. Made properly it is invaluable ; 
made carelessly it is valueless. The herb must be gathered 
quickly, as its life is short. It must be at once covered with 
alcohol and worked fresh. Dry Pulsatilla is of no value in 
our practice. Specific Pulsatilla has a green color which be- 



300 . SEDATIVES. 

comes darker by age ; when a year old it is much darker. 
It should be made fresh each season. 

These are perennial plants, flowering in May and again in 
August and September. Their flower stalks are six or eight 
inches high, their leaves downy, and their flowers pendulous 
and purple. They are natives of Europe, where they 
grow in exposed places, hence they are commonly known 
as wind flower. Several varieties are indigenous to the 
United States. Use the specific Pulsatilla, which represents 
sixteen ounces of the plant to one pint of fluid, in the first 
decimal dilution ; or a higher dilution may be employed if 
desired. 

In a concentrated form Pulsatilla is a local irritant to the 
mucous surfaces, giving a sensation of rawness, with bad 
breath and bad taste in the mouth, with acrid eructations. 
It produces a mucous diarrhoea and irritation of the whole 
urinary tract, with frequent desire to micturate, accompanied 
with tenesmus, etc. It causes catarrhal affections of the 
membranes of the nose^ at first checking, and afterwards 
increasing their secretions. It also causes a sensation of 
constriction of the chest, with cough and expectoration, 
venous congestion, chilliness, and the patient finally becomes 
unconscious, depressed and sleepy. It stimulates the genital 
organs of the female, and causes leucorrhoeal discharges and 
pain. In small doses it is specific in its action on the mucous 
surfaces of the eye, stomach, small intestines, urinary and 
sexual organs, checking irritation in these parts. 

Pulsatilla is a good drug in scrofulous ophthalmia, rheu- 
matic ophthalmia, and should never be omitted in the oph- 
thalmia following measles. Weak and reddened eyes, when 
attended by pain after reading, are benefited by this remedy. 
Give it internally and apply to the eye a wash containing 
ten drops of specific Pulsatilla in a half glass of water. Dis- 
eases of the internal ear are relieved by this agent, thus earache 



SEDATIVES. 301 

in children from colds and exposure to winds, is many times 
cured by this remedy without local treatment. 

It is a very good application, when diluted, for sore eyelids. 
It acts better when diluted than in full strength. The con- 
ditions indicating its use are opposite those for gelsemium. 

Pulsatilla is the remedy for sick, nervous headache, with 
no determination of blood to the brain. The patient is pale, 
chills run up the back, and the limbs are cold. It is the rem- 
edy for headache at the menstrual period, when the men- 
ses are scanty or obstructed, the patient being pale and nerv- 
ous. This drug relieves the pain and promotes the dis- 
charge. 

Gastric headache, with a greasy taste in the mouth, accom- 
panied with nausea, and bilious headache, with marked pain 
in the forehead, are promptly met by this agent. It is not 
the remedy when the suspension and headache depend upon 
fever or inflammation, as when resulting from cold. In this 
case Aconite is the remedy. But if no fever be present give 
Pulsatilla. 

Pulsatilla is a good remedy in hysteria, though not at once 
arresting the paroxysm, as does some other remedies. It is 
useful in^ those cases where there are copious and frequent 
discharges of pale urine. It overcomes constipation in hys- 
terical females, and it likewise relieves diarrhoea. In the 
constipation of nervous, hysterical females give it in alter- 
nation with Nux vomica every two hours. 

In dysuria of pregnant women, accompanied with pain and 
tenesmus in the bladder, this is also a good remedy. It is of 
much value in catarrh of the urinary apparatus, especially 
in females, and also in the same cases in delicate men. 
Chronic diarrhoea is sometimes cured by Pulsatilla. In any 
sub-acute inflammation of the mucous surfaces, with muco- 
pLirulent discharge, use this remedy. For leucorrhoea use it 
both locally and internally. For the former purpose take of 



302 SEDATlVKvS. 

the specific medicine one-half drachm to one pint of water ; 
inject into the vagina. When the discharge is milky, the 
patient pale, nervous, and chilly, the menstruation irregular, 
and headache, etc., present, give Pulsatilla in alternation 
with Iron. This improves the blood and relieves the anaemia. 
Gonorrhoea and amenorrhoea are both cured by Pulsatilla. 

This drug also improves asthmatic breathing in females 
from menstrual suppression, and when due to pregnancy, 
and aids in difficult labor. It is a good remedy in uterine 
colic. It is not so good as Colocynth to arrest the disease, 
but it prevents its frequent return. Its effects are not im- 
mediate, but it is a good radical remedy. Give it in dysmen- 
orrhoea between and during menstrual periods. 

As a nervine Pulsatilla is useful in some cases, though 
generally inferior to other drugs. It may be used in atonic 
states when the patient is anaemic and nervous, but it is not 
the remedy for nervousness resulting from irritation of the 
brain or spinal cord. It gives good results in chronic irrita- 
tion of the sexual organs. Pulsatilla specifically influences 
the skin, and is valuable in measles, chicken-pox, etc. In 
measles it is inferior to Aconite for developing the eruption, 
but when the patient suffers from catarrhal troubles and 
diarrhoea, Pulsatilla alternated with Aconite serves a good 
purpose. Pulsatilla specifically influences the mucous sur- 
faces of the entire intestinal tract. It is a good remed}- in 
some cases of dyspepsia in females. The cases relieved by 
it have little or no pain, more or less nausea, the tongue 
coated white, and the patient is nervous. It is indicated in 
cough, especially when sympathetic, as from stomach troubles. 
In some cases of rheumatism it may cure, though it is not so 
often indicated as Bryonia or Aconite, but ^in sub-acute 
rheumatism in delicate persons, when the pain is continually 
shifting from one part to another, this drug is an excellent 
remedy. Use the first decimal dilution. 



SKDATIVHS. 303 

ACIDUM HVDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 

Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 

Synonym. — Dilute Prussic Acid. 

Description. — A liquid containing two per cent, by 
weight of absolute Hydrocyanic Acid and ninety-eight per 
cent, of water. It is a very poisonous, transparent fluid, 
colorless and volatile, possessing a peach -kernel odor, and 
being first cooling, and afterwards acrid to the taste. It 
should be very cautiously tasted if at all. It must be kept 
in well-stoppered, amber-colored vials. 

This acid is made by distilling ferrocyanide of potassium 
and sulphuric acid wnth water. It slowly decomposes in the 
presence of light, and must, therefore, be kept in dark bot- 
tles. It is found in many plants, in the flowers and leaves 
of cherries and plums, and in the bark of wild cherry. In 
large doses it first stimulates the terminal branches of the 
vagus and through this affects the heart and lungs. If the 
dose be very large it paralyzes the organs and death results 
from asphyxia. Locally applied it first stimulates and then 
deadens sensibility; internally administered it influences the 
temperature, lowering it somewhat. 

In proper medicinal doses it is sedative, anodyne, and 
antispasmodic. Moderately large doses stimulate and pro- 
duce a very brief intoxication. In very small doses, as a 
teaspoonful dose of a dilution of from two to five drops in 
four ounces of water, it is a good agent in congestive head- 
ache. It relieves cough and quiets irritability of the air 
passages. Thus it is used in the cough of phthisis, quieting 
the cough, but not lessening the secretions. Here it may be 
given with syrup of Wild Cherry, always in small doses at 
first. In full doses it is a very good remedy in angina pec- 
toris, though inferior to nitrite of amyl or nitro-glycerin. 
Whooping cough and any other spasmodic cough, as that of 
asthma, is relieved bv this acid. 



304 SEDATIVES. 

Administered in hysteria it removes the gloominess of the 
patient's mind. It is a good drug in dropsy of the heart or 
organic change in that organ, lessening its tumultous action 
and increasing its contractile power ^. It relieves gastralgia, 
gastrodynia, cramp of the stomach, painful menstruation, 
cramps of the uterus, etc. In large doses this is a virulent 
poison, producing death with alarming rapidity. Very little 
can be done in poisoning with it, but if the patient be seen 
early and no paralysis of the respiratory centers is evident, 
give one-sixtieth grain of Atropine hypodermatically. Chlo- 
rine gas is also of some use. The theoretical antidote is sul- 
phate of iron. Keep up artificial respiration, and allow a stream 
of ice-cold water to fall from a height upon the spinal column. 



CAMPHOR A MONOBROMATA. 

Monobromated Camphor, 

Description. — Monobromated Camphor is a permanent 
salt, both in the air and light. Water scarcely dissolves it, 
glycerin slightly, while alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils 
freely affect its solution. 

This compound is in the form of fine, colorless, elongated, 
or needle-like crystals, of a mild camphoraceous taste, and 
having also an odor somewhat like Camphor. In the 
lower animals it diminishes respiration and the pulsa- 
tions of the heart, and reduces the temperature. It is a 
cerebral stimulant, hypnotic, and also a sedative nervine. It 
is a very good remedy m mental troubles. In fully devel- 
oped mania it is not so good a drug as chloral, but it is useful 
when the mania is not so pronounced, and there is slight 
derangement of the nervous system, with increased tempera- 
ture. When, during sleep, the patient's temperature in- 
creases, and he is distressed by mental irritation, this salt 
quiets him and gives him sleep. Give doses of from two to 
three grains every two or three hours. It is of value in some 



SEDATIVES. 305 

cases of delirium tremens, as when wild, and the temperature 
is increased. Give two grains every hour until relief is 
obtained. In simple insomnia two grains given at bedtime, 
and once or twice during the night, give prompt relief. 

Monobromated Camphor is useful in palpitation of the 
heart, in the same dose as above directed, when the trouble 
results from nervousness. Mild cases of hysteria and chorea 
are benefited by it. It is valuable in infantile convulsions in 
mild cases. It is not so good as chloroform to arrest them 
when severe. In small children give one grain every hour 
in mucilage. The child may take from fifteen to twenty 
grains during the day. It is a better drug to prevent the 
return of spasms than to arrest them. 



LYCOPUS. Bugle Weed, 

Botanical Origin. — The herb of Lycopus virginicus^ 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., Labiates. North America. 

Specific lyvcopus is made from the green herb and has a 
deep green color, quite different from the red-brown color of 
the fluid extract of Lycopus. 

This is one of our native plants. Its properties are sedative, 
narcotic, tonic, astringent, and diaphoretic. Next to spe- 
cific Lycopus a tincture of the plant is the best preparation. 
It may be used in place of Aconite or A'eratrum to some ex- 
tent. It is a very good agent in chronic pulmonary troubles, 
with great debility. It reduces frequency of the pulse and 
increases the patient's general strength. It reduces abnormal 
vascular excitement and creates no bad results. It is some- 
w^hat like Wild Cherry in this action, producing a marked 
effect on the sympathetic nerves and improving digestion 
and nutrition. 

It is a splendid remedy in consumption, giving strength, 
quieting nerv^ous irritability^ controlling rapidity of the cir- 
culation, etc. Give drop doses on sugar every hour. 



306 . SEDATIVES. 

In acute pulmonary troubles it is also a very good drug, 
relieving pain and cough and giving rest to the brain. It is 
of much value in pulmonary hemorrhage, being one of the 
best agents for this condition, unless the latter be severe, 
when Ergot is the proper remedy, to be given hypodermat- 
ically, or gallic acid may be given in doses of five grains by 
the mouth. I^ycopus given from day to day prevents a re- 
currence of the hemorrhage. 

Lycopus is, therefore, a good remedy when the bleeding is 
frequent but not profuse. Lycopus is also a nerve tonic. It 
is useful in cases of wakefulness, when given in doses of two 
or three drops at bedtime. It is a remedy for palpitation of 
the heart in nervous people and a good astringent in diar- 
rhoea and dysentery. Its astringency, however, is very 
slight and it probably cures by its tonic properties. Hemor- 
rhage from the uterus may be arrested by it. In all cases 
with a slight tendency to hemorrhage and when a mild, 
soothing tonic is needed, this is a good remedy. Give of 
the specific medicine from fifteen to twenty drops in four 
ounces of water. Dose, a teaspoonful. 



GELSEMWM. Yellow Jasmine, 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome and roots of Gelsem- 
iimi sempervirens^ (Lrinne) Persoon ; Nat. Ord., Loganiacece. 
From Virginia to Florida. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Gelsemine, a powerfully 
poisonous alkaloid. 

Specific Gelsemium. — This preparation is made of the 
green root of Gelsemium. While many chemists assert that 
the alkaloid Gehemine is the active constituent of Gelsemium, 
the fact remains that it will not do the work of specific Gel- 
semium. Neither will any preparation made of the dry root. 
The value of Gelsemium was largely established in Eclecti- 



SEDATIVKS. 307 

cism by the use of specific Gelsemium, and this preparation 
is made of the green drug. 

This is a common plant in our Southern States. Its flow- 
ers appear in early spring and have a fragrant odor. The 
part generally used is the dried root, which is found in mar- 
ket in pieces from one to three inches long and one inch in 
diameter, of a brown color, bitter taste, and strong, unpleas- 
ant odor. To obtain the best preparation it should be pre- 
pared from the fresh, undried root. Its virtues are wholly 
extracted by alcohol, and partially by water. The root con- 
tains an alkaloid called Gelsemme, gallic acid, volatile oil, 
and coloring matter. 

In large doses Gelsemium causes vertigo, impairment of 
vision, drooping of the eyelids (ptosis), dilatation of the 
pupil, and feeble heart action. Poisonous amounts increase 
the above symptoms and the lower jaw drops, speech is lost, 
respiration becomes difficult, the pulse is intermittent, and 
death from asphj^xia ensues. Its medicinal properties were 
discovered by accident. A master in the South, when sick, 
sent a slave to dig some roots, but by mistake he got the 
rhizome of Gelsemium. It nearly killed the man, from the 
large doses taken, but it cured the fever. Its properties are 
sedative, narcotic, febrifuge, and antispasmodic. In proper 
doses Gelsemium controls irritation of the cerebro-spinal 
centers, and is very powerful in this respect. It prevents 
determination of blood to the brain, as indicated by the 
flushed face, bright eyes, contracted pupils, great restless- 
ness, and agitation of the nervous system. It is contra- 
indicated when the eyes are dull, the pupils dilated, and the 
circulation feeble. Under these circumstances it is poisonous 
even in small doses, causing both paralysis and death. 

As an antispasmodic, when indicated, its results are very 
goodj as when giveli in spasms of teething children. It ar- 
rests the spasm and prevents its return. It may be given 



308 SKDATIVKS. 

before spasms supervene, thus saving time and unpleasant 
results. In cases of general morbid excitement of the nerv- 
ous system it is a very good drug. Use it in scrofulous 
females of a plethoric condition, with undue redness of the 
eyes, and irritation of the brain. Under such conditions it 
is valuable in hysteria. Give enough to produce its decided 
effects, such as double vision and muscular relaxation. Be- 
gin with one drop of specific Gelsemium and increase the 
dose until the desired results are obtained, or use from one to 
five drops of the specific medicine every fifteen minutes until 
the spasm is arrested. It is a good drug in obstinate tonic 
convulsions, with cramps and muscular rigidity. Use large 
doses as above directed. Use it in muscular pains from 
over-exertion . Add from ten to twenty drops to four ounces 
of water and give a teaspoonful every three hours. It is 
valuable in many cases of palpitation of the heart in hys- 
terical females. As a palliative in controlling the disagree- 
able symptoms in heart disease, such as a sensation of full- 
ness in the head and dimness of sight, etc., it is exceedingly 
effective. R. Specific Gelsemium, gtt. x. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Give a teaspoonful every two hours. 

Gelsemium is often indicated in fevers and inflammations, 
generally to be administered in connection with Aconite. It 
has not the controlling influence over temperature and cir- 
culation that Aconite has, but its influence is chiefly on the 
nervous system, quieting nervous excitation. It is a very 
successful drug in simple or remittent fevers of infants, when 
there is a tendency to spasms, and also in some cases of inter- 
mittent fever. In these cases it may be used in connection 

with Aconite. 

In eruptive diseases it is of value to control nervous irri- 
tation, but not to develop the eruption. Employ it in neu- 
ralgia due to nervous disturbances, when there are muscular 



SEDATIVES. 309 

twitchings. Bowel troubles, as diarrhoea, d3'senter\^, etc., 
when spasmodic in character, are benefited by Gelsemium. 
It relieves tenesmus and pain, but not so well as opium. Use 
it in painful menstruation, etc., for full doses are effective, 
relieving pain and promoting the discharges. It relieves 
spasmodic cough, as whooping cough, asthma, etc. Gel- 
semium is a favorite drug in obstetrics, to relax the os uteri 
when rigid, thin, and sharp, and to control great restlessness, 
and also in puerperal convulsions, and to prevent them. 
Spasmodic after-pains are promptl}' checked by it. In using 
this remedy remember that it paralyzes the motor centers of 
the brain and the respiratory centers of the medulla. 

Gelsemium is a prompt remedy for spasmodic affections of 
the urinary tract. Urethral and cystic spasms are quickly 
checked by it. It relaxes the ureters during the passage of 
calculi. It benefits some cases of spermatorrhoea in plethoric 
individuals. 



POTASSII BROMIDUM. Potassium Bromide, 

Description. — This permanent salt occurs in white or 
colorless, cubical crystals, or in white granules, devoid of 
odor, but intensely salty in taste. Soluble in cold water 
(1.6), boiling water (i), cold alcohol (200), boihng alcohol 
( 16), and glycerin (4). 

This salt was discovered in 1826 and introduced into Eng- 
land in 1836. It decomposes in the presence of mineral acids 
and must not be given with them. In the lower animals it 
impairs sensibility and muscular action, paralysis of motion 
preceding that of sensation, the voluntary movements being 
first affected and then the respiratory movements, the gen- 
eral circulation becomes sluggish, the capillary circulation 
diminished, the heart-action enfeebled, the iris paralyzed, 
and convulsions and death ensue. It is a sedative to the 



310 vSEDATlVES. 

heart and cerebro-spinal centers. In man it diminishes 
reflexes and irritabihty of the fauces and pharynx. 

It is also sedative to the excito-niotor function of the spi- 
nal cord, and impairs general sensibility, produces tottering 
gait, loss of vision, drowsiness, sleep, febrile reaction and 
loss of appetite. All these phenomena result from its power 
of restraining the capillary circulation in the nerve centers. 
It is a very powerful nervo-sanguine sedative. Some class it 
among the alteratives, and as such it is useful in enlargement 
of the spleen, in goitre, and in catarrhal and ovarian diseases. 
It is inferior to potassium iodide as an alterative. 

For nocturnal emissions this salt is the very best known 
remedy, for by lessening the amount of blood in the organs 
it makes emissions practically impossible, but it must not be 
given to pale, anaemic men or it will make them worse. 
Give it when the patient is full-blooded, plethoric, and to those 
who are excited in both the nervous and vascular systems. 
Employ it in gonorrhoea to prevent erections. Give for these 
genital disorders not less than twenty grains three or four 
times a day, which dose may in some be increased to thirty 
or forty grains. Always give it in plenty of water. 

Potasium bromide is not the remedy for anaemic diseases. 
In hysteria, in plethoric persons, it is a good remedy, 
especially if the trouble arises from irritation of the reproduc- 
tive organs. When there are regular muscular twitchings, 
as of the face and throbbings in the abdomen or uterus, this 
is the remedy. It is one of our best drugs in nymphomania. 
It is a good agent in the cure or relief of nervous symptoms 
at the menopause. Give from ten to twenty grains of Potas- 
sium Bromide three or four times a day. It is a powerful 
drug in the arrest of insomnia, in sthenic cases, but not in 
anaemic subjects. Give it when there is a fullness and throb- 
bing of the cerebral vessels, flushed face and great agitation 



SEDATIVES. 311 

of the mind. Appiy cold to the head and give this salt 
internally. It may be used when opium is contra-indicated. 
Use it in headache with the same symptoms, giving from 
twenty to twenty-five grains at one dose and afterw^ard re- 
duce it to ten grains every half hour. In dehrium tremens 
give it in doses of from ten to twenty grains with the same 
amount of chloral. Marked results are obtained from the 
employment of this salt in acute insanity, with violent man- 
iacal manifestations. Give twenty, thirty, or forty grains 
every three or four hours. 

Owing to its power over spasms Potassium Bromide re- 
lieves whooping cough. Give from three to five grains to 
a child from three to five 3'ears old. Infantile convulsions 
may be prevented from returning by using this drug after 
arresting them with chloroform. Give one grain for each 
year in age. It is largely used and frequently with success 
in epilepsy, though some cases can not be cured with it nor 
with anything else. I have cured more cases of this disorder 
with Bromide of Potassium than with any other remedy, 
when the patient is extremely susceptible to external impres- 
sions. If the patient is depressed give ammonium bromide; 
if plethoric , give, Potassium Bromide. Morbid sensibility 
of the nervous system, as from fright, which may result in 
epilepsy, is generall}^ curable b}^ this agent. Some cases of 
epilepsy result from organic lesions, or may be congenital, 
and such cases it does not cure, though it renders the par- 
oxj^sms less severe and fewer. Begin with fifteen grains in a 
wnneglassful of water four times a day. If this is not enough 
forty grains may be given. Keep this up until an eruption 
appears on the skin, then reduce the dose. The remedy 
must be continued six or eight months, even after the patient 
appears to have been cured. Do not entirely withdraw the 
drug even after the resulting acne indicates that the system 
is well saturated with it. 



312 SEDATIVES. 

Potassium Bromide is a good antispasmodic in puerperal 
convulsions. Give from fifteen to twenty grains every two 
hours. It is valuable in spasmodic asthma, nervous palpi- 
tation of the heart, vomiting of pregnancy, and so on. It is 
of some use in Strychnine poison, given in doses of one 
drachm at short intervals. 



AMMONII BROMIDUM. Ammonium Bromide. 

Description. — Ammonium Bromide appears in commerce 
as a crystalline, white powder, gradually changing to yellow 
on exposure and becoming acid in reaction. Its taste is pun- 
gent and saline. Soluble in water (1.5), boiling water 
(0.7), alcohol (30), and boiling alcohol (15). 
. This salt acts very much like its congener, potassium bro- 
mide. It is used in cerebral and spinal convulsions, and to 
lessen sexual excitement. 

This drug will promote sleep when that function is inter- 
fered with by cerebral excitement. It is more irritating to 
the stomach but less depressing to the heart than the corre- 
sponding potassium salt. The dose is from five to twenty 
grains in water. 



CHLORAL, Cliloral Hydrate, 

Description. — This compound occurs in separate, trans- 
parent, and colorless crystals, having a penetrating, aromatic, 
sub-acrid odor, and a bitterish and caustic taste. When ex- 
posed to the air it slowly volatilizes, and should therefore be 
kept in well-closed bottles, and in a dark, cool place. Rub- 
bed with a like quantity of menthol, camphor, thymol, or 
carbolic acid, it liquefies. Soluble freely in water, ether, 
and alcohol, and is also dissolved by chloroform, oils, carbon 
disulphide, benzin, and benzol. 



SEDATIVES. 313 

The properties of Chloral are sedative, anaesthetic, nar- 
cotic, and hypnotic. No other remedy of recent origin has 
been so extensively used as this one. it having been from the 
first very popular. It was first used in Germany and after- 
wards in England before being employed in the United 
States. So, although first made years ago, its properties 
were not known generally until quite recently. It was first 
used as a narcotic ; in small doses it is hypnotic. Liebig 
did most to make it popular, having read a paper upon it 
before a medical society in Berlin in 1869. Richardson 
says, "It produces insensibility to pain and promotes sleep, 
quiet sleep, unlike the excited sleep produced by opium, but 
more like natural sleep." Its physiological effects on the 
lower animals reveal its nature. Chloral may be given by 
mouth, enema, or hypodermatically. 

By the last method it is very liable to produce inflamma- 
tion and ulcers. It first acts upon the cerebral ganglion cells, 
then on the spinal groups of ganglia, and lastly on those of 
the heart. Its action is very much like that of small, fre- 
quently repeated doses of chloroform. Deep and prolonged 
anaesthesia ma}^ be produced by it. During its action the 
temperature is reduced, as is muscular tonicity, its first effect 
being on the sympathetic ganglia. In small doses it arrests 
to some extent the coagulability of the blood. In large 
doses it destro3^s the blood corpuscles. 

As it produces sleep it may be used in cases of sleepless- 
ness with great nervous excitement when opium can not be 
used. In acute mania this is the remed\\ In any case of 
delirium tremens, when opium would be dangerous, this 
may be used. It is indicated here by great cerebral excita- 
tion and tendency to inflammation of the brain. Give ten or 
fifteen grains of Chloral every three hours until sleep is 
induced. It is also good in h3^steria in plethoric females. 

As it relieves pain. Chloral may be used in many painful 



314 SEDATIVES. 

diseases, as neuralgia, rheumatism, cancer, and minor sur- 
gical operations, such as fractures and dislocations. Use it 
in the conditions named when there is increased action of 
the heart and nervous excitement. After operations, when 
the temperature rises and the patient is excited and delirious, 
twenty grains of Chloral may be given every three hours, 
as its tendency is to prevent the deposition of fibrin in the 
circulatory system, thereby rendering it valuable in febrile 
and inflammatory troubles. It is a good agent to overcome 
muscular resistance or spasm, as in the passage of gall-stones, 
urinary calculi, etc. It renders the pain less severe and 
thus favors the expulsion of the concretions. It may be 
given with morphine if desired. 

Chloral is a very useful remedy in both medical and stir- 
gical affections to overcome spasmodic complications. Use 
it for its antispasmodic action in strangulated hernia. It is 
valuable in tetanus, especially in the idiopathic form. Give 
thirty grains at bedtime when the temperature is very high , 
and, if necessary, thirty grains more at midnight. Feed the 
patient eggs and beef tea. This treatment increases the 
intervals between spasms, but it does not lessen their sever- 
ity very much. Administered as above directed it cured 
seventeen out of twenty cases of tetanus at Calcutta. It is 
useful in cases of lingering diseases, when painful, and some 
soothing remed}^ is needed. It does not derange the diges- 
tive functions. Use it in the treatment of cancer. After 
opiates have been used and the appetite is lost substitute this 
remedy. It is useful in nearly all spasmodic troubles, as 
severe spasmodic after-pains (here it does not restrain the 
secretions), spasmodic asthma, etc. For the latter condition 
give from fifteen to twenty grains at bedtime. In some 
cases of phthisis it may be employed with much advantage 
to relieve the .sensation of constriction in the chest, though 
in many cases it is contra-indicated. 



SEDATIVES. 815 

In the treatment of delirium tremens (see above), when 
the brain suffers from want of stimulation, opium or alcohol 
are the usual remedies. But in those cases where the brain 
and nerve centers are over stimulated Chloral is the remedy. 
It is the remedy for great excitement, with dry skin and 
tongue, and it is contra-indicated in great atony and de- 
bility. 

Chloral makes a good local application, being one of the 
very best antiseptics in the materia medica. As such it is of 
great utility in diphtheria. Dissolve from twenty to twenty- 
five grains in one ounce of glycerin and paint the solution on 
the diphtheritic membrane. It overcomes the bad odor and 
promotes the removal of the membrane. Apply ever}^ hour 
or two. A combination of Chloral and camphor is a good 
pain controlling application. Use equal parts triturated 
together and apply it to the painful parts. Chloral is a good 
anodyne in neuralgia. A solution of from two to five grains 
of this salt in one ounce of water is a good antiseptic, and 
relieves itching of the mucous surfaces. 

Compared with opium as a sleep-producing agent, when 
sleeplessness results from nervous excitement and active 
hyperaemia. Chloral is the first best and bromide of potas- 
sium the next best remedy. If it results from severe pain 
then opium is the remedy. In some cases Chloral and mor- 
phine may well be given together. One is sedative and the 
other stimulant. Morphine one-eighth grain and Chloral 
six or eight grains may be given at a dose. It has been 
said that Chloral is as poisonous as Strychnine, and so it is 
when contra-indicated. Cases of death from thirty grains of 
Chloral have been reported. When properly used two 
drachms may be safely given in divided doses during a day. 
When a decided effect is desired give fifteen grains in a 
tablespoonful of water or simple syrup. In poisoning with 
Chloral first give an emetic, and afterwards Nux, brandy, 



316 SEDATIVES. 

Digitalis, or morphine as stimulants. Also use local means 
of stimulation. The heart must be kept beating. Chloral 
should not be given when there is marked depression. 



ANTIPYRINUM. Antipyrine. 

Synonyms. — Antipyrin^ Phenazon, Analgesine, Methozine. 

Description. — A bulky, crj^stalline powder, white, whit- 
ish, or reddish-white in color, nearly odorless, and slightly 
bitter in taste. Soluble in water (^), alcohol (i), ether 
(50), freely in benzene (benzole), and sparingly in benzin. 

Antipyrine is one of the new coal-tar products. It is anti- 
pyretic and diaphoretic, and both of these properties it pos- 
sesses in a remarkable degree. Its diaphoretic action is so 
great as almost to render it objectionable because of the de- 
bilitating effect produced by it. It is all-powerful in depres- 
sing the temperature. Many remedies reduce temperature, 
but not all in the same way. Some interfere with heat pro- 
duction and others promote its rapid elimination. This 
remedy is one of the latter class. In proper doses it is a 
heart tonic, increasing the blood pressure slightly and dilat- 
ing cutaneous vessels, and is without bad effect on the blood 
or respiration. It is largely eliminated by the kidneys, and 
in rare cases it disagrees with the stomach and produces 
nausea and vomiting. It may be used whenever there is 
great necessity for reducing the temperature. Antipyrine is 
useful in phthisis for this purpose, but the sweating it pro- 
duces is so debilitating as to make it oftentimes objectionable. 
In surgical fever, when the temperature rises very high after 
an operation, it is highly useful. Here it may be employed 
in doses sufficiently large to reduce the temperature and 
thereby check the inflammatory process. It is a good rem- 
edy in diseases of the respiratory organs in so far as the les- 
ion depends on increased temperature. Thus in pneumonia 
it serves this purpose, though it has no direct action on the 



SEDATIVES. 317 

diseased structures, as liaS Aconite. It is useful in some 
cases of pleurisy, to give present relief, though it has no 
direct action on the pleura, as has Bryonia. The dose given 
is generally small, not more than five or six grains, though 
it has been given in doses of thirty grains every hour for 
three consecutive hours with no serious results. This dose 
is, however, dangerously large, but in small doses it is a safe 
remedy. Children may take one grain every hour until 
three doses have been taken. 

Antipyrine is a good remedy in some cases of headache, 
giving relief very rapidly, though it proves insufficient after 
a time. It is valuable in some cases of dysmenorrhoea, with 
increased temperature. Some claim it to be a good par- 
turient. The maximum dose is thirty grains, though, as a 
rule, five grains or less will be found proper under most cir- 
cumstances. 



ACETANILIDUM. AcetanWd. 

Synonyms. — Antifebrine , Aiitifebrin, Acetanilide, Phenyl- 
acetamide. 

Description. — This drug is "the acetyl derivative of 
aniline" (U. S. P.), obtained, by acting on aniline with 
glacial acetic acid and subsequently purifying the product. 
It forms shining, white, mica-like, crystalline laminse, or a 
white, crystalline powder, without odor, permanent, and pos- 
sessing a feebly burning taste. Soluble in cold water ( 194), 
boiling w^ater (18), cold alcohol (5)., boiling alcohol (0.4), 
ether (18), and freely in chloroform. 

Antifebrine is another member of the coal-tar group. Ace- 
tanilide is the same thing under another name. Antipyrine 
is soluble in water but this compound is not very much so 

It has a pungent taste. As an antipyretic its action is 
more permanent than that of Antipyrine; it slows the pulse. 



318 SKDATIVKS. 

promotes sleep and in some cases causes sudden collapse. It 
is not so safe a drug as Antipyrine, five grains of it produc- 
ing the effect of fifteen grains of the former , hence it is 
generally used in doses of from two to five grains. It is a 
good agent in rheumatism to reduce temperature and relieve 
pain. Erysipelas, when the temperature is very high, is also 
benefited by it. Here give five grains of Acetanilid every 
two hours. 



PHENACETINUM. Phenacetin. 

Synonyms. — Phenacetifie, Para-acetamidophenetol. 

Description. — Paraphenetidin, a body obtained from pne- 
nol, when acted upon by glacial acetic acid, yields Phenace- 
tin. It occurs in odorless, tasteless, and colorless scales, 
slightly soluble in cold water, more freely in boiling water 
(70), and in alcohol (16). 

This remedy is the best drug of the group of coal-tar 
products. It is antipyretic and diaphoretic. It is of much 
value in typhoid fever to increase the comfort of the patient. 
It does not shorten the disease at all. Use it as the two pre- 
ceding drugs are used. In phthisis, in doses of two grains, 
it is useful to control high temperature ; here it is better than 
Antipyrine, as it does not produce such profuse sweating 
as that drug. It is practically insoluble in water and may 
be given in capsules or floating on water. Its greatest value 
is in preparing the patient for quinine w^hen the latter is 
needed. When the skin and tongue are dry quinine is 
contra-indicated. Phenacetine moistens the skin and tongue, 
and thus allows quinine to act favorably. Any one of the 
three preparations, Antipyrine, Antifebrine, or Phenacetine, 
may be used. Antifebrine is cheap and safe in small doses. 
The others are more expensive because patented. All are 
cfood remedies for headache. 



SEDATIVES. • 819 

ANTIKAMNIA. Antikamnia, 

Description. — This agent is a white powder of uncertain 
composition, being a patented preparation. It is employed 
as a sedative and pain-reheving agent. It is efficient in 
some neuralgic forms of headache, and in inflammatory 
rheumatism. It is said to contain Antifebrin, therefore its 
action upon the heart must be watched, as with all of tne 
coal-tar products. The dose of Antikamnia ranges from 
two to ten grains, the smaller or medium-sized doses being 
preferable . 



SALIX NIGRA AMBITS, Pussy= Willow Buds. 

Botanical Origin. — The catkins or aments of Sa//x 
7iigra^ Marshall ; Nat. Ord., Salicace^s. Common in the 
United States. 

Specific Salix Nigra Aments. — This preparation is 
made of the green aments of the black willow and not of the 
bark, leaves, or root. Probably much disappointment has 
arisen over the fact that manufacturers of medicines, and 
ph3^sicians as well, have not discriminated in these different 
products. Specific Salix Nigra Aments has a light-green 
color and an herby flavor. It has an entirely different thera- 
peutic action from preparations of Salix Nigra bark. 

This remedy is a valuable sedative and tonic to the repro- 
ductive organs. It is an important remedy in spermator- 
rhoea to relieve irritability. It is the remedy to moderate 
sexual passion, and is adapted , to those extreme forms of 
sexual disorders, nymphomania and satyriasis, where the 
trouble is due more to sexual irritation than to mental action. 
The specific medicine is an excellent preparation. Use from 
ten to twenty drops three or four times a day. 



320 SKDATIVKS. 

/BSCVLVS, Buckeye. 

Synonyms. — Ohio Buckeye^ Smooth Buckeye. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The fruit and bark of /Esculus 
glabra, Willdenow ; Nat. Ord., Sapiiidacece. Along river 
banks in the Western States, particularly Ohio. 

Spe^cific ^sculus Glabra. — This preparation is made of 
the fruit and not of the bark. Commercial fluid extract of 
^Esculus glabra is usually made of the bark. 

This remedy powerfully influences the circulatory and the 
nervous systems. In poisonous doses it produces dizziness, 
impaired vision, fixation of the eyes, wry neck, paralysis, and 
convulsions. 

This remedy may be thought of twhen the uterus is en- 
larged and exhibits a tumid cervix, and there is too frequent 
menstrual recurrence. It is one of the remedies, given inter- 
nally, which specifically influences piles. A sense of marked 
constriction indicates it. Some cases of rheumatism have 
been benefited by Buckeye. 

Cough, with constriction at the suprasternal notch, is 
promptly relieved by ^sculus. 

The dose of ^sculus should range from one to five drops 
of the specific medicine. 



fi/PPOCASTANUM. Horse Chestnut. 

Botanical Origin. — The fruit and hark oi ^^sculus IBp- 
pocastayium, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., SapindacecE. A native of 
Tartary, but cultivated for ornament in this country. 

Specific ^sculus Hippocastanum. — This preparation 
is made of the natural fruit, and not of the bark. The fluid 
extract is usually made of the bark. 

Hippocastanmn , in overdoses, produces vertigo, diminished 
eyesight, paralysis, convulsions, stupor, and coma. Its 



SEDATIVES. 3>^1 

effects are ver}' much like those of ^-Esculus glabra, but less 
pronounced. Its action upon the circulatory apparatus, par- 
ticularly upon the venous structures of the rectum, is very 
decided. This action upon the rectal veins makes it a good 
agent in hemorrhoids, both internal and external. It is 
adapted to those cases in which there is aching and burning, 
with hard, purplish piles, and in cases in which there is a 
sense of fullness, with a desire to evacuate the bowels fre- 
quently, and attended with diarrhoea. As Horse Chestnut 
overcomes capillary stasis it is a good remedy in congestive 
disorders, particularly of the viscera. It gives good results 
in visceral neuralgia. 

The bark of the tree has been used as an antiperiodic to 
prevent the recurrence of the chill after it has been broken 
with quinine. The dose of specific v^^sculus Hippocastanum 
ranges from a fraction of a drop to five drops every three or 
four hours. 



STICTA. Lungwort 

Botanical Origin. — The entire plant of Sfuia pulmo- 
7iaria, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Lichenes. United States. 

The best preparation of this drug is specific Sticta. This 
remedy acts upon the base of the brain, relieving irritation. 
The pneumogastric and the parts which it supplies are 
markedly affected by it. By its sedative action upon the 
vagus it lessens irritation, lowers temperature, and controls 
cough, when these disorders depend upon wrongs of that 
nerv^e. Its chief use is as a cough remedy, though it acts 
well in some cases of heart affections. It is indicated when 
there is pain in the occipital region and between the scapulae, 
with cough, or w^ith cough and pain in the respiratory mus- 
cles. The pulse is soft, but has a peculiar thrill. Use it in 
rheumatism with the pain located as above mentioned, and 
particularly if persistent. 



322 . SKDATIVI5S, 

CERll OXALAS. Cerium Oxalate, 

Description. — A white, odorless and tasteless, perma- 
nent, granular powder. Soluble in diluted hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acid, but not in water, alcohol, ether, or solutions 
of the alkalies. 

This agent is a gastric sedative and acts much like sub- 
nitrate of bismuth. Its chief use is to allay vomiting of 
pregnancy, wdiich it sometimes does, though it as often 
fails. The irritable gastric state accompanying phthisis, 
dyspepsia, and other chronic wasting diseases, is sometimes 
allayed by its exhibition. The ordinary dose is one grain, 
in pill or in water, three times a day. 



ARGBNTI NITRAS. Silver Nitrate. 

Synonym. — Lunar Caustic. 

Description. — This drug may be had in stick or in crys- 
tals. The crystals are transparent and colorless, and when 
exposed to light (in the presence of organic matter) become 
gray or blackish. They have a strongly metallic, caustic, 
bitter taste. Soluble in water (0.6), boiling water (o. i), 
alcohol (26), and boiling alcohol (5). 

Argenti Nitras Dilutus, Diluted Nitrate of Silver or 
Mitigated Caustic comes in sticks, and is one-third silver 
nitrate and two-thirds potassium nitrate. 

Argenti Nitras Fusus, Moulded Silver Nitrate or Lunar 
Caustic is ninety-five per cent, silver nitrate and five per 
cent, silver chloride, the latter to give it toughness. This 
is the most economical form in which to use pencils of this 
body. 

Silver Nitrate stains the tissues black and unites with the 
fibrin and albumen of the body to form definite compounds. 
It stains garments, and is used in the preparation of indel- 
ible inks. 



SEDATIVES. 823 

Silver Nitrate in doses of one-fourth grain is tonic, anti- 
spasmodic, sedative, and astringent. Larger doses act as a 
caustic. In large doses it is a corrosive poison. Its antidote 
is common salt. If taken in small doses for a length of time 
it colors the skin. 

This agent has been given with reputed success in such 
diseases of the abdominal viscera as gastralgia, gastrodynia, 
and dyspepsia. We believe, however, that w^e possess better 
remedies. 

As a local application Silver Nitrate is often of great 
value. It may be employed in ulceration of the os or cervix 
uteri. Employ the speculum, cleanse and dry the parts, and 
then touch the sores wdth Lunar Caustic. One application 
will sometimes cure. 

In chronic ulcers use this drug as a local stimulant. Make 
a solution of from ten to forty grains to the ounce of water 
and apph^ In some cases the solid stick will be found pre- 
ferable. For ulcers, w4th exuberant granulations, this agent 
used as a mild caustic will establish a healthy surface and 
promote cicatrization. 

For gonorrhoeal ophthalmia : 

R. Silver Nitrate, grs. v. to x. 
Aqua dist., fl5 j. M. 

Apply the same in ophthalmia neonatorum. Keep the 
eye free from matter, washing it often with warm water. 

In inflammatory affections and ulcerations of the mucous 
membranes it is often verj^ useful to brush the part with a 
solution of twenty grains of Sih'^r Nitrate to one ounce of 
water. This application is also said to be useful in the earl}^ 
stage of diphtheria. 

For leucorrhoea, dependent on local irritation, or sub-acute 
inflammation : 

R. Silver Nitrate, grs. iij. or iv. 

Aqua, fl 5J. M. * 

x\pply with a swab or sj'ringe. r 



324 SEDATIVKS. 

In gonorrhoea of the female a solution of from ten to 
twenty grains iii an ounce of water sometimes cures in a 
very short time. In gonorrhoea of the male it is sometimes 
used as an abortive, employing a solution of ten or twelve 
grains to the ounce of water. It is not a good application 
for this purpose, for it often aggravates the disease. In the 
latter stage of gonorrhoea from one to two grains to one 
ounce of water may be injected into the urethra after the 
patient has first voided his urine. 

This drug is used in erysipelas, but is not so good as tinct- 
ure of chloride of iron. It has often aborted epididymitis by 
being painted on the scrotum. Felons are sometimes aborted 
by the same, though we have often seen it fail. 

As a caustic Silver Nitrate should be employed in stick 
form. It is quite superficial in its action, and is not suitable 
where deep cautery is desired. The antidote to this agent is 
common salt. In using a solution of silver nitrate upon the 
conjunctiva always have a solution of common salt at hand 
for use also. 



PHVSOSTIGMA. Calabar Bean. 

Botanical Origin. — The seed of Physostigma veiiowsiun, 
Balfour ; Nat. Ord. , Legunmiosce, Tropical portions of 
West Africa. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Physostig^nineor Eserine^ 
a tasteless, non-crystalline powder. Soluble in alcohol, 
chloroform, ether, and less so in water. It strongly contracts 
the pupil. 

Physostigma, and more generally its alkaloid, E.serine, 
are employed in ophthalmic practice to produce contraction 
of the pupil after Atropine dilatation. 

Physostigma produces giddiness and a sensation of torpor, 
followed by extreme weakness, faintness, pallid surface, and 
failure of or disinclination to voluntary muscular movements, 
lyarge doses produce death. 



SEDATlVKvS. 325 

This drug has been extolled in tetanic and in other con- 
vulsive disorders, particularly puerperal eclampsia. Fairly 
good results have been obtained from its employment in the 
latter disorder. It will be indicated here by the tremulous, 
weak pulse, and the forcibly upturned eyes. 

It is a remedy for certain brain and spinal cord affections. 
Use it when the pupils are contracted, the surface cool, the 
limbs cold, and the pulse weak and tremulous. Dullness of 
intellect, associated with contracted pupils and a small and 
feeble pulse, point to its use in cerebro-spinal meningitis. 

Sometimes a dilated pupil calls for this agent. If asso- 
ciated with the tense, small, and rapid pulse it wall work 
well. In diseases of the respiratory organs, difficult breath- 
ing with a sense of constriction, point to its selection. The 
dose for the foregoing uses should be small, say from a frac- 
tion of a drop to five drops of specific Physostigma. 



AMVGDALUS, Peach. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves and bark of the twigs of 
Pritmis Persica, lyinne {Amygdalus Persica or Persica vul- 
garis) ; Nat. Ord., Rosacece. Extensively cultivated for its 
fruit. 

Amygdalus acts upon the parts supplied by the vagus, re- 
lieving irritation. It is directly sedative, lessening nervous 
irritability, and slowing the action of the heart. Large 
doses produce the toxic symptoms common to prussic acid, 
the leaves seeming to possess the greatest poisonous quality. 

This drug is the remedy for irritation and congestion of 
the gastric surfaces. Made by cold infusion and given in 
doses of from one-half to one teaspoonful frequently repeated 
it is very valuable in gastritis, both checking the vomitin.c^ 
and allaying the extreme irritability of the stomach. In 
cholera infantum and cholera morbus it is signally useful. 



326 . SEDATIVES. 

Nervous vomiting is quickly relieved by it, and combined 
with infusion of Cornus sericea it sometimes relieves the 
vomiting of pregnancy. In diarrhoea and dysentery it les- 
sens the discharges by controlling the irritability of the nerv- 
ous system. 

Amygdalus is a good remedy for cough depending upon 
irritation of the throat and bronchial mucous membranes. 

Prepare an infusion by macerating a half ounce of the 
bark and leaves in a pint of cold water. Dose, from a tea- 
spoonful to a wineglassful. A tincture may be prepared 
from the green bark of the shoots and the leaves (5 viij.) 
and alcohol fifty per cent. (Oj.) Dose, from five to thirty 
drops. Specific Amygdalus is usually given as follows : 

R. Specific Amygdalus gtt. xx. 
Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every ten to thirty minutes to relieve 
irritation ; every three hours as a gastric tonic. 
Do not employ hot water in making the infusion. 



ALTERATIVES. 



ALTERATIVES. 



The term alterative is an elastic one. All agents act in 
such a manner as to alter some function or condition. Yet 
the term alterative as generally applied, refers to such agents, 
acting in a quiet and unexplainable manner, as modify dis- 
ordered processes of nutrition. Most of them are elimina- 
tives of morbific material. How they act is not always 
known, but their effects are apparent. 

Administered in small and continuous doses they improve 
the blood in quality- , the appetite is increased, digestion pro- 
moted, and the process of elimination accelerated. Altera- 
tives improve the nutrition of the nerve centers, and give 
greater and healthier activity to the circulatory and breath- 
ing organs. 

A special action of alteratives seems to be the breaking 
down and removal of certain noxious materials from the sys- 
tem ; in other words, they overcome certain states constitut- 
ing ' ' blood poisons ' ' or toxaemia, as is evident from their 
effects in scrofula, syphilis, and in tubercular, carcinomatous, 
and malarial manifestations. Altogether alteratives form a 
very valuable, but none too well-known, class of medicines. 



SULPHUR. Sulphur. 

Description. — There are three official kinds of Sulphur, 
differing in the manner of preparation as follows : 



328 AI.TKRATIVES. 

(i.) SUI.PHUR IvOTUM or Washed Sulphur, prepared by 
digesting sublimed Sulphur with a dilute solution of ammonia 
water and finally washing with pure water. This is a fine 
powder of a yellow color, without taste or odor. 

(2.) SuivPHUR Pr^Cipitatum or Precipitated Sulphur 
(Lac Sulphur or Milk of Sulphur), prepared by boiling with 
slacked lime and afterwards precipitating the solution with 
hydrochloric acid and thoroughly washing the precipitate 
with pure water. It is an odorless and tasteless, pale-ye\\o^N , 
fine, non-crystalline powder. 

( 3. ) Sulphur Sublimatum or Siiblimed Si'ilphiir (Flowers 
of Sulphur), prepared by subliming crude Sulphur. A fine 
powder, yellow in color, having a feebly acid taste, and a 
faint, characteristic. Sulphur odor. 

All of the Sulphurs are insoluble in water and are slightly 
dissolved by alcohol. Turpentine, benzol, most oils, ether, 
chloroform, and boiling solutions of caustic alkalies more 
readily accomplish their solution. The first and third va- 
rieties are partially dissolved by carbon disulphide, while the 
second- — precipitated Sulphur — is readily dissolved by it. 

All of the Sulphurs, when burned in contact with the air, 
evolve fumes of Sulphur dioxide, a suffocating and irritant 
gas, much employed as a disinfectant and deodorizer. 

The ordinary Sulphur of commerce is obtained by roasting 
native Sulphur. Sublimed and precipitated Sulphur are also 
in use. For medicinal purposes washed Sulphur (Sulphur 
lotum ) only should be employed for internal use. 

Sulphur is one of the best alteratives in use ; it also 
influences the skin, and is diaphoretic. It is a stimulant in 
moderate doses, and in large doses is laxative and cathartic. 
We may use the sublimed article or employ it in triturations, 
the first decimal being the best, as above stated, though 
washed Sulphur is preferable for internal exhibition. The 
dose of Sulphur varies from the fraction of a grain to a 



ALTERATIVES. B29 

teaspoonful. If given in doses of five or six grains it pro- 
duces no sensible phenomena ; in doses of one drachm it 
causes some movements in the abdomen, and slight evacua- 
tions, which are soft and pasty but never watery. In doses 
of ten or fifteen grains every hour the temperature of the 
skin is increased, perspiration is induced, and the circulation 
is quickened. The odor of it is exhaled from the skin, and 
vsilver in contact with the exhalations becomes tarnished ; it 
may also be found in the urine and milk. 

Sulphur is contra-indicated in high grades of fever and 
inflammation on account of its stimulating influence. Sul- 
phur is a specific remed}', and one of great value. Many 
chronic conditions may be benefited by small doses of Sul- 
phur administered for its alterative effect. Give from five to 
ten grains of the first decimal trituration. It has a specific 
action on the skin, and is a very good stimulant to the sex- 
ual organs, in large doses producing in them great irritation. 
It is especially valuable as an alterative in scrofulous dis- 
eases, particularly those of the mucous surfaces of the vagina, 
urethra, conjunctiva, etc. It is specifically indicated by burn- 
ing and itching of the membranes, and more strongly if there 
is a mucous discharge. Therefore, it is a good remedy in 
diarrhoea, when the discharge is largel}" mucus. Look to 
Sulphur in all scrofulous troubles. In many of these it may 
be sufficient alone, for it so alters the condition of the patient 
and the nature of the disease that a cure is generally effected. 
In chronic diseases, when the patient gets along badly, stop 
the use of the usual alteratives and give Sulphur for a week 
or a month, until good results come. It is valuable in scrof- 
ulous ulcerations and indolent ulcers, when given internally. 
It is a vital stimulant, and improves the condition of the part 
so as to promote the healing process. In such ca^s let the 
patient take as much as can be placed on a silver dime night and 
morning. In obstinate cases of skin disease, when the sur- 



330 ALTERATIVES. 

face is torpid and inactive, and internal remedies do not give 
good results, give the patient a Sulphur bath. Put him on 
a thick-bottomed chair, having a frame to support a covering 
for the body ; place a hot iron or vessel under the chair and 
sprinkle it with Sulphur, allowing the fumes to envelop the 
body. 

The application of Sulphur to the skin, as Sulphur one 
part, starch two or three parts, is very good treatment in 
chronic eczematous troubles. In all skin diseases, when the 
eruption resembles the itch. Sulphur is an absolute specific. 
In herpetic eruptions it is very efficient. I^et the patient have 
ten grains of the Ix tritp.ration two or three times a day for 
a week, or longer if the patient's case is obstinate. It is a 
very good remedy in scald head. This is very obstinate in 
some cases, but it should not be .suppressed by the use of 
strong acids nor alkalies. Some application is necessary to 
allay itching and irritation. Give Sulphur internally and 
annoint the part wath cod liver oil, keeping a silk cap on the 
head. In the dry form of the disease this treatment is most 
efficient. For psoriasis, where the epidermis scales off, and 
for liver spots, or morph, give five grain doses of the Ix 
trituration. It is very efficient in successive crops of boils, 
seeming to remove the cause which produces them. 

Sulphur is an elegant remedy in chronic rheumatism with 
darting, tearing pain, especially in persons of a scrofulous 
diathesis. Sometimes a flannel bandage thickly dusted 
with Sulphur applied gives relief. Also administer the trit- 
uration in five grain doses. It is also useful in scrofulous 
diseases of the joints, such as hip disease. In scrofulous 
ophthalmia and in other forms of sore eyes in scrofulous 
children, with red, swollen lids. Sulphur is a good remedy. 
For irritation and soreness of the angles of the ears and 
mouth, use Sulphur internally and borax and salicylic acid 
locall}'. 



ALTERATIVES. 331 

Sulphur is very beneficial in dyspepsia, when the patient 
is scrofulous, and more especially when there is a sense of 
weight in the stomach after eating, bad taste in the mouth, 
heart-burn, diarrhoea, with tenesmus and offensive evacua- 
tions, or constipation. Here give five grains of the tritura- 
tion four times a day. 

For hemorrhoids Sulphur is one of the best remedies in 
use. When attended by a severe pain in the back and the 
evacuations are hard, more or less bloody, and attended with 
tenesmus, protrusion of the bowel and constipation, keep 
the bowels toned up, and give Sulphur in doses of half a tea- 
spoonful in half a teacupful of milk if agreeable. Give this 
at night and after two or three days give as much more if 
necessary. In a few days the evacuations of the bowels 
become more natural, the pain lessens, and the tumors ulti- 
mately disappear. This treatment generally is efficient. In 
ulceration of the anus or rectum use a mild Sulphur ointment 
topicall}^ with Sulphur internally. 

Sulphur may be used for its influence on the urinary and 
reproductive organs. It is a good agent in incontinence of 
urine, associated with irritable bladder and hemorrhoids, in 
chronic catarrh of the bladder, and in sexual weakness. It 
is of great value in some female disorders, as amenorrhoea, 
when the patient is anaemic and instead of the natural flow 
there is a sort of profuse leucorrhoeal discharge. Here the 
patient is generally scrofulous and Sulphur benefits her. 
Give from five to ten grains of the trituration three times a 
day in such cases. Females of a scrofulous diathesis are 
very apt to have sore nipples, and here always use Sulphur. 
It may be well to use it before confinement. 

Sulphur is a good drug in troubles of the respiratory or- 
gans, as in consumption, with offensive expectoration. Use 
it also 'in bronchitis, asthma, chronic nasal catarrh, etc., 
with profuse and unpleasant discharges. As a rule give it 



832 ALTERATIVES. 

in small doses. In asthma, with profuse secretions, it lessens 
both cough and expectoration. 

Sulphur is many times superior to Strychnine in paralysis. 
If the patient does not improve on Strychnine give him Sul- 
phur. Give the drug either alone or with other remedies. 
Some recommend Sulphur as a prophylactic against cholera. 
As a local application it is very good in diphtheria. Blow or 
dust the powder on the diphtheritic membrane. 

Sulphur is the great specific remedy for itch. This disorder 
results from a parasite which Sulphur destro3^s. A very 
good preparation for this purpose is the following : . 

R. Sulphur, 5j. 

Potassium Carbonate, 5 ij . 
Lard, 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Anoint the parts from two to four times a day after 
having cleansed them thoroughly with soap and water. 

After curing destroy or disinfect all clothing worn during 
the disease. The following preparation makes a good hair 
tonic : Triturate one drachm of milk of Sulphur with ten 
drops of oil of Bergamot. Again triturate this mixture with 
two drachms of glycerine and add twelve fluid ounces ox 
rose water. Apply with a soft sponge once a day. This 
will produce a growth of hair if the follicles are not dead. 
If it is desired to darken the color of the hair add twenty 
grains of lead acetate. 

Remember that Sulphur is contra-indicated when there is 
high inflammatory action. The ordinary dose ranges from 
one-half grain to one drachm. Prepare the Ix trituration by 
rubbing together Lac Sulphur one drachm, and milk sugar 
nine drachms. Dose, fiv^e grains. 



ALTKRATIVHS. 333 

POTASSII lODIDUM, Potassium Iodide, 

Synonyms. — Iodide of Potash, Kaliiun lodatuni. 

Description. — This salt is in the form of transparent or 
translucent, colorless, cubical crystals, or in a granular, 
white powder. It has a very feeble odor of iodine, and a 
sharp, saline, and disagreeably bitter, brackish taste. The 
opaque crystals are less pure than those above described, 
having been allowed to crystallize from an alkaline liquid. 
Potassium Iodide slightly deliquesces in a moist atmosphere. 
Soluble in cold water (0.75), boiling water (0.5), cold alco- 
hol (18), boiling alcohol (6), and glycerin (2.5). Keep 
this salt in well-stoppered bottles. 

Potassium Iodide is prepared from a solution of potash and 
iodine. From this salt we may get all the valuable thera- 
peutic properties of iodine. It is very valuable for destroy- 
ing morbid materials in the fluids of the body and with the 
other iodine salts acts as a catalytic ; these iodides differ 
from restoratives in that they do not remain in the blood, 
but promote retrograde metamorphosis and are eliminated 
with the products thus formed. By their action the iodine 
present antidotes or counteracts the poisonous action of mor- 
bid matter, as when used in scrofula, syphilis, etc. Good or 
bad results may come from its use here according to the 
amount of judgment used in administering it. In proper 
doses, by its chemical action in the blood, it destroys morbid 
matter and promotes elimination of it. This material is first 
selected, but if given during health the sound tissues are 
attacked and the blood is robbed of its fibrin and albumen, 
and the muscular system preyed upon. 

Under the influence of iodine and its salts enlargements 
often rapidly disappear and even normal structures may be 
reduced in size. Hence it is a good agent in dispersing 
tumors, etc. In some of these cases it is successful and in 



oo4 ALTERATIVES. 

others it fails. It removes those that depend upon some 
cachectic condition of the system, as scrofula. Bronchocele 
is one of the enlargements that is frequently cured by it. 
Any enlargement due to hypersemia generally yields to it. 
When one depends upon a more solid organized growth, 
cachexia not being present, only surgical means will remove 
the abnormal growth. 

This drug is valuable in many cases of syphilis, though in 
some it does no good, or it may do harm. It is not of 
much use in the primary stage of the disease, and, in fact, 
here it is seldom or never called for. No specific remedy 
prevents secondary symptoms when given in the primary 
stage, but the disease may be modified and the system so 
protected against its ravages that the final result may be 
favorable. In the early stage of the disease the best that 
can be done is to get the patient's system in good condition, 
keeping the digestive tract, skin, and kidneys doing their 
work well ; in the second stage this remedy is not usually 
called for, though small doses of Stillingia may prove advan- 
tageous. In some cases small doses of Potassium Iodide, as 
from two to five grains three or four times a day, may be 
given in alternation with Stillingia. But in the third stage 
of syphilis this is the most valuable agent at our command. 
Destructive ulceration is speedily arrested by it. Syphilitic 
affections of the bones, as caries, necrosis, periostitis, etc. , 
and of the brain, are removed by it. For affections of the 
skin of like origin it is also a good remedy. But those rem- 
edies usually so efficient will fail in some instances, so we 
must select our cases. This salt acts best when the tongue 
and mucous membranes are pallid; when the tongue is red and 
pointed the drug is contra-indicated. Take a case of syphilis 
with syphilitic ulcerations threatening to destroy the patient's 
nose. In some of these cases ver}^ large doses may be given. 
Begin with five grains five times a day and increase until 



ALTERATIVES. 335 

twenty or even over thirty grains may be given at a dose. 
Never give the drug in concentrated form, but alwa3's well 
diluted. Administer it in syphilitic disorders of the internal 
organs, as of the liver, kidneys, etc. Under its influence the 
ulceration stops, healthy granulations spring up, and the 
patient improves. 

Potassium Iodide makes a profound impression on the 
nervous system, and many nervous troubles are benefited by 
its use, especially when recurring in s^^philitic patients. The 
patient may come to you with some nervous trouble, having 
no signs of syphilis, but yet remedies do not relieve it ; if 
you learn that the patient has ever had sj^philis, give this 
remedy. Another patient may have a distressing neuralgia 
which does not improve under treatment ; it is altogether 
probable that he has or has had syphilis, and, if so, give this 
drug. Some cases of epilepsy, associated with a syphilitic 
taint, are benefited b}^ its use. 

Some persons are very susceptible to the influence of this 
drug and can not take it in large doses, for it produces in 
them symptoms of acute catarrh, with a bad metallic taste, 
the condition altogether assuming the form of a bad cold. 
So begin its use with one grain doses and gradually increase 
it until twenty or thirty grains may be given at one dose. 
Remember that when giving large doses always give it well 
diluted, as it is irritating to the mucous membranes in a con- 
centrated form. 

Rheumatism and gout are frequently benefited by this rem- 
edy. The pain in chronic syphiHs resembles that of chronic 
rheumatism. 

Often when a patient complains of rheumatic pains he has 
s\^philis, and such pains are generally most severe during the 
night, though they may come from either disease. Give the 
Iodide in doses of from two to five grains three times a day. 
In chronic rheumatism it may be given with Macrotys, and 



336 AI.TKRATIVKS. 

especially should it be associated with the latter when syphi- 
litic manifestations are also present. It is a good remedy in 
obstinate cases of sciatica and lumbago. In scrofula this 
proves serviceable ; it promotes waste by removing the worn- 
out material from the body. Give it in connection with 
some restorative, such as cod liver oil. Give from two to 
five grains three times a day ; if five grains prove too de- 
pressing reduce the amount. Generally the patient gains 
strength rapidly under this treatment. It is a good drug to 
dry the lacteal vSecretion ; give ten grains daily in broken 
doses, and use Belladonna locally. 

Though not a hydragogue. Potassium Iodide is a good 
remedy in some cases of dropsy. It frequently relieves the 
dropsy of Bright' s disease. It does not cure the disease and 
does not lessen the amount of sediment in the urine, but it 
promotes a copious flow of urine which carries away the 
effete matter. Though efficient as a diuretic in dropsy, on 
the healthy body it has but little effect in this way. This 
drug exerts a marked influence on all the mucous membranes. 
Following its use there is an increased secretion of the nose, 
bronchi, and larynx, and also looseness of the bowels if it be 
given in full doses. Owing to the fact that it increases 
secretion, it is a good remedy in some ca^es of cough arising 
from a dry condition of the air passages. It may be given 
in doses of two grains every four hours until secretion is es- 
tablished. Under these conditi(ms its action must be closely 
watched, and as the secretion is restored diminish the dose. 
It is very useful in some cases of chronic and congestive 
bronchitis, changing the purulent character of the sputa. It 
must not be continued so long as to prove exhausting. It is 
valuable also in some cases of asthma ; some claim that it is 
beneficial because of its sedative action, thus relieving 
bronchial spasm. But it is more probable that its value de- 
pends on its power of relieving the dry condition of the 



ALTERATIVES . 337 

membranes, and only in this condition is it a good remedy. 
It is a good drug in diphtheria, the free secretion produced 
by it tending to retard the formation of the membrane. 
Again it is o-ood only in the one class of cases, and those are 
cases with marked dryness of the membranes. 

Use the remedy in chronic cases of poisoning with mercury 
or lead. In such cases it is brought in contact with the 
metal, rendering the metal soluble by combining chemically 
with it, and thus promotes its elimination. In severe cases 
of this nature this agent must be given with caution ; if large 
doses be given too much of the metal is rendered soluble and 
enters the circulation, and this only increases the bad effects. 
Do not give more than twenty grains during the day. 

This salt is of signal value in some eye disorders, and these 
are generally those dependent either upon syphilis, scrofula, 
or rheumatism. Thus it may be employed in syphilitic and 
rheumatic iritis, scrofulous ophthalmia, and syphilitic or 
scrofulous opacity and ulceration of the cornea. Give for 
these cases five grains of Potassium Iodide three times a day 
in a half -tumblerful of water shortly after each meal. 



STILLINGIA, Queen's Root. 

Synonyms. — Q^ieen' s Delight, Silver Leaf. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Stillingia sylvatica, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord., EuphorbiacecE. Southern United States. 

Specific Stillingia. — Stillingia belongs to the class of 
substances that yield the gelatinizing red tannates. Prepa- 
rations of Stillingia when representative are liable to altera- 
tions that render them turbid, and even may result in perfect 
disintegration. Thus Stillingia, which is of a rich, red- wine 
color when recent, often decomposes into a colorless serum 
and a brown, jelly-like magma, the preparation becoming 
worthless. This change is to be expected. 

This is a native plant of our Southern States. The root, 



338 . ALTERATIVES. 

which is an inch in diameter, of a brown color and bitter 
taste, is the part used in medicine. Alcohol and water ex- 
tract its virtues. In proper doses it is alterative and stim- 
ulant ; in large doses it is emetic and cathartic. The specific 
medicine, a tincture, and a syrup are used. In its action on 
the system it increases waste, its principal force being exerted 
on the lymphatic system. 

Stillingia exerts a specific influence on the mucous mem- 
branes of the throat, larynx, and bronchi, relieving chronic 
irritation. It is indicated by a tumid, red, glistening mem- 
brane, with scanty secretions ; hence, as iodide of potassium 
can not be given under these conditions, this is a good rem- 
edy in syphilis. It especially influences excretion. To get 
its good effects we must employ a good article prepared from 
the recent root. A good tincture is made by macerating one 
part of the root with two parts of seventy per cent, alcohol. 
This may be given in doses of from five to ten drops for its 
alterative effect, and increased until thirty or forty drops can 
be taken. It is very valuable in the secondary and tertiary 
forms of syphilis, and has some good effects in the first stage. 
Administered with iodide of potassium it is a good alterative 
in syphilitic skin disease. The following is a very good 
combination : 

R. Iodide of Potassium, 5 ij. 

Syrup of Stillingia, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. 

In cases of great debility use the following : 

R. Potassium Iodide, .5 ij. 

Comp. Tr. Cinchona, floj. 

Syrup of Stillingia, fl 5 iij • M. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day. 

This may be given in chronic affections of the skin, in 
syphilis, scrofula, etc. , and in all such cases it is a good 
alterative. It is also very valuable in diseases of the respira- 
tory apparatus, such as chronic bronchitis, laryngitis, incip- 



AI.TERATIVES. 339 

ient phthisis, and other affections of the air passages, with 
marked irritation. Use the tincture, syrup, or specific 
medicine. 

StiUingia in proper doses does not produce constitutional 
disturbances, and nia}^ be taken for a great length of time. 



AURI BT SODII CHLORIDUM. 

Gold and Sodium Chloride. 

Synonyms. — Chloride of Gold and Sodium^ Chloride of 
Crold ajid Soda. 

Description. — A mixture composed, by weight, of equal 
parts of dry Gold Chloride and Sodium Chloride. This salt 
occurs in commerce as an odorless, orange-yellow powder, 
having both a saline and metal-like taste. Owing to the 
fact that it slightly deliquesces in a moist atmosphere it must 
be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Water readily and com- 
pletely dissolves it, and at least one-half of it should be dis- 
solved by cold alcohol. 

This is alterative and tonic. All the preparations of Gold 
are corrosiv^e, acting powerfully on the mucous surfaces and 
on the nervous system. In mild doses Chloride of Gold and 
Sodium is a powerful stimulant to the nerves, stomach, liver, 
and reproductive organs. Hence it is good in dyspepsia, 
when there is atony and great torpor. If conditions resem- 
bling syphilis are present this is particularly a very good 
remedy. When the patient can not take food, has diar- 
rhoea, and there is loss of strength and a syphilitic history, 
give from one-twentieth to one-thirtieth grain three times a 
day. It also gives relief from the melancholia which attends 
syphilitic stomach disease and renders it very obstinate. 
With a syphilitic history, this relieves palpitation of the 
heart, and when there is a tendency to miscarriage (from 
atony) in females w^ho have had syphilis it is one of our 
very best remedies. Give as above directed. In irregular 



340 ALTKRATlVKvS. 

action of the heart, due to loss of blood, or following mis- 
carriage, give from one-fiftieth to one one-hundredth of a 
grain of this salt. Excellent results come from its employ- 
ment in these cases. 

In troubles of the urinary tract in syphilitic patients it 
gives good results ; thus, in incontinence of urine give one- 
sixtieth grain four times a day, and use it in spermatorrhoea, 
nocturnal seminal losses, in atonic amenorrhoea, irregular 
menstruation, dysmenorrhoea, etc., all associated with a 
venereal history. Here give it with other remedies, as iron 
or vegetable tonics. As an alterative in the latter stage of 
syphilis it is highly valuable. In those cases in w^hich the 
constitution has been greatly impaired by syphilis or mercury 
and there is a heart or lung trouble, give this agent as pre- 
viousl}^ indicated. Use it in chronic forms of gastric inflam- 
mation or inflammation of other internal organs, when due 
to this disease. It is a good drug in syphilitic ulcerations of 
the throat, chancre, ulcers on the genitals, etc., promoting 
the healing process. In doses too large this drug is a power- 
ful irritant to the stomach, producing sloughing if used too 
long, though no salivation is produced. In poisoning by it 
give albumen. 

Chloride of Gold and Sodium may be given in solution or 
in pills. For the first dissolve two grains in one ounce of 
distilled water. Dose, from one to ten drops. For the sec- 
ond triturate two grains with one drachm of powdered starch 
and add enough gum acacia to form a pill mass with a little 
water. Make the the pills of the size desired. Or one part 
of this triturated with ninety-nine parts of sugar of milk may 
be used as needed for small doses. 



AlvTERATlVKS. 341 

PHYTOLACCA. Poke Root. 

Synonyms. — Scoke, Garget^ Pigeon Berry. 

Botanic Aiv Origin. — The fresh or recent root and fruit 
of Phytolacca deca7idra, Linne ; ^2X. 0x6..^ Phytolacacece, 
Europe and America. 

Specific Phytolacca has a Hght-reddish color and the 
flavor of the recent root. It is Hable to alteration by age, 
casting down a light, nearly white precipitate. This does 
not interfere, however, with the medicinal value of the 
remedy. 

This is a common native plant, flowering in July and 
ripening its berries in August. It has a greenish flower and 
a light-colored root, having a taste at first sweetish, but 
afterwards acrid. Alcohol and boiling water extract its vir- 
tues. Use the tincture, and, if convenient, prepare your 
own tincture from the fresh root. Fill any convenient sized 
vessel with the green root (preferably dug in September), 
cut fine and fill with alcohol. Let this stand until needed, 
when it may be filtered and is ready for use. A tincture of 
the berries is also useful in obstinate cases of chronic rheuma^ 
tism. In dropsy it is one of our best, alteratives. 

In large doses Phytolacca is cathartic and emetic and in 
very large amounts a narcotic poison. In proper medicinal 
doses it influences the kidneys as a diuretic. It is not a de- 
sirable emetic, being very slow in its action, though when 
emesis results it persists a long time, producing great dis- 
comfort and also purgation. As an alterative it is very valu- 
able to increase waste and improve nutrition. It acts spe- 
cifically upon the glands and mucous membranes. It may 
be employed when there is a languid condition of the blood 
vessels and absorbents. The following is a good preparation 
for chronic rheumatism : Take of Poke berries two ounces 
and macerate them in one pint of Holland gin. Give of this 



342 ' AI.TKRATIVES. 

from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful at a dose. Phytolacca 
is very valuable in the treatment of mammary inflammation 
with threatened abscess, or when the abscess has already 
formed. Give the remedy internally and apply it locally. 
In case cf cold in the mammae with threatened mammary 
abscess give it in alternation with Aconite. If the swelling 
be great the breasts may be supported by an adhesive strip. 
Administer a teaspoonful each of the following solutions 
alternately every hour : 

R. Specific Aconite, gtt. x. 
Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

R. Specific Phytolacca, 5j. or ij. 
Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

If abscess results and it has not opened of its own accord, 
lance it and then syringe the cavity with Phytolacca diluted 
and continue internally the prescriptions as above directed. 
Take of the tincture one-half ounce, and warm water nine 
ounces, and syringe the part ; this relieves the pain and pro- 
motes healing. If it is possible and desirable to check the 
formation of abscess apply the following : 

R. Specific Phytolocca, 

Glycerin, aa. M. 

It is a valuable drug for females who have morbid sen- 
sitiveness and tenderness of the breast at the menstrual per- 
iod. In cases like this give 

R. Specific Phytolacca, gtt. x. to xxx. 

Aqua, fi I iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

It is also a good remedy for cracked nipples. iVpply it 
locally and give it internally. It is a good agent in swelling 
of the breasts of new-born infants. Use a few drops of Phy- 
tolacca in four ounces of water and give a teaspoonful of the 
mixture several times a day. 



ALTERATIVES. o43 

In general, Phytolacca is a stimulant of the mucous sur- 
faces and absorbents, acting much like iodide of potassium. 
Use it where the mucous membranes are blanched, pallid, or 
ulcerated. It is a very good drug in simple diphtheria when 
the disease is diffused. In the early stage Aconite and 
Belladonna are better, but if the disease is not arrested by 
these, then give Phytolacca in alternation with them. It is 
of much value in ulceration of the mucous surfaces, as of the 
tonsils, fauces, etc. Many times it reduces a chronically 
enlarged tonsil. 

As a constitutional remedy it may be employed for ulcera- 
tion of the OS uteri, and also in leucorrhoea. Use it in all 
the manifestations of syphilis, generally with potassium 
iodide. Employ it in all ulcerations of the outlets of the 
body. In rheumatism, scrofulous affections, etc. , it is a very 
excellent drug. Rheumatic iritis is greatly benefited by it. 
It has cured bronchocele when iodine has failed. Use the 
following in all of the preceding disorders : 

R. Specific Phytolacca, fl oj. 
Aqua, fl 3 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every one, two, three, or four 
hours, as required. 



COLLINSONIA, Stone Root 

Synonyms. — Horse Balm, Horse Weed, Rich Weed, Knob 
Root^ etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Collinsonia ca7ia- 
densis, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Labiates. Woodlands of North 
America. 

Specific Collinsonia. — This is one of the most difficult 
preparations to make. Collinsonia is hard as stone and 
tough as leather, being very difficult to powder or grind. 
Specific Collinsonia represents the finely ground recent root. 

This is an indigenous plant found in rich woods from Can- 



344 AI^TKRATIVES. 

ada to the Carolinas, and is called Stone Root, from the 
hardness of its rhizome. It flowers from July to September. 
Its root is white and has a strong balsamic odor and pungent 
taste. Alcohol and water partially extract its virtues, and a 
tincture or infusion may be used. It is diuretic, diaphoretic, 
tonic, astringent (from the tannic acid it contains), stimu- 
lant, carminative, discutient, and alterative. 

Collinsonia is a very good alterative in chronic diseases of 
the urinary organs, acting specifically in many instances, in 
dropsy, calculous affections, etc. It has a good influence on 
the digestive process and improves the appetite. It relieves 
irritation of the mucous surfaces, especially of the pelvic 
viscera. It is valuable in atonic dyspepsia, and is specific 
for hemorrhoids with a constant sensation of some foreign 
body in the lower bowels. In atonic dyspepsia with consti- 
pation good results may be expected from it. It is especially 
good if hemorrhoids are also present. It relieves hemor- 
rhoids in the pregnant female. Use it in dysmenorrhcea, 
leucorrhoea, and prolapsus uteri, if there be hemorrhoids 
associated with these disorders. For these hemorrhoidal 
and other rectal disorders the small dose acts better than the 
large one. As a rule give the following : 

R. Specific Collinsonia, gtt. x. to xv. orxxx. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig.— Dose, a teaspoonful four times a day. 

This agent has a specific influence on the tissues and valves 
of the heart, hence it becomes very valuable in some heart 
troubles. For rheumatic carditis it is a very reliable remedy. 
It is also valuable in chronic inflammation of the pericardi- 
um, giving rise to dropsical effusions. It is claimed to be 
an absolute specific for ministers' sore throat, and in chronic 
disease of the larynx, bronchi, etc., checking the cough and 
disease. For the throat trouble give it much stronger than 
recommended for hemorrhoids. 



ALTERATIVES. 345 

R. Specific Collinsonia, fl 5 ss. 
Simple S^Tup, fl 5 iss. M. 

Sig. — Dose, from one-half to one teaspoonful every three 
hours. 

Use the remedy in spermatorrhoea accompanied with hem- 
orrhoids. Owing to the fact that it does not derange the 
stomach it is an excellent remedy. 



OLEUM MORRHU/E, Cod Liver Oil. 

SvNOisiYMS.—O/ezwi/ecoris Aselli, Oleum Hepatis Morrhuce. 

Description. — A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers 
of cod — Gadus Morrhua, Linne, and of other species of Gadus; 
0X2^'^, Pisces ; Order, Teleostei ; Fa.mily, Gad id^. This is a 
thin, pale-yellow, oily fluid, possessed of a peculiar, feebly 
fish-like, but not rancid odor, and a slightly fishy, bland 
taste. Alcohol scarcely dissolves it. Readih^ soluble in 
chloroform, ether, carbon disulphide, and in acetic ether 
(2.5). Density 0.920 to 0.925. 

This oil is obtained in a variety of ways from the liver of 
the cod. The livers are put in tanks and the sun tries out 
the oil, or the livers are pressed and the oil thus obtained. It 
varies in color from that of straw to dark brown. There 
are three commercial grades : The white or pale ; the brown- 
ish-yellow ; and the deep brown. Only the pale oil (or that 
described above) should be used in medicine. It contains 
several acids, as acetic, oleic, butyric, and sulphuric, also salts 
of calcium and magnesium, and glycerin, with iodine, bromine, 
and phosphorus. So it is an alterative as well as a con- 
structive remedy. Some think olive and other oils may be 
substituted for it, but they are of very different. chemical 
compositions and do not meet the requirements. It has a 
fishy odor and taste, and in other respects tastes much like 
other oils. The pale oil is best, being most pleasant to take 
and producing the leavSt derangement of the stomach. When 



346 ALTKRATIVKS. 

in the liver of the cod it is colorless, and impurities that are 
present give the dark color to the inferior grades. 

When kindly received by the stomach Cod I^iver Oil 
increases the quantity of red corpuscles, improves the appe- 
tite and general strength, and the pulse becomes full and 
strong, flesh increases, and nutrition is improved. If it 
disagrees with the stomach these results can not be obtained. 
In some cases it may produce slight nausea at first, but this 
may not contra-indicate its use. This may result from its 
bad taste and not from any evil effect on the vStomach. In 
these cases it is best given as an emulsion. Its good effects 
are not at once perceptible, two or three weeks being required 
to realize much benefit. In some cases it proves a laxative 
and may even produce diarrhoea, but this does not generally 
result unless the bow^els were previously in a bad condition. 
In other cases it produces a tendency to plethora disposing to 
hemorrhage. Besides being nutrient it is alterative, and ex- 
erts a beneficial influence on the diseased structures. It ex- 
erts a controlling influence over cachexia. 

Dr. Wood says it is one of our best remedies in scrofulous 
affections of the bones and joints, as of the knee, and in 
bone diseases where there is no necrosis. It does not cure 
quickly and the patient may die from exhaustion, but it is 
the best remedy at our command. In tabes mesenterica it is 
useful when there is cough, emaciation, hardness of the 
abdomen, and offensive breath. Give with it raw beef or 
other nutritious foods. Though seldom thought of, yet it is 
a good remedy for epilepsy, especially when the patient is 
scrofulous and debilitated. It is very serviceable in some 
cases of chronic rheumatism, especially among those who are 
poorly fed, housed, and clothed, being most effective in scrof- 
ulous subjects. 

Cod Liver Oil is often a remedy in diseases of the eyes and 
ears of scrofulous children. Use it in ophthalmia, neuralgia, 



AI.TKRATIVKS. o47 

and asthma, when the patient is scrofulous and the disease 
protracted. In the treatment of rickets it is the very best 
remedy at our command. Its good effects are manifest in 
two or three weeks. To a three-year-old child give a tea- 
spoonful three times a day ; also rub it on the spine. Fis- 
tula in ano, scrofulous ulcerations, glandular enlargements, 
etc. , are greatly benefited by it. Use it here both internally 
and locally. 

Cod lyiver Oil is an excellent remedy in phthisis . If the 
tubercule is formed and the lung tissue disorganized it will 
do no good as a cure. To be efficient it must be given early 
in the disease, when it improves the system and counteracts 
the tendency to tuberculization, and if not curing it, it 
holds the disease in check. Such a patient may Jive many 
years when regularly given this oil. Even if the curative 
stage be past it is beneficial still. It serves to prolong life, 
relieve suffering, and makes the patient comfortable. It is a 
good remedy in the tertiary stage of syphilis with marked 
anaemia and oppression. Generally give a tablespoonful, and 
the best time to administer it is usually after eating. Some 
can take it at any time, and exceptional ones like it best just 
before eating. Scott's Emulsion is a good preparation. If 
the pure oil can be taken it acts best. Some prefer it in 
coffee, milk, or brandy. It may be given to consumptives 
in Bourbon. Where it seems objectionable it may sometimes 
be rendered palatable by adding a pinch of salt. Always 
begin with the small dose and increase it as demanded. Do 
not give it when the stomach persistently refuses to toler- 
ate it. 



lODUM. Iodine. 

Description. — This element is used in the sublimed form, 
occuring as dry, bluish-black, heavy scales, somewhat re- 
sembling those hammered from a piece of heated iron. They 



348 ALI'KRATIVES. 

are easily broken, have a metal-like lustre, a characteristic 
odor, and a sharp, acrid taste. Soluble, with a brown color, 
in water (5000), and in alcohol (10) ; freely, with brown 
color, in solution of potassium iodide, and in ether ; and with 
a violet hue in chloroform and carbon disulphide. Vege- 
table colors are slowly destroyed by it, and it imparts a 
slowly evanescent, dark-brown stain to the human skin. At 
an ordinary temperature it slowly volatilizes, hence it must 
be kept in well-stoppered bottles. With solutions of starch 
it strikes a deep-blue color. Its solution in alcohol is the 
well-known Tincture of lodiyie. 

This is a non-metallic element obtained from the ashes of 
sea-weed, and from mineral iodides and iodates. It was dis- 
covered by a French soda manufacturer named Courtois, in 
18 12. It is alterative, tonic, antiseptic, and resolvent. 

In proper doses Iodine increases the appetite, improves 
digestion, increases strength, stimulates secretion and excre- 
tion, and impresses the urinary (diuretic) and sexual appa- 
ratus. It is irritant to mucous surfaces, and iodide of potas- 
sium is generally preferred to it, though not in all cases. 
As the solution of that sah dissolves it renders it less irri 
tating ; Iodine may be given with it. Owing to the pecu- 
liarities of some persons it produces headache, vertigo, etc. 
If applied to the skin a burning sensation is produced, and the 
skin is colored yellow, and if the preparation be strong the 
epidermis may be destroyed . 

Applied to ulcers Iodine stimulates them to heal, though 
at first it produces considerable pain, but as healing goes on 
the pain is less marked. It is a very good drug in the treat- 
ment of chronic scrofulous and glandular enlargements. Use 
it both locally and internally, or potassium iodide may be 
exhibited internally. Externally the tincture or an ointment 
(with lard or vaseline) may be applied, or an alcoholic solu- 
tion may be used. In some cases a compress wet with it 



ALTERATIVES. 349 

may be best. Use one part of the tincture to three or four 
parts of water. Wet a pledget of lint and apply it. This 
solution is useful in carbuncle to relieve pain and promote 
healing. It arrests the destruction of the soft tissues and 
removes the unsound part. The strong tincture may be used 
if necessary, though the pain produced is somewhat severe. 

Pain in the lungs or muscles of the chest is often relieved 
by painting Tincture of Iodine on the part. If the skin is 
very tender paint with Belladonna. Iodine is valuable in 
phthisis as a counter-irritant; also in bronchitis, etc. Painted 
on chilblains once a day, if the skin be sound, it relieves the 
pain and itching. It is excellent in most cases of broncho- 
cele. It can not generally be applied to parts exposed to 
view on account of the discoloration it produces. Here take 
any amount of Iodine and add enough sulphite of sodium to 
form a compound soluble in water, and a straw-colored or 
colorless liquid results, which does not color the skin. 

Iodine is useful in chronic cough, pleurisy, bronchitis, etc. 
Locally it gives fine results in the treatment of bubos. If 
applied early it will prevent their formation. Paint the part 
once or twice a day with a strong tincture (forty grains in 
one ounce of alcohol). The same is a good application for 
ringworm, corns, and felons. In a concentrated form it is 
caustic. The following is a mild caustic for lupus ; 

R. Iodine, 

Potassium Iodide, aa. grs. v. 
Glycerin, q. s. to make a paste. 
Sig. — Apply locally and give potassium iodide internally 
in five grain doses three times a day. 

Iodine is very valuable in troubles of the reproductive 
organs of the female, as chronic indurated thickening of the 
OS uteri. Use a solution of Iodine (grains twenty) and 
potassium iodide (grains thirty) and water (ounce one). 
One grain of Iodine and two grains of potassium iodide to 



350 ALTERATIVES. 

four ounces of water makes a good injection for leucorrhcea. 
For purulent discharges from the mucous membranes, as 
of the nose, etc. : 

R. Iodine, gr. j. 

Glycerin, 5J. M. 
Sig. — Apply and give internally potassium iodide. 

[n hydrarthrosis and rheumatism apply Iodine in an oint- 
ment with friction. Dissolve twenty grains of Iodine in 
alcohol and mix it with a tablespoonful of lard. Rub the 
parts with this for twenty minutes each day if the skin will 
allow it. This is better than the tincture alone. It is very 
useful, when diluted, for syphilitic ulcerations of the tonsils 
and fauces ; also in swelling of the gums and loosening of 
the teeth. Paint the gums with the solution (one grain to 
one ounce of water). In hydrocele, after tapping the scro- 
tum, inject a solution of Iodine, one part to water two parts. 
Knead the parts with the hand. Inject it into fistulae ; it is 
of some use in fistula in ano, curing, as it does in hydrocele, 
by inflaming the parts and causing them to adhere. If 
Iodine be taken in overdoses the antidote is starch water. 
Albumen is somewhat effective also. The dose of Iodine 
ranges from one-eighth to one-half grain, and is best given 
in pills. A small amount of Hyoscyamus may be given with 
it. The Compound Tincture of Iodine is a useful prepa- 
tion. Make it as follows : 

R. Iodine, .5 iv. 

Potassium Iodide, o viij . 

Alcohol, Oj. M. 

Dose, from one to twenty drops. 



ALTERATIVES. 351 

AMMOmi lODIDUM. Ammonium Iodide. 

Description. — This salt occurs in minute, colorless, cube- 
like crystals, or as a granular, white powder, very hygro- 
scopic, and quickly becoming yellow or brownish on exposure 
to light and air, ammonia being lost and free iodine liberated. 
It should never be used as a medicine in this condition. It 
has a pungent, saline taste. When colorless it has no odor, 
but w^hen colored smells like iodine. Soluble in cold water 
( i), boiling water (0.5), cold alcohol (9),' and boiling alco- 
hol (3.7). It must be kept in securely-stoppered, small 
vials, and in a dark place. 

This salt is obtained by the action of iodine in solution on 
the hydrosulphide of ammonium. It is best prepared from 
ammonia water and hydriodic acid (Lloyd). It is alterative 
and antisyphilitic, its action being like that of iodide of 
potassium, though this is not so depressing nor so irritant as 
that alterative. It is indicated in all cases where the features 
are pinched and contracted. Under these conditions it is 
of value in syphilis, lessening the night pains and reducing 
the enlarged glands. The following is an effective com- 
bination : 

R. Specific Phytolacca, fi 5 ss. 
Ammonium Iodide, 5 iv. 
Specific Iris, fl. 5 S3. 
Simple Syrup, fi 5 v. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoon ful four times a day. 

Ammonium Iodide is of some value in scrofulous eye dis- 
eases, in obstinate cases of chronic rheumatism, in chronic 
skin diseases, in chronic scrofula, S3'philis, etc. For goitre 
give the above-named syrup and apply locall}' the following: 

R. Ammonium Iodide, 3j. 
Glycerin, fls j. M. 

Use it in headache when there is dull pain, dizziness, 
feeble circulation, and poor nutrition. Dose, from two to 
five grains. 



352 AI^TKRATIVKS. 

IRfS. Blue Flag. 

Synonyms.— F/ag Lily, Fleur de Ltice, Poison Flag. 
Botanic Ai. Origin.— The rhizome and rootlets of Ins 
versicolor, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Iridece. Indigenous to the 
United States, growing in meadows and in wet and swampy 
situations. 

Spkcific Iris Versicolor. — All that has been said of 
Stillingia applies to this preparation. If preparations of Iris 
are in the least representative they are liable to decompo- 
sition and gelatinization. They change to a brown magma 
and then become worthless. Specific Iris is made of Ohio- 
grown Iris. The root as found in the South is of little value, 
the oleoresin being, as found by Prof. Lloyd, practically re- 
placed with red tannates. 

This drug is alterative, emetic, and cathartic ; alterative 
in small doses, emetic and cathartic in large doses. It yields 
its virtues partly to water and wholly to alcohol. Prepare a 
tincture from the green or recent root. 

Iris is very valuable in chronic diseases of the liver, with 
marked pain, sharp and cutting in character, and increased 
by motion. There is also present more or less constipation, 
and this drug overcomes this by acting as a biliary stimulant. 

E. Specific Iris, fl 3 ss. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

Large cathartic doses irritate the stomach and bowels,, 
while minute doses allay gastric irritation. 
For cholera morbus, cholera infantum, etc. : 

B.. Specific Iris, gtt. v. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful frequently. 

For ordinary diarrhoea, and for dysentery, with copious, 
slimy stools use the following : 



ALTERATIVES. o53 

R. Specific Iris, gtt. x. to xv. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every hour. 

Iris, by its action upon the glandular S3'stem, is a good, 
alterative in rheumatism, scrofula, and s^'philis ; also in en- 
largement of the thyroid gland. Here use it locally : 

R. Specific Iris, fl 5 j. 
Glycerin, fl 5 v. M. 

Administer internally : 

R. Specific Iris, gtt. xv. to xx. 

Simple Syrup, fl 5 iv. M, 

Dose, teaspoonful every two or three hours. 

In diseases of scrofulous females Iris maj^ be employed 
with great advantage. lycucorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, hj^per- 
section of the mucous follicles of the vagina, ulceration of 
the OS and cervix uteri, are all benefited by its internal use. 

R. Specific Iris, gtt. x. to xx. 
Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every hour in acute troubles ; 
four times a day in chronic cases. 

Dropsy of scrofulous patients, sick headache and gastric 
irritation, nausea and vomiting, and aphthous conditions of the 
mouth, are relieved by Iris in small doses. In nasal catarrh 
give from one to ten drops of specific Iris. 



SARSAPARILLA. Sarsaparilla. 

Botanical Origin. — "The root of Smilax officinalis, 
Kunth ; Smilax medica, Chamisso et Schlechtendal ; Smilax 
papyracea, Duhamel, and of other undetermined species of 
Smilax" (U. S. P.); Nat. Ord., Liliacece. Throughout 
the tropical sections of America from Mexico to Brazil. 
There are four chief varieties in market, viz : (i) Mexica^i 
(Vera Cruz or Tampico), {2^ Jamaica, (3) Hondiiras (the 
best), and (4) Rio Negro (Para or Lisbon) Sarsaparillas. 



354 ALTERATIVES. 

Use the decoction of the dry root of Honduras Sarsaparilla. 
It is alterative, tonic, and diaphoretic. It must be given iu 
large doses. Its active principle is a powerful heart sedative. 
The following is a good preparation : 

K. Sarsaparilla Root, 3 ij. 

Aqua, O iss. 
Boil to one pint. 
Sig. — Give a wineglassful three times a day. 

This decoction acidulated with nitric acid is of value in 
syphilitic sore throats, and when acidulated with hydrochloric 
acid is useful in chronic affections of the liver, with torpor. 
Chronic rheumatism following syphilis is also benefited by 
it. It is of some service in chronic cough, with relaxation 
of the mucous membranes, especially in syphilitic individuals. 
Use the above preparation. In chronic skin diseases, as 
herpes, administer it with sulphite of sodium as follows : 

R. Decoction of Sarsaparilla, fl 5 viij. 
Sodium Sulphite, 3!. M. 

Sig. — Dose, one or two ounces two or three times a day. 

Administered with potassium iodide it sometimes benefits 
rheumatic patients. 



GUAIACI LIGNUM, Guaiacum Wood. 

Botanical Origin. — The heart- wood of Giiaiaciim offici- 
nale, lyinne, and oi Guaiacum sanctum, \^.w.n^ ; Nat. Or d., 
ZygophyllecE. West Indies. 

GUAIACI RaSINA, Guaiac. 

Botanical Origin. — The resin of the wood of Guaiacuvi 
officinale, Unne ; Nat. Ord., ZygophyllecF. West Indies. 

These drugs are obtained from the Guaiac trees of the 
West Indies. Both the wood and the resin are used as medi- 
cines. The former comes in small shavings of two colors, 
the heart- wood being green and the sap-wood yellow. Only 
the heart-wood is official. It is inodorous except when 



ALTERATIVES. OOO 

heated, when it is fragrant. Alcohol and water extract its 
virtues. The Spaniards introduced this drug into Europe 
from the West Indies, and it became very popular as an 
antisyphilitic. The resin is of a greenish-brown color, has 
an acrid taste, and is soluble in alcohol and sHghtly so in 
water. It is alterative, stimulant, diaphoretic, and tonic. 
It increases the function of the cutaneous capillaries. Being 
an active stimulant, it is contra-indicated in all active inflam- 
matory and plethoric conditions, or when there is impaired 
digestion with a tendency to irritation ; also in vascular ex- 
citement with a tendency to hemorrhage. 

Guaiac may be emplo5^ed in non-inflammatory dyspepsia 
as a stimulant. It is a very valuable alterative in syphilis. 
Use the following : 

R. Sarsaparilla, 

Guaiac Wood, aa. 5 ss. 

Water, O iss. 
Boil to a pint. 
Dose, a wineglassful four times a day. 

Sometimes the iodide of potassium or ammonium may be 
given with it. Given with these salts it is a good alterative 
in chronic skin diseases when the patient is scrofulous or 
syphilitic, and there is great torpor of the system. 

Guaiac is a decided emmenagogue and powerful stimulant 
to the sexual organs. It is excellent for atonic amenorrhoea. 
The specific medicine may be given in half drachm doses every 
three or four hours. If there is vascular excitement or fever 
it is contra-indicated. 

In chronic rheumatism, w4th feeble circulation and great 
depression of the functions of the body, when the feet and 
hands are cold, give from one-half to a teaspoonful of the 
tincture. Prepare the tincture by macerating eight ounces 
of Resin of Guaiac in one pint of alcohol. This preparation 
is a powerful stimulant and anti-rheumatic. It is useful in 



356 ALTERATIVES. 

asthenic gout. Give from ten to thirty grains of the powder 
in mucilage. 

Use this agent as an akerative when there is great debiHty 
and a stimulant is desired. If given early in doses of from 
twenty-five to thirty drops of the tincture it will abort ton- 
silitis. The ammoniated tincture of Guaiac, a very decided 
stimulant, is also used for this purpose. 

The dc)se of Guaiac in powder ranges from ten to thirty 
grains ; of the tincture, from five to sixty drops ; of the spe- 
cific medicine, from one to thirty drops. The infusion must 
be given in large doses to obtain its alterative effects. 



CORYDALIS, Turkey Corn. 

Botanical Origin. — The tubers of Dicentra canadensis, 
De Candolle {Corydalis canade?isis, Goldie) ; Nat. Ord., 
Papaveracecs. Common in Canada and the mountainous 
districts of the northern half of the United States. 

This is a native plant having a tuberous root, about one- 
fourth inch in diameter, of a yellow or brown color, and an 
aromatic odor. The tuber is the part used and is a good 
remedy in scrofulous conditions, having a tonic influence 
over the 'eliminative organs and stimulating the skin, kid- 
neys, and bowels. In cachexia following intermittent fever, 
with enlarged spleen or liver, it is a very useful drug. In 
the treatment of syphilis in broken-down constitutions, with 
ulcerations of the soft tissues, employ this drug both local) y 
and internally, using a decoction. If the ulcers be in the 
throat use chlorate of potassium (dissolved in the decoction 
only) or sulphate of zinc with it as a gargle. In scrofulous 
conditions, with feeble digestion, iron may be given with it. 
Use it in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and leucorrhoea, in 
atonic conditions, associated with a scrofulous or syphilitic 
diathesis. 



ALTERATIVES. 357 

Corydalis is a good remedy in some chronic bladder 
troubles. It is a good tonic to the digestive organs ; give it 
when there is an enlarged abdomen, the result of atony. It 
is excellent in diarrhoea and dysentery, when the tongue is 
coated, the breath fetid, and the digestion poor. Make the 
infusion (one ounce to water one pint). Dose, a tablespoon- 
ful several times a day. Use specific Corydalis as follows : 

R. Specific Corydalis, flsj. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every two hours. 



IODOFORM UM. Iodoform. 

Description. — This compound is produced by acting up- 
on a mixture of alcohol and carbonate of potassium solution 
with iodine. It must be keptin a dark, cool place, in well- 

stoppered vials. It occurs as small, lustrous, lemon-yellow 
crystals, possessing an extremely penetrating and persistent 
odor, recalling that of a combination of Saffron and iodine. 
It has a disagreeable, sub-sweetish, iodine-like taste. In 
ordinary temperatures it shghtly volatilizes. Water takes 
up both its odor and taste, though it is but very slightly 
soluble in that fluid. Soluble in cold alcohol (52), boiling 
alcohol (12), and ether (5.2), and freely soluble in chloro- 
form, fixed and essential oils, and benzin. 

In doses of one grain this agent is a tonic, alterative, and 
stimulant. Applied topically it is a local anaesthetic. It is 
a better antiseptic than iodine. It .destroys lower animals 
more readily than does iodine, and in large doses it is poison- 
ous to all animals. It is not corrosive. Its vapor is anaes- 
thetic, but not so good in this respect as chloroform. On 
account of its antiseptic properties it is a very valuable drug, 
and may be used on nearly all ulcerated, granulating, and 
abraded surfaces, few remedies being better to promote the 



358 AI^TKRATIV^S. 

healing process. For this a glycerin solution is an excellent 
form for use. 

R. Iodoform, 5 j. 

Glycerin, fi 5iv. M. 

Sig. — Syringe or bathe the affected part. 

This is an elegant preparation, lessening suppuration and 
arresting the destruction of tissue. 

Iodoform is an excellent local application in the treatment 
of chancre and painful phagedenic ulcers. In such cases 
take Iodoform one hundred parts, sugar of milk two hun- 
dred parts, thymol one part. Triturate them together and 
dust on the ulcerated surface before dressing. It is a good 
remedy for granulated lids. Take five or ten parts of sugar 
of milk and triturate it with one part of Iodoform ; apply to 
the lids with a brush. For the treatment of cracked nipples: 

R. Iodoform, 5 ss. 
Vaseline, 3 j. 
After cleaning and drying the parts apply the ointment 
three or four times a day. 

Iodoform is a splendid remedy in the treatment of cancer 
and other painful conditions of the rectum, bladder, etc. In 
many cases it is better than opium because it does not arrest 
the secretions. 

R. Iodoform, grs. xxx. 

Coca Butter, 3 j. M. 
Make into suppositories No. 6 

Bring this in contact with the cancerous mass if in the 
rectum, uterus, etc. Or in painful conditions of the prostate 
use a suppository of the same material. 

As an alterative it is very valuable in syphilis. Use from 
one to three grains of Iodoform four times a day. It is use- 
ful in some cases of neuralgia, if the patient be syphilitic. It 
makes a good application to painful chronic ulcers. Though 
not vStrong enough in itself to destroy them, it makes a good 



ALTERATIVES. • o59 

dressing after destroying them with nitric acid. Use it in 
obstinate skin diseases, especially if of syphilitic origin. 
This is one of our most efficient agents in such cases. 

R. Iodoform, grs. x. 

Vaseline, 5J. M. 
Make an ointment. 
Sig. — Apply two or three times a day. 

The unpleasant feature of Iodoform is its disagreeable, 
' ' give-away ' ' odor. Such aromatic oils as peppermint, etc. , 
are said to mask this odor. To remove the odor from ves- 
sels and from the hands wash thoroughly with soap and 
water, after having first applied a few drops of turpentine. 
In poisoning by the absorption of large quantities of this 
drug stop its use and wash the parts with a solution of sodi- 
um bicarbonate, and administer internally lemonade, sodium 
or potassium acetate, and other solutions of like substances. 



TRIPOLIUM. Red Clover. 

Botanical Origin. — The heads of Trifolium pratense, 
Linne ; Nat. Ord., LeguminoscB. Indigenous in fields and 
meadows . 

This remedy po.'^sesses marked alterative properties, and is 
thought by some to have a pronounced action in retarding 
the growth of cancerous affections. It also enters into the 
formation of many alterative compounds. 

Trifolium markedl}^ influences whooping cough, and it is 
for this purpose that it is chiefly employed. There are no 
special indications for its use, but when the proper case is 
found its effects are said to be prompt and permanent. Other 
spasmodic coughs, as those of bronchitis, laryngitis, and 
consumption, may be treated with it. The dose of specific 
Trifolium ranges from one to ten drops every two or three 
hours. 



360 • A.I.TKRATIVES. 

POLYMNIA, Uvedalia, 

Synonym. — Bear's Foot. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The root of Polymnia uvedalia, 
lyinne ; Nat. Ord. , Composites. Highland woods from New 
York to lUinois and southward. 

Specific Poi^ymnia. — This preparation is representative 
of the drug containing its oleoresin in full amount. When 
dropped into water a milky mixture results and in time a 
sediment follows. 

This remedy powerfully affects those parts supplied with 
blood by the branches of the coeliac axis. It is the remedy 
for congestion of these parts. Given internally in small 
doses, and applied w^arm locally and well rubbed in it forms 
the most certain remedy for all splenic enlargements, and 
especially for *' ague cake." It is a remedy for other gland- 
ular enlargements, and has favorably influenced the hyper- 
trophied uterus. Dyspepsia, due to engorged vessels, and 
associated with a feeling of heaviness, sinking, burning, and 
fullness of the epigastric region, is benefited by it. It will 
remove low inflammatory deposits, chronic metritis, uterine 
hypertrophy, and sub-involution. Hepatic and pulmonary 
engorgement are conditions in which it should not be for- 
gotten. Full, sodden, and inelastic tissues always indicate 
this remedy. According to Prof. J. M. Scudder the follow- 
ing is one of the most certain of hair tonics : 

R . Specific Uvedalia, ^ iv. 
Bay Rum, fl gxij. M. 

Rub thoroughly into the scalp once or twice a day. 
The dose of Uvedalia ranges from two to twenty drops. 



LAPPA, Burdock. 

Botanical Origin. — The root and seed of Arctium Lappa, 
Linne {Lappa officinalis)] Nat. Ord., Composites. Europe 



ALTKRATIVKS. 361 

and North Asia ; naturalized in waste places in North 
America. 

This agent is a much neglected alterative. It directly 
influences the renal apparatus, relieving irritation, increasing 
the flow of urine, and assisting in eliminating morbid material. 
It may be employed for the removal of worn-out tissues when 
the saline renal depurants would do harm. 

A tincture of the seeds, long administered, is said to be 
one of the best of the few remedies for psoriasis. It certainly 
exerts a favorable influence upon dyspepsia, with a cachectic 
state of the blood. Both cough and bronchial pulmonary 
irritation are relieved by it when an alterative is demanded. 
Give specific Lappa in doses of from one to ten drops three 
times a day for a continued period. 



JBFFBRSONIA. Twinleaf. 

Botanical Origin. — The root of Jeffersonia diphylla, 
Barton ; Nat. Ord., BerberidacecB. From New York west 
and south. 

Prepare a tincture of this root with eight ounces of the 
drug and one pint of sixty per cent, alcohol. Dose, from 
five to thirty drops. Make an infusion of one ounce of the 
root to one pint of boiling water. 

This agent is both stimulant and alterative and is a remedy 
for rheumatism. It is stimulant to mucous surfaces and re- 
lieves irritation of the cerebral and spinal nerves. It improves 
the blood and tissues and favors secretion. Use it in chronic 
diseases where a vStimulating alterative is required. Employ 
it in bronchitis and constitutional chronic catarrh, especially 
in the aged. It is an eliminative for syphilis and scrofula. 
Use it in rheumatism w^hen the pain is chiefly located in the 
nuiscles of the back. Ulcerations of the throat and fauces 
may be topically treated with an infusion of Twinleaf root, 
which may also be used locally on chronic ulcers. 



362 AI^TERATIVKS. 

MITCMELLA. Squaw Vine. 

Sy^q-^yms.— Partridge berry Vine, Oneberry Vine. 

Botanic Ai. Origin. — The whole plant of Mitchella repens, 
L<inne ; Nat. Ord., Rubiacecs. Dry woods of North America 
west to the Mississippi River. 

This plant yields its virtues to water and alcohol. It is 
indicated only in atonic conditions. It is an excellent uterine 
tonic. Amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and false labor pains 
are all relieved by it. It may be given with benefit for a 
month or two before parturition to facilitate labor. The 
dose of specific Mitchella is from one to ten drops. The 
infusion and the Mother's Cordial (Compound Syrup of 
Partridgeberry ) , which contains it , may also be used for the 
above-mentioned troubles. 



CALX SULPHURATA, Sulphurated Lime, 

Synonyms. — Calcium Sulphide, Sulphur et of Lime. 

Description. — ^There are several methods of producing 
this compound, which is generally known as sulphide of 
calcium. One method is to mix finely powdered oyster shells 
and flowers of sulphur, equal parts, and heat the mixture to 
a white heat in a crucible hermetically sealed. Keep the 
salt in a closely stoppered vial. 

This compound is a pale gray powder, emitting a faint odor 
of sulphide of hydrogen, and possessing a taste which is alka- 
line and nauseous. On expo.sure to air the salt slowly de- 
composes. Cold water sparingly dissolves it, hot water more 
readily but with partial decomposition. Alcohol refuses to 
dissolve it. This substance is the medicine erroneously called 
by the Homoeopaths "hepar sulphuris." 

We generally employ this agent in the 3X trituration. It 
partakes of the properties of each of its constituents. 

Calx Sulphurata influences the glandulat system, the 
blood, and the skin. It has a use in syphilitic skin disorders, 



ALTERATIVES. 363 

and in suppurative bubo and soft chancres. Old ulcerations 
and scaly eruptions of the integument are benefited by it. 

Scrofula, scrofulous ulcerations, scrofulous ophthalmia, 
and other manifestations of this disease are often cases for 
this drug. Many diseases of the joints are well influenced 
by it, especially if associated with blood dyscrasia. 

Use this drug for boils and for the cough of phthisis fol- 
lowing syphilis. The ordinary dose is from two to five 
grams of the 3x trituration, or one-tenth grain of the full 
strength drug may be given three or four times a day. 



CHIONANTMUS. Fringe Tree. 

Synonym. — Old Man' s Beard. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of the root of CJiionaii- 
thus virgmica, Linne ; Nat. Ord., OleacecE. Southern and 
Middle States. 

Specific Chionanthus. — This preparation has the rank 
odor of the drug and a dark amber color. By age it casts a 
gelatinous precipitate that does not interfere with the value 
of the remedy. All attempts to avoid this phenomenon have 
resulted in injury to the preparation. 

The special action of this drug is expended upon the liver 
and to some extent on all the organs concerned in blood- 
making. It is tonic to the stomach and bowels, and influences 
the whole glandular apparatus. It is one of our best chola- 
gogues, and we have employed it with good results in jaun- 
dice and congestion of the liver. Yellowness of the con- 
junctiva and skin, uneasy sensations in the right hypogas- 
trium, and extensive abdominal pain, somewhat resembling 
colic, are the specific indications for its use. It may, there- 
fore, be employed in cases of gall-stones, both during their 
formation and passage, hepatic inflammation (acute and 
chronic), bilious colic, and for the irritable condition of the 
liver common in the inebriate. 



364 AI.TERATIVES. 

The specific Chionanthus is the best form and should be 
given in from one to twenty drop doses three times a day. 



ALNUS. Tag Alder. 

Synonyms. — Swamp Alder, Red Alder, Smooth Alder. 

BoTANiCAi. Origin. — The recent bark oi Almis serrulata^ 
Aiton ; Nat. Ord., Betulace^B. 

This remedy is an astringent and an admirable alterative. 
Its specific use is to increase waste and improve nutrition. 
It is one of the best of the vegetable catalytics, powerfully 
increasing retrograde metamorphosis. Upon the mucous sur- 
faces it acts as a direct stimulant and tonic. Upon the 
stomach it exerts a kindly influence, stimulating the flow of 
gastric juice and aiding digestion and assimilation. It also 
acts as an antiputrefactive agent. 

Alnus is a good drug in passive hemorrhage, particularly 
hsematuria. It serves a good purpose in marasmus of chil- 
dren, lyocally and internally administered, combined with 
Rumex crispus, it cures nursing sore mouth. It is a remedy 
for indigestion and dyspepsia when the flow of gastric juice 
is deficient and the muscular coats of the stomach are debili- 
tated. Locally applied it is said to serve well in hay fever 
and relieve gonorrhoea. Perhaps it is one of the best of 
local agents for the relief of Rhus poisoning. 

The chief field for this drug is in skin disorders, assuming 
an eczematous or pustular form. It is best adapted to 
superficial affections of both the skin and mucous surfaces. 
In tetter of the scalp of scurfy character it renders good ser-' 
vice. It is a remedy for scrofulous affections, especially 
when marked by glandular enlargement and pustulation. It 
is a good remedy in successive crops of boils. The infusion 
stains the skin. The dose of the infusion (one ounce of the 
drug to one pint of water) is a wineglassful ; of specific 
Alnus from one to twenty drops. 



ALTERATIVES. 365 

ACIDUM ARSENOSUM. Arsenous Acid. 

Synonyms. — ArseJiic Trioxide, White Arsenic, Arsenious 
Acid, Arsenicum Album. 

Description. — This is not a true acid, but an anhydride 
obtained by first roasting arsenical ores, and subsequently 
purifying the product by sublimation. This drug occurs in 
both opaque and glass-like crystals, but usually as a fine 
white powder. When pure it should be odorless and taste- 
less, but it usually has a sweetish taste. When heated the 
odor of garlic is evolved. Soluble in cold water (vitreous 
30, opaque 80), boiling water (15), glycerin (5), and spar- 
ingly soluble in alcohol. 

Arsenic, chiefly in the form of FowlEr's Solution {So- 
lution of Ar senile of Potassium), has been employed to a 
considerable extent in our school. Arsenic is one of the 
most fearful of poisons, producing at first nausea and faint- 
ness, followed by burning gastric pain and obstinate vomiting, 
especially easily excited by the ingestion of fluids. A sense 
of heat, dryness, and tightness of the throat follows, diar- 
rhoea, with great tenesmus sets in, and the abdomen becomes 
tense and painful. The pulse becomes small, weak, and 
quick, the surface cold and clammy, the urinary apparatus 
partakes of the burning pain, the urine being suppressed, 
and finally delirium and convulsions ensue, and death closes 
the scene. The antidote is ferric hydroxide freely adminis- 
tered. Also use the stomach pump. 

This agent besides being alterative is a powerful vital 
stimulant and tonic, but only in the very small dose does it 
act in this manner. In low conditions of the blood, wath 
impaired nutrition, a tendency to the deposition of cacoplastic 
material being prominent, such as low albuminoid deposits, . 
tuberculous and caseous formations, and tissue degeneration, 
this agent will be found of value as a blood maker if properly 



366 ALTERATIVES. 

used. The skin has a muddy or dirty appearance and when 
a fold of it is 'taken up between the fingers it retains the 
pinched up form, faiUng to show that normal elasticity of the 
skin which causes it naturally to spring back into place. 

Pulmonary consumption, malarial manifestations, and cer- 
tain intractable skin disorders are benefited by it. It is un- 
doubtedly valuable in incipient phthisis, the usual indications 
for it being present. Fowler's Solution may be given here 
as follows : 

R. Fowler's Solution, fl .5 ss. 

Syr. Lactophosphate of Calcium, fl 5 vj. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day every other day. 

In malarial disorders it is best adapted to cases showing 
irregular periodicity, and when there seems to be a want of 
nervous force, especially exhibiting sympathetic impairment. 
It should never in any instance be given when there is irrita- 
bility of the sympathetic and nerve centers. 

In skin affections the general indications should be fol- 
lowed. It will be found best adapted to chronic forms of 
squamous, vesicular, pustular, and tubercular cutaneous 
disorders. 

The usual dose will be from a fraction to one drop of 
Fowler's Solution three times a day ; or a 3X trituration of 
Arsenicum may be employed in one or two grain doses three 
times a day. 



ASTRINGENTS. o()7 



ASTRINGENTS. 



Remedies which, when brought into contact with tissues 
in any part of the body, cause a condensation of the same, 
are denominated astringents. This class furnishes an ex- 
ample of one whose individual remedies act iu an inexplicable 
manner. That they do act is known by their effects, but 
just how they act is at present unknown. Their action has, 
however, been divided into chemical and dynamical. Of the 
latter we know nothing ; of the former it is known that 
albumen is coagulated by the chemical action of the astrin- 
gents, both mineral and vegetable. But this chemical effect 
can not explain the whole action of astringents, for should 
they act wholly in that way the processes of life would be 
cut short through their destructive effects. As it is we must 
sinipl}^ accept that they act locally and internally through 
the blood, producing their characteristic condensation of tis- 
sue . The vegetable astringents probably depend most largely 
upon tannin for their effects. 



ALUMEN, Alum. 

Synonyms. — Potassium Alum, Potash Alum, Aluminum 
and Potassium Sulphate, Aluminii et Potassii Sulphas. 

Description. — Alum is a double salt of aluminum and 
potassium, having an acid reaction, and occurring in large, 
colorless crystals, sometimes imperfect cubes or crystalline 
fragments, devoid of odor, but possessing a sweetish, pecu- 



368 ASTRINGENTS. 

liar, and powerfully astringent taste. The crystals absorb 
ammonia if exposed to the air, becoming whitish externally, 
therefore, the salt should be kept in well-closed containers. 
Soluble in cold water (9), boiling water (0.3), freely soluble 
in warm glycerin, and insoluble in alcohol. When heated, 
not to exceed 400° F., it loses from forty-five to forty-six per 
cent, of its weight, consequent upon the evaporation of its 
water of crystallization. In this form it is known as 

Ai^UMKN ExsiCCATUM or Dried Alu7n {Burnt Alum, 
Alunie7L Ustum). — This is an odorless, granular, white 
powder, having the characteristic Alum taste and soluble 
slowly but perfectly in cold water (20), and quickly in boil- 
ing w^ater (0.7). Before being powdered it is a w^hite, light, 
porous, and opaque mass. Dried Alum readily absorbs 
moisture from the atmosphere, and must, therefore, be kept 
in well -stoppered bottles. 

Ammonia Alum (Aluminii et Ammonii Sulphas) or Sul- 
phate of Aluminum a7id Ammonium corresponds in physical 
and therapeutical properties with Potash Alum. Only the 
latter is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia, but both 
are recognized by the British Pharmacopoeia. 

Alum is astringent, antispasmodic, and emetic. It coagu- 
lates albumen and is a very good agent when diluted to check 
hemorrhage. In hemorrhage from the lungs (haemoptysis) 
use the saturated solution, inhaled from the spray atomizer. 
In bleeding from the nose the same may be sprayed or injected 
into the nasal fossae, A small amount of finely powdered 
Alum may be insufflated or blown into the nostrils, or a 
pledget of cotton saturated with the solution may be intro- 
duced. For uterine hemorrhage an injection of the strength 
of a teaspoonful to a pint of water is very serviceable. In 
bleeding after the extraction of teeth a piece of cotton may 
be saturated with a strong solution of Alum and put in the 
cavity, or finely powdered Alum may be used. 



ASTRINGENTS. 369 

In troubles of the eye no other remedy is so efficient and 
safe as Alum when properly applied, hence it may be used 
in all eye troubles in which an astringent is necessary. In 
purulent ophthalmia of small children, which, if neglected, 
may terminate in blindness, this is an excellent remedy. 
But in this disease the most benefit results from cleanliness. 
Cleanse the eye perfectly and use a solution of four grains of 
Alum to one ounce of*water. Always use the C. P. (chem- 
ically pure) article. This may be injected between the 
eyelids with a syringe or applied with a camel hair pencil 
every hour or two. It is of some value in gonorrhoeal oph- 
thalmia, but for this trouble is inferior to nitrate of silver. 

Use five or six grains of Alum to one ounce of water four 
or five times a day. 

One and one-half drachms of Alum mixed with the w^hite 
of one eggy constitutes Alwn curd, and makes a good appli- 
cation in echymosis, conjunctivitis, and for Rhus poisoning 
when near the eyes. Where there is unhealthy secretion or 
ulceration of the mucous surfaces Alum is a good topical 
remedy. In vulvitis of small girls it is especially valuable. 
Keep the parts clean with soap and w^ater and bathe two or 
three times a day with a solution made of a teaspoonful of 
Alum and one pint of water. It is useful in ulcerative stoma- ' 
titis. In these cases touch the ulcers w^ith burnt Alum and 
also use it as a gargle. As a gargle it is of service in chronic 
inflammation of the throat to contract the tissues and restore 
the blood vessels to their normal size. It is one of the chief 
remedies for lead colic ; being antispasmodic it checks spasms 
and pain, and thus assists to evacuate the bow^els. Ten grains 
of Alum may be given ever}- four hours. 

In obstinate cases of constipation Alum many times re- 
lieves the trouble. 



370 ASTRINGENTS. 

R. Alum, grs. ij. oriij. 

Aqua, fl ^ iv. M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful doses every two hours. 

It may be used locally in leucorrhoea, and here few rem- 
edies are better. Use a solution of borax — a teaspoonful 
of the latter to one pint of water as an injection in the morn- 
ing, and one of Alum, the same strength, at night, after 
having well cleansed the parts. It makes a good injection 
for gleet. 

Alum is not a bad emetic in croup. No emetic should be 
given here, however, until the secretions are free and loose. 
Give from thirty to forty grains of Alum in a teaspoonful of 
molasses. This promotes speedy emesis. It is also a good 
remedy in some cases of cough. It answers very well in the 
latter stage of whooping cough. Here give from one to five 
grains in honey or molasses every three hours. 



ACIDUM TANNICUM, Tannic Acid, 

Synonyms. — Gallotannic Acid^ Digallic Acid, Tannin. 

Dkscription. — This organic acid is derived from nut-gall. 
It is a faintly odorous, light-yellowish, non-crystalline pow- 
der, generally cohering as glistening scales, or sponge-like 
masses, and having a very astringent taste. Exposed to 
light and air it generally assumes a deeper color. It has an 
acid reaction. Soluble in cold water (i), cold alcohol (0.6), 
very freely in boiling alcohol and boiling water ; in glycerin 
when gently heated together (i); nearly insoluble in abso- 
lute alcohol, but freely in dilute alcohol. Chloroform, abso- 
lute ether, and benzin scarcely dissolve it. 

This acid is obtained principally from galls, though it is 
found in the roots and barks of several plants. That ob- 
tained from one source may differ somewhat from that de- 
rived from another. But they all agree in producing a dark 



ASTRINGENTS. 371 

precipitate with iron compounds and an insoluble precipitate 
with albumen.* 

Nearly all vegetable astringents contain this acid as their 
active constringing principle. This is our best vegetable 
astringent for local use, but gallic acid is better for internal 
use to produce remote effects. Gallic acid is of but little 
value as a local drug, though, on the other hand, Tannic 
Acid may be substituted for gallic acid as an internal agent. 

Being in the form of a powder Tannic Acid may be given 
in doses of five grains every half hour. This acid is safe 
and not unpleasant in its effects. It causes ccmtraction of 
the muscular fiber and arrests hemorrhage. It also arrests 
excessive secretions, and is especially valuable to check inor- 
dinate secretions from the glandular organs. It may be 
used in any condition where no inflammation exists. Thus 
it is of much value in passive hemorrhage from the lungs, 
stomach, uterus, kidneys, etc. Give two or three grains 
every three hours. In connection with Dover's Powder it is 
serviceable in the treatment of menorrhagia. Use it in hem- 
orrhage from abortion or any hemorrhage from the uterus, 
with nervous disturbance and pain. Take Tannic Acid and 
Dover's Powder one-half drachm each. Divide into five or 
ten powders and let one be taken every hour or two until 
the bleeding is arrested. This wall check the flow, provided 
there is no organic lesion. The same treatment arrests diar- 
rhoea. Here it relieves irritation and checks the discharges. 

This acid is very useful as an application to syphilitic 
ulcerations. After destroying the ulcers with nitric acid 
bathe them wnth a solution of Tannic Acid of the strength of 
from thirty to forty grains to one pint of water. It may be 
employed with advantage in such troubles of the respiratory 
organs as chronic bronchitis, bronchial catarrh, etc. It les- 
sens the secretion, checks the irritation, and saves the patient's 
; Irength. In relaxed conditions of the throat following some 



37/^, . ASTRINGENTS. 

.-active iiiflanimatioii, such as scarlet fever, the use of a strong 
Glycerite of Tannin is of very great utiHty. Employ the 
same in cracked nipples, fissured anus, etc. Prepare the 
glycerite by dissolving one drachm^ of Tannic Acid in one 
ounce of glycerin. Apply it to the parts with a brush. Tan- 
nic Acid may be given in doses of from one to ten grains. 
It is best used in medium doses, as five grains or less fre- 
quently repeated. 

Tannin may be used to sprinkle on ulcers to lessen dis- 
charges, or on a nasal polypus to reduce the growth. It does 
not injure the sound tissue. A solution of two grains in one 
ounce of water is of some value in diphtheria when used by 
atomization. As an astringent for chronic conjunctivitis and 
purulent ophthalmia in infants use the following : 

R. Tannic Acid, grs. vj. 

Aqua, fl 3J. M. 

Sig. — Apply locally as often as needed. 



ACIDUM GALLICUM, Gallic Acid. 

Synonyms. — Trio xy benzoic Acid ^ Dioxy salicylic Acid. 

Description. — This organic acid is usually prepared 
from tannic acid, though sometimes directly from nut-gall. 
It occurs in the form of delicate needles of a silky lustre, 
colorless when pure, but as usually met with in commerce of a 
brownish or fawn color. It has an acid reaction, no odor, and 
an astringent and sourish taste. Soluble in cold water ( lOo) , 
boiling water (3), cold alcohol (5), boiling alcohol (i), 
glycerin (12), and ether (40). It is somewhat soluble in 
chloroform, benzin, and benzol. 

This acid is made from a solution of finely powdered galls 
and water, or more generally tannic acid is employed. After 
a month's exposure to the air it is filtered, Gallic Acid pre- 
cipitates, and is purified by means of animal charcoal. It is 
in crystalline form and is a good astringent. 



ASTRINGENTS. 878 

Internally administered Gallic Acid is valuable to control 
excessiv^e secretions and hemorrhage. It oftentimes cures 
chronic passive menorrhagia. Give five grains three or four 
times a day during the inter-menstrual period as well as dur- 
ing flooding. In haemoptysis it is also very effective, and if 
the case be very severe Dover's Powder may be given with 
it. Use three grains of each every two hours and give Er- 
got by the mouth or hypodermatically. Hemorrhage from 
the nose and bowels occurring during a spell of typhoid fever 
is controlled by from two to five grains of tannic acid every 
three hours. It is a good drug in puerperal hemorrhage. 
Use it from day to day in from two to five grain doses to restrain 
the coUiquative sweating of phthisis. In very severe cases 
of hemorrhage give it in alternation with Ergot. The dose 
of Gallic Acid ranges from five to ten grains. Excellent re- 
sults are obtainable from Gallic Acid in the various forms of 
albuminuria. It benefits by lessening the amount of albumen 
and rendering the urine normal. In so-called Bright' s dis- 
ease it not only lessens the amount of albumen in the sj^stem 
but saves the patient's strength. Give five grains every 
three hours ; continue its use from day to day. 



RHUS GLABRA, Sumach. 

Synonyms. — Smooth Sumach, Uplayid Sumach, Pennsyl- 
vania Sumach. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark and berries of Rhus 
glabra, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., AnacardiecT. Indigenous to the 
United States. 

This is an indigenous plant bearing red berries of an acid 
taste, and its leaves turn red in autumn. The berries con- 
tain tannic acid, malic acid, and calcium salts. The bark of 
the shrub and its roots are medicinal, as are also the leaves 
and berries. Alcohol and water extract its virtues. A good 
tincture may be made with the bark or berries, using eight 



374 ASTRINGENTS. 

ounces of the material to one pint of fifty per cent, alcohol. 
Give this in doses of from ten to thirty drops. 

Smooth Sumach is astringent, antiseptic, antiscorbutic, 
and alterative. A decoction of the berries is useful in scrof- 
ulous affections, aphthous ulceration of the mouth, throat, 
and gums, etc. In these affections use one ounce of the ber- 
ries to one pint of water ; simmer in an earthen vessel, with 
occasional stirring, until reduced to three-fourths of a pint, 
then dissolve in it one-half drachm of potassium chlorate. 
Use this as a wash. It is very useful in the treatment of 
indolent ulcers. The bark is a good alterative in syphilis. 
Use it by making a decoction of the root bark. Its principal 
use is in ulceration of the mouth. 



BISMUTMl SUBNITRAS. Bismuth Subnitrate, 

Synonyms. — Siihiitrate of Bismuth, White Bismuth. 

Description. — An odorless and heavy, permanent, white 
powder, varying somewhat in its chemical make-up. Though 
usually described as nearly tasteless, it has, nevertheless, a 
peculiar, disagreeable, but feeble, characteristic taste, which 
remains for a considerable length of time in the mouth. 
Alcohol refuses to dissolve it, and it is nearly insoluble in 
water. Both hydrochloric and nitric acids readily dissolve it. 

Bismuth Subnitrate is astringent, sedative, and alterative. 
It is a highly valuable remedy in disease of the stomach 
attended with morbid sensibility. It allays flatulence, and re- 
lieves nausea and pain. It is applicable in mild forms of 
gastritis, and very useful m mild forms of gastro-intestinal 
catarrh in small children. To a child of two or three years 
give from one to three grains every four hours. Other 
remedies, as Aconite and Ipecac, may be alternated with it. 
Certain obstinate conditions of the stomach, as gastric ulcer, 
are more readily controlled by this salt than any other agent. 
In these cases it arrests the vomiting, relieves pain, checks 



ASTRINGENTS. 375 

diarrhoea, and enables the patient to take food. It is an 
elegant remedy for cancer of the stomach, not to cure, but 
to give relief. Use the following : 

R. Bismuth Subnitrate, grs. v. to x. 

Morphine Sulphate, gr. j^^. 
Make one powder. 
Sig. — Give such a powder every six hours. 

Bismuth Subnitrate proves very efficient in obstinate diar- 
rhoea, and also in the diarrhoea of phthisis. In the latter 
disorder it often cures when everything else fails. Give five 
grains every three hours, or use the following : 

R. Bismuth Subnitrate, 3 j. 
Cianamon Water, 5 ij . M. 
Sig. — Give one or two teaspoonfuls every three hours. 

In the chronic diarrhoea among soldiers following exposure 
during - the late war, this was one of the best remedies for 
its control. The patient w^as put on a milk diet and given 
five or six grains every three hours. It is useful in cholera 
infantum, though it should not be entirely depended upon. 
Here give two or three grains of it with other indicated 
remedies. 

This salt is very valuable as a local application. In ex- 
coriations of the skin, as of the neck, arms, etc. , when the 
parts become red and painful, wash them with a weak solu- 
tion of alum or borax, dry well, and dust with Bismuth 
Subnitrate. This protects the surface, relieves pain, and 
promotes healing. It is an excellent application to bed sores 
and also to superficial burns. In cases of ulceration it should 
not be forgotten, especially when the part is irritable. Fis- 
sure in ano, chapped hands, cracked nipples, etc., are con- 
ditions in which it is likely to be of great service. It is 
especially soothing in fissured anus and uterine ulceration, 
when there are acrid and offensive discharges. For ulcera- 
tions of the septum nasi the parts may first have to be touched 



6ih ASTRINGENTS. 

with a mild caustic. For all these conditions employ the 
following: 

R. Bismuth Subnitrate, 5 ij. 

Glycerin, fl 5 j. M. 

Sig. — Apply to the affected part. 

This salt is a valuable cosmetic : 

R. Bismuth Subnitrate, 5 ij. 
Glycerin, fl 5J. 
Rose Water, fl^iij. M. 

Sig. — Apply to the face with a sponge after having washed 
with Asepsin Soap. 

It is excellent for ladies with rough skin and pimples. 
Bismuth Subnitrate, in connection with simple ointment, is 
soothing in many skin diseases, as herpes, etc. 



ERIGERON. Canada Fleabane. 

Synonyms. — Canada Erig er on, Horsetail, Cowtail, etc. 

Botanical Origin. — The herb and oil of Erigeron cana- 
densis, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Composite. North America, 
growing extensively in waste places and fields. 

OlKUM Erigerontis or Oil of Erigeron is a neutral, pale- 
yellow oil. It has a peculiar, characteristic taste, and an 
aromatic odor. It deepens in color and increases in consistency 
with age and exposure. An equal bulk of alcohol should 
dissolve it. 

Erigeron is astringent, tonic, diaphoretic, and diuretic. 
It has been successfully used in diabetes, cystitis, nephritis, 
and in vesical irritation from the presence of calculi. Use it 
in the form of a syrup for bronchial troubles wath bloody 
expectoration. It also lessens the expectoration and cough 
in phthisis. Use the powdered plant as a snuff for nose- 
bleed. The decoction is of service in diarrhoea, and locally 
valuable for leucorrhoea. 



ASTRINGENTS. Sit 

Oil of Hrigeron is a powerful haemostatic. In hemorrhag-e 
from the uterus it may be used where a stimulant will not 
harm. It should be used only in passive hemorrhages. It 
has given fair results in palpitation of the heart when due to 
uterine troubles, such as dysmenorrhoea. Diluted it may be 
applied to the tonsils in tonsillitis. lyOcally it gives relief in 
some forms of rheumatism. Dose of the oil, five drops. 



CINNAMOMUM, Cinnamon. 

Synonyms. — (i) Cassia Cinnamon, Chinese Cin7iamon, 
(2) Saigon Cinnamo7i, (3) Ceylon Cinnamo7i. 
The U. S. P. designates three official Cinnamons, viz : 

( 1 ) CiNNAMOMUM Cassia derived from the shoots of one or 
more undetermined species growing in China. 

(2) CiNNAMOMUM Saigonicum also the bark of an unde- 
termined species of Cinnamon. This is also from China. 

(3) CiNNAMOMUM Zeyi^anicum, the inner bark of Ciri- 
namomum zeyla^iicum, Breyne ; Nat. Ord., Lauri7iece, from 
Ceylon. 

Ceylon Cinnamon is the best grade of this drug and also 
the scarcest, but little of it entering commerce. 

Cinnamon is astringent and stimulant. Its chief constit- 
uent is its essential oil. A medicated water, aqua cinna77io77ii , 
is prepared as follows : Rub oil of Cinnamon one-half drachm 
with a little precipitated phosphate of calcium ; gradually 
add one pint of distilled water and filter. This makes an 
elegant vehicle for medicines. 

Cinnamon is contra-indicated in all inflammatory states of 
the gastro-intestinal tract. Though used as an aromatic its 
chief use is to control uterine hemorrhage. It acts promptly 
by contracting the bleeding vessels. Cinnamon is of con- 
siderable value in some forms of diarrhoea ; or chalk and 
Cinnamon water may be administered. 



378 ASTRINGENTS. 

The dose of powdered Cinnamon is from ten to thirty 
grains ; of the tincture one or two drachms ; of Cinnamon 
water from one to four drachms ; of the oil, five drops. 



HAMAMELIS, Witch Hazel. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The leaves and twigs of Hamamelh 
virginica, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Hamamelacecs . Indigenous 
and should be gathered in autumn. 

Specific Hamamelis belongs to the class of tannates that 
occasionally disintegrate. When this happens the preparation 
should be discarded. 

A tincture and distillate of this drug are in use beside the 
specific Hamamelis. To prepare a^ tincture use the leaves 
and bark of the twigs and fifty per cent, alcohol to obtain a 
saturated product. For external use the specific and dis- 
tillate are preferred. 

This agent has a specific influence over the venous system. 
Use it both locally and internally for hemorrhoids. For ex- 
ternal use in piles 

R. Distillate of Hamamelis, fi 5 ss. 
Aqua, Oj. M. 

A teaspoonful of the solution may also be taken every 
hour. For the relief of varicose veins apply water and 
Hamamelis externally and take from five to ten drops of 
specific Hamamelis three or four times a day. It has been 
successfully used as an injection for hydrocele. Vicarious 
menstruation, epistaxis, and haemoptysis are relieved by its 
internal use. 

Witch Hazel is a remedy for enfeebled mucous membranes, 
being especially useful in diseases of the appendages of the 
eyes, and in laryngitis and catarrh. It is both tonic and 
stimulant, as well as a constringing drug. Employ it for 



ASTRINGENTS. 379 

flabby ulcerations, sore throat, etc. For sore mouth use a 
decoction. 

Hamamehs reHeves the pain in prolapsus uteri and ani 
and tones the parts. Apply the distillate to burns and scalds, 
for which it is excellent. 

R. Distillate of Hamamelis, 5J. 
Asepsin, grs. v. M. 

Apply this combination, or the plain distillate is a fine 
agent to remove the soreness from fresh wounds, burns, and 
contusions. Pond's Extract is a distillate of Hamamelis. 



UR TIC A. Stinging Nettie. 

Botanical Origin. — The U?Hca dioica, Ivione ; Nat. 
Ord., UrticacecS' A common weed in waste places. 

Spkcific Urtica often gelatinizes and becomes valueless. 
No remedy has been discovered for the disturbance. In such 
cases throw the preparation away. 

This remedy is astringent, diuretic, styptic, and tonic. 
All parts of the plant have been used medicinally, though 
the root and seeds have been most popular. Dysentery, 
diarrhoea, and the summer bowel disorders of infants have 
been successfully treated with it when of that character 
needing astringents. Preparations of the root are of much 
value as haemostatics and to check excessive mucous dis- 
charges. 

Nettle specifically influences the skin, and is of consider- 
able value in eczema. The usual prescription for this drug is 

R. Specific Urtica, 5 ss. to oj. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — A teaspoonful every one or two hours. 



PINVS CANADENSIS. Canada Pine. 

Botanical, Origin. — The inner bark and pitch of Ts2iga 
canadensis , Carriere ; {Finns canadensis ^ I^inne ; Abies cana- 



380 ASTRINGENTS. 

densis, Michaux); Nat. Ord., Conifercs. North America. 

Specific Pinus Canadensis is liable to precipitation, but 
it does not disintegrate as do others of this class. It should 
be shaken before being used. Dose, two to ten drops. 

This drug furnishes the stimulant and irritant oleoresiii 
known as Canada Pitch {Fix Canadensis) extensively used 
in plasters. 

This is a valuable astringent, and may be applied as such 
in relaxed conditions. Given internally in chronic bowel 
disorders it frequently corrects the disordered action. When 
the pulmo-bronchial tract too freely secretes mucus, or when 
muco-pus collects in this tract, this drug is valuable as an 
astringent. It also checks passive hemorrhages from these 
and other parts. 

Gangrenous and flabby ulcers, leucorrhoea, etc. , are greatly 
benefited by the local use of a decoction of this bark. The 
oil may be employed as a stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. 
It enters into the composition of many liniments. 



BPILOBIUM. Willow Herb, 

Synonyms. — Wickiip, Rose Bay. 

Botanical Origin. — The leaves and tops of Epilobinvi 
angustifoliiun, I^inne ; Nat. Ord., Ojiogracecs. Common in 
open woods, new grounds, and low places in the Northern 
Hemisphere. 

This drug is both astringent and demulcent. Kpilobium, 
in infusion, is one of the very best of vegetable drugs for 
diarrhoea and dysentery, and especially for cholera infantum 
and the diarrhoea of typhoid fever. To make the infusion 
add one pint of boiling water to one ounce of the drug. Take 
freely. 

The indications for this drug are diarrhoea with colic-like 
pain ; tenCvSmic, feculent discharges ; contracted abdomen, 
with diarrhoea ; and chronic diarrhoea, with a dirty, harsh, 



ASTRINGENTS. 381 

and contracted skin. The infusion may be given, or specific 
Hpilobium may be administered in from ten to twenty drop 
doses. 



H/EMATOXVLON. Logwood, 

Botanical Origin. — The heart-wood of HcEinatoxylon 
Campeachianum, Lmne ; Nat. Ord., LeguminoscB. A native 
of Campeachy, and found elsewhere in tropical America. 

This remedy is astringent, and if not carefully used may 
stain the clothing. It is not offensive to the stomach. A 
decoction is prepared from one ounce of the wood to one pint 
of boiling water. An extract is also used in doses of from 
one to twenty grains. This drug is employed in chronic 
forms of diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum, and is 
of much service in the hemorrhage from the bowels some- 
times occurring in typhoid fever. Locally good results are 
obtained from its application in leucorrhoea, and to flabby 
ulcerations, etc. 



GERANIUM. * CranesbilL 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome of Geranium niacu- 
latum, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Geraniacecs. Common in hedges, 
moist woodlands, etc. , especially in low grounds throughout 
the United States. 

Specific Geranium often disintegrates, forming a brown 
magma and a nearly colorless, serum-like liquid. No expla- 
nation has been discovered for the change, and no remedy to 
prevent it. When such alteration occurs throw the prepara- 
tion away. 

This agent is one of the best borne and most effective of 
the vegetable astringents. It contains both tannic and gal- 
lic acids. 



382 ASTRINGENTS. 

It is employed chiefly in chronic and subacute bowel dis- 
orders — diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum, when 
the discharges are profuse and debilitating. In dysentery a 
laxative should be first employed and followed by infusion 
of Geranium, which is made by infusing one ounce of the 
crushed root in one pint of boiling water. Administer freely, 
or it may be given in milk. Specific Geranium may be 
given in from five to twenty drop doses. 



PARTURIENTS. 



PARTURIENTS. 



Such agents as increase the contractile power of the uterus, 
arousing it during labor, when torpid, to renewed propulsive 
action, are denominated partio^ienfs . Probably most agents 
called parturients act by the general arterial excitement the}^ 
produce. Others, however, and particularly Ergot, produce 
their effects through their special affinity for the uterine 
muscular fibres, inducing contraction. 

Closely related to the parturients, so far, at least, as their 
effects are exerted upon the female reproductive organs, are 
remedies classed as etnmenagogices. These agents have, 
with an exception or two, been noted throughout this work. 
Emmenagogues are agents which act either directly or indi- 
rectly upon the reproductive organs of the female, promoting 
the menstrual flow. That such a class exists is doubted by 
some, but certainly there is evidence enough that certain 
agents do produce this effect. Such agents act in one of the 
four following ways: (i) By their sedative action, lessen- 
ing determination of blood to the uterus, thus preventing 
vascular irritation ; (2) by producing determination of blood 
to the pelvic viscera, producing congestion, favorable to 
menstruation; (3) by improving the quality and quantity 
of the blood-suppl}^ as when amenorrhoea is due to anemia ; 
(4) and by direct nervous action upon the uterus, stimulat- 
ing it to increased powder. As menstrual disorders are so 
widely at variance and depend upon so many different and 



384 PARTURIENTS. 

ofttimes opposite conditions, the foregoing will be sufficiently 
explanatory of the action of emmenagogues. 



ERGOTA, Ergot, 

Synonyms. — Secale Cornutum, Secale Clavatuni, CLavus 
Secalijius, Mater Secalis, Spurred Rye, Ergot of Rye. 

Botanical Origin. — "The schlerotium of Claviceps pur- 
purea (Fries) Tulasne ; Class, Fimgi; replacing the grain of 
rye ; {Seca/e cereale, Linne ; ^ 2it. Or d.^Gr amine (z),'' U.S. P. 

Chikf Active Constituents. — Ergotine, Ecboliue, Schle- 
rotic Acid, Schleromucifi, and other bodies. 

Specific Ergot is an exceptionally fine Ergot prepara- 
tion. It has a dark-red color and the odor of the drug. 

This is a fungous growth found on both wheat and rye 
when grown in wet places. Ergot, to be good, should be 
only moderately dried. If it be hard and brittle when taken 
between the teeth, if it breaks abruptly with a snap, or if 
devoid, or nearly so, of a pinkish hue, it should be rejected 
as of little value, especially so if it has but little taste or 
odor. If kept for more than a year it is not fit for medicinal 
use. It vShould be kept in closed vessels, and occasionally 
moistened with a few drops of chloroform to prevent insects 
from developing in the drug. Ergot should not be long 
boiled. Its odor is unpleasant and its taste nauseous. Water, 
alcohol, and diluted acetic acid extract its properties. We 
may employ the specific medicine, a tincture, the infusion, 
or the powder. 

Ergot is a stimulant to the muscular and nervous structures 
of the uterus, no other remedy possessing this power in so 
marked a degree. It is the most important remedy for ute- 
rine hemorrhage because it contracts the mouths of the bleed- 
ing vessels. It slows the action of the heart, and by its ac- 
tion on the vaso-motor system increases the blood pressure. 



PARTURIENTS. 385 

Ergot causes contraction of unstriped muscular tissue, and 
the uterus, being of that variety, is subject to this action so 
that hemorrhage from it is arrested. Ergot administered in 
doses of twenty or thirty grains to a healthy male adult, causes 
slight dryness of the fauces and throat, and some pain in the 
abdomen, but in large doses and long continued it has a bad 
effect. Two forms of disease result from it. One is gangren- 
ous ergotism, marked by loss of nervous and muscular power, 
with gangrene and sloughing of the tissues. The second is 
convulsive ergotism, its eiTect being chiefly upon the nerve 
centers. ' This form is marked by impaired vision, vertigo, 
great pain in the muscles, delirium and convulsions. Ergot- 
ism has occurred in individuals who have subsisted on bread 
made from rye, a portion of which was contaminated with 
' 'spurred rye' ' . But in proper doses Ergot is a good and safe 
remedy. 

As an expulsive in labor Ergot has no equal, its effect 
being perceived in fifteen minutes. If given in doses too 
large it may impair the future contractile power of the uterus. 
Use Ergot as a parturient in cases when the pains are feeble, 
with no special cause for such debility, and where the os is 
soft and dilatable, the presentation correct, and there is no 
obstruction to speedy delivery. Do not use it when the osis 
hard and rigid, when there is a mal-presentation, when there 
is an obstruction of the soft parts, or when there are severe 
head symptoms or excessive debility. If given under im- 
proper conditions it may cause rupture of the uterus. It 
often excites a tonic spasm that continues until the child is 
born or the woman exhausted. 

In controlling hemorrhage Ergot is our best remedy. If 
there is a constitutional tendency to hemorrhage always give 
it. If the female has given birth to children before, find out 
the nature of her previous labors, and if there is a tendency 
to hemorrhage, give Ergot as soon as the child is born. 



38(3 . PARTURIENTS. 

Ergot is a good anti-abortive in small doses. 

R. Specific Ergot, flsj. 

Aqua, fl 5j. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every hour. 

It is a good remedy in menorrhagia, especially in women 
of a scrofulous diathesis, who frequently become pregnant. 
Give from five to ten drops every hour or two. It is of value 
in leucorrhoea, when there is a relaxed condition of the 
vagina and uterus. Give from five to twenty drops every 
three hours. Use it in cases of amenorrhoea, with atonic 
and relaxed condition of the uterine fibers. If constipation 
exists give two or three grains of Aloes at bedtime and ten 
drops of Ergot every three hours during the day. 

There are few better remedies to control hemorrhage from 
the lungs than Ergot. Let the patient take the following 
at a dose : 

R. Specific Ergot, gtt. x. 
Ipecac, gr. ss. 
Gallic Acid, grs. ij. M. 
Sig. — Repeat every half hour. 

Use the same in post-partum hemorrhage and in hemor- 
rhage from the bowels in typhoid fever. 

Ergot gives good results in the treatment of varicose veins, 
varicocele, etc. Rub up one grain of Ergotine with ten 
drops each of water and glycerin and inject near the enlarged 
veins. Also give small doses of Ergot internally for some 
length of time, carefully watching its effects. 

Ergot is indicated in some cases of spermatorrhoea and in 
atonic conditions of the reproductive and urinary organs. 
Many chronic troubles of these organs are relieved by it, and 
in these cases use it as often as is necessary, giving of the 
specific medicine from ten to thirty drops in water. For 
incontinence of urine and other chronic bladder trouble, with 
atony of the cystic muscular fibres : 



PARTURIEXTS. 387 

R. Specific Ergot, fl 5 ss. 
■ Specific Buchu, fls j. 
Simple Syrup, fl 5 iiss. 
Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful three or four times a day. 

Ergot is of some value in cancer when there is bleeding 
from the growth. Cover the surface once a day with the 
drug in fine powder and cover it with a cloth wrung out of a 
weak solution of carbolic acid. 

In large doses Ergot may produce nausea, but if the stom- 
ach does not retain it, then give it hypodermatically. An 
excellent non-irritating preparation for hypodermatic use is 
Elo3'd's Ergot. As a parturient Ergot may be given in 
doses of from one-half to oue drachm. Repeat if necessary. 



CIMICIFUGA. Macrotys. 

Syxoxy:ms. — Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh, Rattle Weed, 
Rattlesnake Weed, Squaw Weed, etc. 

Botanical Origin. —The rhizome and rootlets of Cimici- 
fuga racemosa, (Linne) Nuttall ; Nat. Ord., RamcnciilacecE . 
Common in shady and rocky woodlands from Canada to 
Florida. 

Specific Macrotys is of an amber color and a sweetish 
taste, lea\nng an unpleasant acridit}^ in the throat. When 
dropped into water it prpduces a milkiness, and if in suffi- 
cient amount a precipitate results. 

This is a perennial indigenous plant, with a simple stem 
four to six feet high, bearing a spike of white flowers. The 
rhizome is from one to three inches long, one-third to one 
inch in diameter, of a dark-brown or black color externally, 
a dirty white internally, and bitter and unpleasant to the 
taste. Water partly and alcohol fully extract its virtues. 
Its resin, Macrotin, is a most important element in it. 

This remed}' is indicated by muscular pain, uterine pain 
with tenderness, and false labor pains. It is valuable in 



388 PARTURIENTS. 

many cases of rheumatism. There are few better remedies 
for rheumatism of the uterus or any other part of the repro- 
ductive organs of the female. Acute rheumatism of the male 
is often cured with it. It does best in those cases where the 
pulse is open, pain constant and drawing, not paroxysmal, 
and the sl^in is hot, dry, and constricted. Its physiological 
effects are as follows : Large doses produce nausea with 
marked increase of the bronchial secretion, expectoration 
becomes free, cutaneous secretion is increased until the 
patient sweats freely, vertigo and dimness of vision take 
place, the heart's action is reduced, and the circulation de- 
pressed. It is sedative in large doses. It relaxes the mus- 
cles and overcomes muscular pain. 

In proper doses Macrotys is a valuable parturient and em- 
menagogue, strengthening uterine contraction. It it not 
like Ergot, which produces tonic spasms, but, on the con- 
trary, the contractions induced are intermittent in character 
like those of natural labor. It strengthens normal con- 
tractions. In atony of the uterus it is better than Ergot. 

The effect of Macrotys on the stomach is good, improving 
both digestion and the appetite. It is valuable in rheumatic 
headache when indicated as previously named. In such cases 
give the specific medicine or a weaker one. The following 
is a good tincture : Take eight ounces of the root and mace- 
rate it for two weeks in one pint of sixty or seventy percent, 
alcohol. Filter and add enough more alcohol to give six- 
teen ounces when the process is finished. Of this use the 
following for most disorders : 

R. Tr. Macrotys, gtt. x. to xxx. 
Aqua, fi. § iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every one, two, three, or four 
hours. 

The same plan of treatment is good in myalgia, or give 
five drops of the above tincture every three hours. 



PARTURIENTS. 389 

Black Cohosh is a good remedy in nervous troubles. Few 
agents are better in hysteria, and nervous hysterical females 
are often radically cured by it. It is slow in its action, but 
permanent in its effects. With Valerian it is very useful in 
the treatment of St. Vitus' Dance. It may be necessary in 
some cases to continue the treatment for some time, but it 
usually does very nicely. Macerate two ounces each of 
Valerian and Macrotys in one pint of diluted alcohol and 
give a teaspoonful of such a tincture to a child three times 
a day. 

In bronchial and pulmonary diseases Macrotys may be 
given to lessen cough, relieve irritation, and improve the 
appetite and strength. In asthma and whooping cough it is 
very powerful in controlling the spasmodic manifestations of 
the disease. 

For its influence on the reproductive organs Macrotys is 
an excellent drug in leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea, dysmenor- 
rhoea, and in all uterine complaints, and when there is atony; 
in anaemic females give it with some form of iron. 

Owing to its influence on secretion it is a good alterative 
in scrofula. It is the remedy for the pains in the back in 
small-pox. Use the following : 

R. Specific Macrotys, gtt. x. to xx. 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. M. 

Sig.^-Dose, a teaspoonful. 

The specific medicine is an elegant and powerful prepara- 
tion of this drus:. 



CAULOPHVLLUM. Blue Cohosh. 

Synonyms. — Papoose Root, Blueberry Root, Squazv Root. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome and rootlets of Cauio- 
phyllum thalictroides (I^inne), Michaux ; Nat. Ord., Berberl- 
dacece. Common in the rich woodland soils of North Amer- 
ica southward to Tennessee. 



390 PARTURIENTS. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Leontin. 

This is an indigenous plant with a straight, smooth stem, 
two feet high, branched at the top, and bearing three large 
and three small leaves. It bears a dark-blue berry having 
an aromatic taste. Alcohol and water extract its virtues. 

This drug is used as a parturient and emmenagogue, and 
also as an antispasmodic, antirheumatic, and diuretic. Its 
action is exerted upon the hypogastric plexus, and it influ- 
ences all the processes controlled by the spmpathetic system 
of nerves. 

Caulophyllum is a good parturient, increasing the strength 
of uterine action. As an antispasmodic in atonic and irri- 
table conditions of the nervous system it acts very nicely. It 
is not so rapid in its action as some other agents, but it gives 
good results which are usually permanent. In cramps of the 
uterus, spasms at the menstrual period, leucorrhoea, and 
amenorrhoea, it proves an excellent medicine. It is of some 
value in hysteria and epilepsy, when associated with irrita- 
tion of the generative organs. 

Blue Cohosh influences the urinary tract and is good in 
chronic nephritis, chronic urethritis, albuminuria, and chronic 
inflammation of the bladder. It acts by relieving irritation 
of the diseased parts. 

This drug is a good anti-abortive. It prevents premature 
labor by giving strength and tone to the uterus. After abor- 
tion it relieves the general irritability of the system and pre- 
vents hemorrhage. It is useful in insomnia, but not being 
narcotic it produces sleep by sedation of the nervous system. 
It has a good influence on the digestive organs and is of con- 
siderable value in nervous dyspepsia of nervous females. It 
allays nausea and vomiting. It relieves after-pains in hys- 
terical women, and for this purpose give five drops in hot 
water every half hour. Employ it also in rheumatic con- 
ditions of the uterus, when the patient is nervously excited. 



PARTURIENTS. 391 

GOSSYPIUM. Cotton Root 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of the root of Gossypium 
herbaceiim, lyinne, and other species of Gossypium ; Nat. 
Ord., MalvacecB. Cultivated. 

Specific Gossypium has a beautiful red color and a sweet- 
ish, astringent taste. It is subject to gelatinization and occa- 
sionally changes then to a brown magma. When ^ this 
alteration occurs the preparation should be thrown away. 
No remedy has been found for this disturbance. 

This is a perennial plant, a native of Asia, but now largely 
grown in the United States. Its leaves are mucilaginous 
and demulcent. Its seeds are rich in oil, and large amounts 
of it are sold as sweet oil. Cotton wool is the wool of the 
seed, and with linseed oil makes a good application for burns. 
The medicinal part is the inner bark of the root, and it is 
used as a parturient and emmenagogue. It was first used 
among the slave women of the South to produce abortion. 
A strong infusion was employed. All preparations of Gossy- 
pium must be made from the bark of the recent root ; others 
are of no value. As an emmenagogue use a decoction of the 
bark made of the strength of four ounces of the drug to two 
pints of bpiling water, boiled down to one pint and give of 
this one or two fluid ounces every half hour. 



USTILAGO. Corn Smut 

Botanical Origin. — A fungus, Ustilagomaidis, I^eveille; 
Nat. Ord., Fungi, growing upon all portions of Zea 7?tays, 
Linne, or common corn. 

This drug resembles Ergot to a great extent, and loses its 
properties if kept for more than a year. It probably contains 
schlerotic add. 



392 PARTURIENTS. 

Ustilago is emmenagogue and parturient. Like Ergot it 
is employed to stimulate uterine contractions in labor, and 
to prevent hemorrhage by a like stimulation after labor. 
About from fifteen to thirty grains is the proper dose. Like 
other agents of this class it should be used only when there 
is no obstruction to safe dehvery and the parts are in a 
proper condition to allow the passage of the child's head. 



ANTHELMINTICS 31^3 



ANTHELMINTICS. 



Agents which destroy worms or expel them from the ali- 
mentar}' tract are known as anthehnintics. Most of them, 
and we will not include cathartics, which either debilitate the 
parasite or destroy its nidus, and tonics, which tend to fore- 
stall their formation — most of them, we repeat, act by poi- 
soning the worm so that it is either killed C)r rendered so 
weakened that it can not longer retain its station in the intes- 
tinal tract. Such anthelmintics might with much propriety 
be called specific aiithelmintics . It is this latter class that w^e 
w^ll consider in this connection. Cathartics are usually 
given after the administration of the ' ' worm medicine ' ' to 
remove the parasite. 



SANTONINUM. Santonin, 

Botanical Origin. — A neutral principle obtained from 
Santonica — the unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia pauci- 
flora, Weber; Nat. Ord., Coinpositcs. Native of Turkestan. 

Description. — This principle occurs in odorless and color- 
less, shining, flattened crystals, nearly tasteless at first, but 
soon developing a bitterness. Light turns it yellow, while 
air does not affect it. It should, therefore, be kept in amber- 
colored vials in a dark place. Cold water scarcely dissolves 
it. Soluble in hot water (250), cold alcohol (40), boiling 
alcohol (3), chloroform (4), and ether (140). It is also 
soluble in oils. 



394 ANTHELMINTICS. 

This is the best remedy of the class of anthelmintics, being 
used to remove any kind of worm but the tapeworm. In 
overdoses it is an acro-narcotic poison, causing pain in the 
abdomen, vomiting, purging, cold sweat, and great pros- 
tration. In a child of three years three grains produce un- 
pleasant and sometimes alarming symptoms. In large doses 
it first clouds the vision, then objects appear yellow, and 
finally red. It is not only valued as an anthelmintic, but it 
is also useful in many nervous troubles, the symptoms of 
which are like those produced by the presence of worms ; as 
starting in sleep, irritation of the intestinal tract, picking of 
the nose, etc. In such cases give half -grain doses three 
times a day. It is a stimulant to the nervous system. San- 
tonin has also a specific action on the urethra and bladder, 
allaying irritation. In retention of urine, especially in chil- 
dren, give one-fourth grain every two hours until the trouble' 
is removed. 

The following is a very good vermifuge : 

R. Santonin, grs. v. 

Podophyllin, gr. j. 

Sugar of Milk, 5 j • M. 
Triturate tw^enty minutes. 

Make into ten powders and give one three times a day. 
This is quite pleasant and a very efficient medicine. 



SPIGELIA, Pink Root. 

Synonyms. — Carolina Pink, Indian Pi7ik, Worm Grass. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizome and rootlets of Spigelia 
marilandica, lyinne ; Nat. Ord., Loga7iiace£E. Southern and 
Southwestern United States. 

This plant is indigenous to our Southern States. The 
bark of the root yields its properties to boiling water. It is 
anthelmintic, cathartic, and narcotic. In large doses it causes 
an unpleasant determination of blood to the brain, the patient 



ANTHELMINTICS. '395 

becoming intoxicated, with ringing in the ears, and some- 
times spasms. 

In proper doses it is a valuable remedy. The following is 
a very good form of administration : 

R. Spigelia, Senna, Manna, aa. 5 ss. 

Boiling Water, O j. 
Macerate one hour. 
Sig. — Give in doses of a wineglassful as an anthelmintic. 



GRANATUM. Pomegranate. 

Botanical Origin. — The bark of the root and stem of 
Piinica Granatitm, Linne ; Nat. Ord., LythracecF. Indigen- 
ous to India and the southwestern portion of Asia, and both 
naturalized and cultivated in sub-tropical regions. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Pelletierine. This is a 
colorless liquid alkaloid, readily soluble in water, ether, 
chloroform, and alcohol. It is a very active tsenicide. Sev- 
eral salts of this alkaloid are in use, but the tannate seems to 
have a preference over the others. It is a yellowish powder, 
devoid of odor, but having a sharp, astringent taste. It is 
hygroscopic. Water (700) and alcohol (80) dissolve it. 

This shrub is a native of Europe, Persia, and Japan. It 
is sometimes grown in this country. The bark of the root 
is largely used to expel tapeworm. It is twenty feet high, 
the leaves are pointed, light-green, and three inches long by 
half an inch broad. Its flowers are red and odorless. Its 
fruit is the size of an orange, of a reddish-brown color, and 
the pulp is pleasantly acid and contains many seeds. Chem- 
ical analysis of the bark does not give much information as 
to its constituents, but it contains besides its active principle 
tannin and fatty materials. As found in market the bark is 
in quills or fragments of a grayish-yellow^ color, and very 
bitter and astringent. When chewed it colors the saliva yel- 
low. Maceration in water extracts its virtues. It produces 



396 ANTHKIvMINTlCS 

nausea and vomiting, and affects the nervous system. But 
all remedies for tapeworm do this more or less, making the 
patient dizzy and intoxicated. 

This is our best remedy for the expulsion of the tapeworm ; 
all writers recommend it. It is generally used in doses too 
small. In preparing this remedy take of the bark (not 
powdered) one-half pound, press it into a vessel and cover 
with two pints of boiling water. Boil this down to one pint, 
filter, and give it in doses of four fluid ounces. For the pur- 
pose of causing it to go speedily into the intestines give the 
patient some cathartic with it, and thus prevent its absorption 
as much as possible. With each dose give one drachm of 
the fluid extract of Jalap. One drop of some aromatic oil, 
as Anise, or Cinnamon may be combined with it. After tw^o 
or three hours give another dose. It is necessary to prepare 
the patient before giving it ; let him take an active cathartic, 
as anti-bilious physic at night, eat a very light breakfast in 
the morning, and at ten o'clock take the medicine. When 
its action begins give an enema to hasten its operation. The 
great trouble with this agent is that it is so apt to produce 
nausea and vomiting. When this can be prevented it seldom 
or never fails to bring the whole worm. The nausea may 
sometimes be overcome by giving a little lemon-juice and 
keeping the patient quiet. 

Pelletierine tannate is a very active tsenicide. Give, at 
one dose preferably, from twenty to twenty-five grains in 
an ounce of water, and follow it with a brisk cathartic. 



CUSSO, Kousso. 

Synonyms. — Br ay era, Kiisso. 

Botanical Origin. — The female inflorescence of Ha- 
genia abyssinica, (Bruce) Gmelin, Nat. Ord., Rosacece. 
Abyssinia. 



ANTHFLMINTICS. 397 

This is not as good a taenicide as the pomegranate. It is 
prepared from the dried flowers of an Abyssinian tree. As 
found in the market the flowers are greenish yellow, and 
have a fragrant, balsamic odor, and bitter taste. 

Kousso sometimes causes nausea and vomiting, and acts 
on the bowels. Use, as a preceding dose, an infusion made 
of one ounce of the flowers and a teacup of boiling water. If 
this does not purge, follow with a cathartic. 



ASPIDIUM. Male Fern. 

Synonyms. — Fi'/ix Afas, Male Shield Fer?i. 

Botanical Origin. — The rhizomes of (i) Dryopteris 
Filixmas, Schott, and of {2^ Dryopteris marginalis, Asa 
Gray; Nat. Ord., Filices. (i) North America, in the 
northern United States, west of the Rockies, and in Europe 
and northern Asia. (2; North America to the South Caro- 
lina mountains. 

The root of this plant, which is bitter, nauseous, and as- 
tringent, is the part used for the expulsion of tapeworm. 
The dose of the powder ranges from one to three drachms. A 
better preparation is the extract, of which give twenty five 
drops at a dose. Administer this at bedtime in an emulsion, 
and repeat the dose in the morning. Also give a half ounce 
of castor oil. 



ABSINTHIUM. Wormwood. 

Botanical Origin. — The flowering tops and leaves of 
Artemisia Absinthium, Linne ; Nat. Ord., Composites . In- 
digenous to Europe. Grown in gardens ; also naturalized 
in the New England States. 

Chief Active Constituent. — Absinthin. 

This drug is anthelmintic, tonic, and antiseptic. Its 
virtues depend largely upon its volatile oil and absinthin. 



398 ANTHELMINTICS. 

Make an infusion of one ounce of the drug to one pint of 
water. The dose of the oil is five drops. 

This agent is effective in removing worms. It is of value 
in atonic dyspepsia, and sometimes useful in flatulent colic. 
Intermittent fever has been cured with it or with absinthin. 

Apply the infusion locally as a hot fomentation for swell- 
ings and as a wash for indolent ulcers. 



CHBMOPODIUM. American Wormseed. 

Synonyms. — IVormseedy Jerusalem Oak. 

Botanical Origin. — The fruit of Chenopodhmi ambro- 
sioides, lyinne ; and its variety, anthelmintic urn, Gray ; Nat. 
Ord., ChenopodiacecE. Common in the United States. 

This plant grows abundantly in waste places. It has a 
strong odor due to a volatile oil it possesses. Its taste is aro- 
matic, nauseous, and bitter. 

The seed, which is the size of a pin-head and of a green 
color, is the medicinal part. The oil is obtained from the 
seed and is the best preparation to use. To a child of three 
years give five drops of it in an emulsion as an anthelmintic 
to remove the round worm. On the second day give a dose 
of castor oil. 

This agent is an anti-spasmodic and is also useful in some 
cases of hysteria and other nervous troubles, and of value in 
intermittent fevers. 



ANTISEPTICS. o99 



ANTISEPTICS. 



Those agents which destroy or counteract sepsis, or putres- 
cency, are termed A)itiseptics. This action is probably mainly 
chemical, being exerted upon vitiated secretions or structures. 
They act topically, either by destroying the noxious mate- 
rial, or septic germs, or they so strengthen the tissues that the 
latter are enabled to resist the toxic influence. 

Closely related to the antiseptics are the ontizymotics, agents 
which, when internally given, counteract the putrefactive 
process known as zymosis. A typhoid condition is one of a 
zymotic character, as are those of the eruptive and other con- 
tagious disorders. The term antiseptic is not unfrequently 
used synonymously with antizymotic. 

Disinfectants are agents of the same kind which destroy 
atmospheric germs, or overcome septic material in the air 
about us, in clothing, houses, drains, etc. They are largely 
employed to destroy infectious and zymotic material, and 
thereby prevent propagation of diseases of that character. 



POTASSII CHLORAS. Potassium Chlorate. 

Synonyms. — Chlorate of Potassium, Chlorate of Potash. 

Description. — This salt occurs in colorless, prismatic, or 
plate-like cryjstals, having a decided luster, no odor, and a 
typical cooling and saline taste. It is also in market in the 
form of a white powder. It remains unaltered in the air. 
Soluble in cold water (16.7), and boiling water (1.7) ; not 



400 ANTISEPTICS. 

soluble in pure alcohol, but slightly so in mixtures of water 
and alcohol. 

Caution. — This salt should never be heated nor triturated 
with any organic substa?ice (any substance that will burn, as 
sugar, tannin, cork, etc.) nor with sulphur, phosphorus, an- 
timony sulphide, or other easily oxidizable bodies. Under 
such circumstances it is a da?igerous explosive, even in small 
amounts. 

This salt is made by passing chlorine gas through a con- 
centrated solution of potash. It is antiseptic, refrigerant 
and diuretic. Always give this drug in solution ; never give 
it dry. There are several cases of poisoning with this drug 
on record, as it is widely employed domestically. 

A saturated sokition may be made as follows : Take of the 
Chlorate one ounce and add to a quart of water ; give from 
a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful at a dose well diluted with 
more water. It gives an arterial tinge to venous blood, and 
in proper doses it increases the appetite and the secretion 
from the kidneys, it influences the entire body. In five 
minutes after taking it may be detected in the saliva and in 
ten minutes longer in the urine, milk, tears, and perspira- 
tion. Some have supposed it might safely be given in any 
amount, but in doses too large it produces pain in the bowels, 
vomiting, disorganization of the walls of the stomach, and 
death. It has been given in doses of a half ounce three times 
a day without any bad results. The more dilute it is the less 
dangerous. An amount sufficient to produce death if given 
dry may be given, doing little harm, if well diluted. 

This agent is a good one to employ in ulcerative stomatitis, 
the ulcers reaching the lips, tongue and gums. Give it inter- 
nally and wash the mouth with its solution a dozen times 
a day. Often there is not only a sore mouth with pseudo- 
membranous deposits, but the gums are spongy and bleed 
easily, and the breath fetid ; there is very little spontaneous 



ANTISEPTICS. 401 

tendency to get well. Here this is a ver}' good remedy. 

R. Sat. Sol. Pot. Chlor., i part. 
Aqua, 3 parts. M. 

Sig. — Use locally and at the same time administer internally 
a teaspoonful every hour or two. 

It is also a good drug in true croup, as it stops the forma- 
tion of the false membrane and favors its detachment. 

Potassium Chlorate is useful in diphtheria, but it must not 
be relied on unless given internally and associated with other 
appropriate remedies ; it eliminates diseased matter, but has 
little effect on the membrane. I^et the mouth bew^ashed 
with it every hour. It may be used as a prophylactic against 
this disease. For this purpose add one-half ounce of the 
saturated solution to one-half glass of water and give tea- 
spoonful doses a few times a day . 

Chlorate of Potassium, in some cases of syphilis, is a good 
alterative. Use it when the mouth is ulcerated, as follows : 

R. Sat. Sol. Pot. Chlor., fliviij. 
Fid. Ext. StiUingia, fl 5 j. M. 

Sig. — Give from one to three teaspoonfuls three times a 
day and wash the mouth with it frequently. It is a good 
agent in bronchial troubles with purulent expectoration. Use 
three fluid ounces each, of the saturated solution of Chlorate 
of Potassium and Syrup of Wild Cherry. Dose a teaspoon- 
ful to a tablespoonful every two or three hours. 

This is a good remedy in the early stage of Phthisis. Use 
it when there is an aphthous condition of the mouth, great 
destruction of tissue, and the patient is unable to take food. 
The following is very good in such cases : 

R. Sat. Sol. Pot. Chlor., Siv. 

Colorless Hydrastis, 

Glycerin, 

SjTUp of Morphine, 

Simple Syrup, aa. 51. 
Give a teaspoonful every three hou-^s 



402 ANTISEPTICS. 

The following is a very good combination' in some cases of 
scrofula : Take of the saturated solution of the Chlorate and 
simple syrup three ounces and tine, chloride of iron one ounce. 
Give one or two teaspoonfuls every three hours. The Chlo- 
rate is useful in urinary troubles, as chronic cystitis, with 
putrid-smelling urine. Give a teaspoonful of the solution in 
a waneglassful of the infusion of Buchu three or four times a 
day. 

Potassium Chlorate is the best known remedy for offensive 
lochia. It is one of our best remedies in salivation. Use as 
a wash and give it internally. In leucorrhoea and ulceration 
of the OS uteri it is very serviceable. Use two ounces of the 
saturated solution in one pint of water as an injection. It is 
a good remedy for erysipelas bordering on gangrene. The 
dose of the Chlorate is from one to thirty grains. 



BAPTISM. Wild Indigo. 

Botanic Ai, Origin. — The root of Baptisia tinctoria, 
Robert Brown; Nat. Ord., Legurnifiosce. North America. 

This is a native plant found generally throughout the 
United States. It flowers in July and August and later bears 
a small pod. The bark of the root is the part used, and may 
be prepared with alcohol or water. It is antiseptic, stim- 
ulant, and astringent. In large doses it is emetic and cathar- 
tic. It possesses some alterative properties. Baptisia is 
valuable as an antiseptic wash. In ulceration of the mucous 
surfaces, with a tendency to putrescence, use the infusion 
locally several times a day. 

It is a good remedy in malignant scarlet fever for its 
influence on the throat and also on the general system. Add 
from ten to twenty drops to four ounces of water ; give tea- 
spoonful doses. It is a good remedy in typhoid fever, hav- 
ing a great controlling influence over the poison of the dis- 



ANTISEPTICS. 403 

ease. Use it when there is a tendency to putrescence, 
offensive breath, and fetid evacuations. Often faikires resuh 
from the administration of this diug, and such failures are 
generally due to the fact that the remedy is not properly 
administered. If any benefit is to be expected from Baptisia 
it must be given very early. 

Use Baptisia in dysentery with dark, prune-juice dis- 
charges. In diphtheria it is a good drug when there is 
swelling of the mucous membrane and tendenc}^ to sloughing. 
Use it both locally and internally. It makes a good wash in 
ulcerative stomatitis or aphthous sore mouth. In ulceration 
of the cervix or os uteri, attended with a leucorrhoeal dis- 
charge, its influence is good. Use it in all cases where there 
is enfeebled capillary circulation, the tissues showing a ten- 
dency to slough. No remedy acts more specifically on 
Peyer's glands. Of the specific use from ten drops to one 
drachm to four ounces of water ; teaspoonful doses. Of the 
infusion, made of the strength of one ounce to one pint of 
boiling water, any convenient amount, as a wineglassful, 
may be given. 



SODII BORAS. Sodium Borate. 

Synonyms. — Borax, Bi borate of Soda. 

Description. — Transparent, colorless crystals, or an odor- 
less, white powder, having an alkaline and sweetish taste. 
In dry, warm air the crystals slightly effloresce. Soluble in 
water (i6), boiling water (0.5), and hot ghxerin (i). Alco- 
hol does not dissolve it. 

This salt is found native and is also prepared artificially. 
Its properties are antiseptic, refrigerant, and diuretic. No 
remedy is better in aphthous sore mouth of infants. Use 
equal parts of Borax and loaf sugar triturated together to 
sprinkle on the sores several times a day. For older chil- 
dren and adults : 



404 ANTlSEPTlCvS. 

R. Borax, 5 iij. 
Honey, 5 ss. 
Infusion of Sage, q. s. O j. M. * 

In this form it is an elegant remedy in aphthous ulceration 
of phthisis. Use a solution of Borax as a wash for conjuncti- 
vitis and inflammation of the vagina) mucous membrane. 
Employ for the latter purpose a teaspoonful of Borax in one 
pint of water and use it as an injection. Use it in leucor- 
rhoea with, profuse, glairy, and colored discharges. Here 
dissolve one ounce of Borax in one pint of water and inject. 
Borax solution makes a good application in the treatment cf 
bubo when formed. Use one drachm of Borax in one-half 
pint of water. Saturate a compress and keep it applied to 
the part. It forms a good dressing for chancre when dusted 
on the sore. If desired it may be mixed with salicylic acid 
(equal parts) and used as a wash. In gonorrhoea as an injec- 
tion it serves a very good purpose. Use two grains of Borax 
to one ounce of water. This is a very good antiseptic in the 
latter stage of the disease. A saturated solution is very val- 
uable in diphtheria as a local agent. A teaspoonful of Borax 
to one pint of water is a very good remedy in nasal catarrh. 
Use it with a douche. A saturated solution may be emplo3^ed 
as a dressing for bites of animals. Applied to ill conditioned 
ulcers it cleanses and stimulates them and promotes the heal- 
ing process. 



ASEPSIN. Asepsin, 

Synonym. — Nascent Wintergveen. 

Description. — Asepsin is a white, crystalline powder, of 
a sweet, wintergreen-like odor, and a sharp, sweet taste. It 
is pleasant in the usual dose and adds its intrinsic properties 
to water. In ordinary amounts it is non-poisonous. Five 
grains dissolved in an ounce of water prevents the alteration 
of diluted medicines, and in the summer season it is a useful 



ANTISEPTICS. 405 

addition. Asepsin is emplo3'ed as an antiseptic, antiferment, 
and antiputrefactive agent, and is, perhaps, the most valu- 
able of Eclectic remedies used for this purpose. 

This agent is both antiseptic and deodorant. It arrests 
fermentation and putrefaction ,~ and is Jiot poisonous in proper 
doses. It has a pleasant odor and is a good antiseptic for 
use in the mouth, nose, etc. It is of value in some cases of 
diarrhoea with fetid evacuations. 

R. Asepsin, grs. j. to iv. 

Aqua, fl 5J. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful. 

In dysentery in bad cases it answers the same purpose. It 
is a very good agent in hay fever when used as an ointment. 

R. Asepsin, grs. xij. 

Cocaine Hydrochlorate, grs. ij. 
Vaseline, 5 ij . M. 

Rub this on the mucous membrane of the nose to lessen 
irritation and sneezing. 

In eczematous troubles, in chronic form, it is a ver}' good 
drug. Use five grains to one ounce of vaseline as a local 
application. It is valuable in chronic ulcers with offensive 
discharge. Use from ten to fifteen grains in one pint of 
water as a wash or dressing. A solution of the same strength 
is also a good surgical dressing, and may also be used as an 
injection in bad-smelling leucorrhoea. 

Use it in obstetrical practice as a cleansing agent and deod- 
orant. Asepsin in small doses, say one or two grains, is of 
much value in fermentative gastric disorders. Two or three 
grain doses exert considerable force in restraining passive 
hemorrhages. A solution of the drug is of value in ozoena. 

R. Asepsin, gr. j. 

Aqua, O ss. M. 
Use as a douche. 

Asepsin is of value to flavor, as well as to preser\^e, medi- 



406 ANTISEPTICS. 

cines in aqueous solution. It serves nicely when added to 
aqueous solutions of drugs containing resinous principles, 
such as Macrotys, insuring a better-looking and pleasanter 
mixture. A few grains of Asepsin dissolved in distillate of 
Hamamelis is one of the best of applications to heal the sores 
produced from severe burns and scalds. Incorporated with 
borax in a pure animal-fat soap, under the name Asepsin 
Soap, it forms one of the best toilet, medicinal, and obstetric 
vSoaps with which we are acquainted. It is exceedingly val- 
uable as a non-irritant soap for the tender skin of infants. 
It is of much value in scald-head and in Rhus poisoning, a 
lather of the soap being prepared and brushed thick upon 
the part and allowed to remain. The scaly eruptions of skin 
diseases and other forms of cutaneous disorders requiring 
strict cleanliness, should be treated with this soap. It is 
also not an unpleasant dentrifice. 



THYMOL. Thymol. 

Botanical Origin. —This body is a phenol derived from 
the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, lyinne, Moyiarda 
punctata, Linne ; both of the Nat. Ord. Labiatce ; and from 
Carum ajowan (Roxburgh) Bentham and Hooker; Nat. 
Ord., UmbellifercB. 

Description. — Large, translucent, colorless crystals, pos- 
sessing the aromatic odor of Thyme, and a sharp, aromatic 
taste, leaving upon the lips a slight caustic effect. It is 
heavier than water when solid, and lighter than water when 
liquefied. If triturated with like amounts of camphor, 
chloral, or menthol it liquefies. Soluble in less than its 
weight of alcohol, chloroform, or ether ; readily in oils, fixed 
and essential, in carbon disulphide and glacial acetic acid ; 
also slightly soluble in cold water (1200). 

This is obtained from the oil of Thyme and other like 
products. When pure it is in large transparent crystals not 



ANTISEPTICS. 407 

ver}^ soluble in water. It is best dissolved in alcohol, and 
water or glycerin may then be added. 

Thymol is a very good disinfectant, antiseptic, and deod- 
orant, but when concentrated it is caustic. A solution of 
one-half per cent, strength is valuable to apply to gangren- 
ous and bad-smelling sores ; use a saturated compress. This 
drug is a good deodorant to bad-smelling wounds and is a 
fine drug wnth w^hich to prepare surgical dressings. In ma- 
lignant diphtheria use it as a wash. Chronic nasal catarrh 
is benefited by it, and it may be used as a disinfectant for the 
sick room. For the last named purpose dissolve twenty 
grains in one pint of w^ater. Wet cloths with this and keep 
them hung up in the room. 



SODII SULPHIS. Sodium Sulphite. 

Description. — This salt occurs as transparent, odorless, 
and colorless crystals, or as a white powder, having a saline 
and cooling sulphurous taste. The crj^stals effloresce in the 
air. Sulphite of Sodium, if exposed, absorbs oxygen from 
the atmosphere and slowly changes to sodium sulphate, 
hence it should be kept in a cool situation in well -stoppered 
vials. Soluble in cold water (4), boiling water (0.9), and 
but sparingly soluble in alcohol. The powdered salt is the 
best preparation. 

This is prepared by passing sulphurous acid into a solution 
of sodium carbonate and evaporating the product. It is pre- 
ferred in the form of a white powder. This drug is anti- 
septic and deodorant. Sulphites, if pure, control fermen- 
tation. If a solution of this salt be appHed to a suppurating 
surface with foul-smeUing discharge the latter is freed from 
odor. It is a valuable agent in zymotic disease, acting best 
when there are pale mucous membranes and a dirty, white 
coat on the tongue. 



408 ANTISEPTICS. 

Sodium Sulphite is of considerable value in chronic skin 
affections. It is one of our best remedies in tetter (herpes). 
R. Sodium Sulphite, 5j. 

Aqua, fl g iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful three times a day. 
It is efficient in small-pox, rendering the disease milder, 
and in erysipelas, when the condition indicates it, it will be 
found an excellent remedy. 

Typhoid and other fevers, as well as fermentative forms of 
dyspepsia, often call for this salt. Remember that in all 
cases whatsoever, the pallid mucous tissues and dirty, pasty, 
white coated tongue will guide to its correct use. It is one 
of the most direct of our specific resources. 



RESORCINUM. Resorcin. 

Synonyms. — Resorcinol^ Metadioxy benzene. 

Description. — This agent is a phenol. It occurs as 
colorless or faintly reddish, needle or plate-like crystals, pos- 
sessing a feeble but peculiar odor, and an unpleasant, sweet- 
ish taste, succeeded by pungency. It should be kept in dark 
bottles, for light and air cause it to turn reddish or brownish. 
Soluble in water (0.6), alcohol (0.5), very soluble in both 
alcohol and water when boiling hot, and in ether and glyce- 
rin. Chloroform scarcely dissolves it. 

The physiological effects of this agent resemble very much 
those produced by carbolic acid. Lower forms of life are 
destroyed by it. When applied to a mucous membrane or 
raw surface in a weak solution it acts as a stimulant and 
antiseptic. In a strong solution it acts as a caustic. 

Resorcin in a three per cent, ointment gives fair results in 
non-ulcerative ciliary blepharitis. A weaker solution may 
be applied in conjunctivitis and to corneal wounds. In ear 
practice it is employed to destroy unhealthy tissues and to 
induce a regeneration of normal tissue. Suppurative inflam- 
mation of the middle ear is successfully met with it. 



ANTISEPTICS. 409 

Externally we may employ it in the same surgical con- 
ditions as carbolic acid. In chronic diseases of the skin a 
five or ten per cent, solution is often effective. In tubercu- 
losis and ulcerative forms of laryngitis spray the part with a 
ten per cent, solution. Use the same in hay fever. A two 
or five per cent, solution is a good wash in leucorrhoea. In 
diphtheria a ten per cent, solution in glycerin may be painted 
or sprayed upon the parts involved. 

Internally in small doses Resorcin acts as an antiferment. 
Large doses disturb the nervous system, first acting as a 
stimulant, then as a depressant. If the dose be very large it 
may cause cardiac paralysis. In febrile states it depresses 
the temperature, but is not a good antipyretic. For irritation 
of the gastric mucous membrane resulting from fermentative 
changes give Resorcin, one or two grains, every six hours ; in 
gastric ulcer, two grains ; in cholera infantum, one-half 
grain. The ordinary dose of Resorcin is from one to three 
grains well diluted. 

The following is a good ointment for eczema and psoriasis: 

R. Resorcin, grs. xxv. 

Vaseline, 5 j. M. 

Sig. — Use night and morning. 



EUCAL YPTOL. Eucalyptol. 

BoTANiCAi, Origin. — A neutral body obtained from the 
oil of Eucalyptus globulus , Labillardiere, and other Eucalypti ; 
Nat. Ord., MyrtacecE. 

Description. — A colorless fluid, possessing a distinctive 
aromatic, camphor-like odor, and a sharp, spice-like, and 
cooling taste. When cooled somewhat below 32 °F. it con- 
geals in the form of needle crystals. Soluble in alcohol, 
glacial acetic acid, and carbon disulphide in all proportions. 
It should be kept in a dark situation, and in well-stoppered 
vials. 



410 antisepTiCvS. 

Bucalyptol is antiseptic and a stimulating expectorant. It 
may be employed externally to foul ulcerations, and as a 
topical stimulant in rheumatic and neuralgic complaints. 

Administered both internally and by inhalation it is ap- 
plicable in cases in which Eucalyptus itself is of advantage, 
namely, in foul and purulent broncho-pulmonary diseases, 
such as fetid bronchorrhoea, pulmonary gangrene, chronic 
bronchitis, tubercular affections, etc. 

Being eliminated largely by the kidneys Bucalyptol may 
be used where a stimulating diuretic is desired. It has given 
fair results as an antimalarial remedy, and is said to be of 
use in influenza to control the profuse broncho-pulmonary 
discharges. 

The drug is best given in emulsion or in capsules, the 
ordinary dose being from five to ten minims four or five 
times a day. 



AQUA HYDROGEN I r DIOXIDL 

Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide, 

Synonym. — Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide. 

Description. — An odorless, colorless liquid, having a 
feebly acid taste and producing frothiness and a peculiar 
sensation when taken into the mouth. Age, exposure to 
heat, and prolonged agitation cause it to deteriorate in value. 

Solution of Peroxide of Hydrogen is a powerful oxidizer. 
When thrown into pus cavities the pus cells are destroyed, 
being completely disorganized. Its effects in this direction, 
however, are transient. In contact with organic matter the 
solution becomes decomposed with the evolution of oxygen 
gas. As a deodorant and disinfectant for immediate use it 
possesses great advantages, for it is prompt in action and 
does not stain the tissues nor clothing. It coagulates albu- 
men. Its chief use, then, is in medical and surgical cases 



ANTISEPTICS. 411 

requiring immediate cleansing. It is of much service used 
locally in sore throat, diphtheria, membranous croup, and 
in the sore throat of scarlatina. Use it in all cases where 
pus is abundant, and use it frequently and freely. 

We have used it with excellent results in puerperal septi- 
caemia, with great stench, using it in water by means of a 
fountain syringe, as a vaginal douche and administering 
internally potassium chlorate, a teaspoonful of the saturated 
solution, every hour in plenty of cold water. 

Care should be had in using Hydrogen Peroxide in small 
cavities, such as the ear for otorrhoea, and in the urethra 
for gonorrhoea, for the rapid liberation of gas causes such 
great distention as to give much pain and possibly to injure 
the structures. 



ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. Carbolic Acid, 

Synonyms. — Phenol, Phenic Acid. 

Description. — Carbolic Acid is derived from coal-tar and 
should be kept, in w^ell-closed, amber-colored bottles. It 
crystallizes in long needles or small plates, has an odor not 
unlike that of creosote, and an acrid, sweetish, burning 
taste. The crystals are apt to become of a reddish color. A 
few drops of water added to Carbolic Acid renders it per- 
manently liquid. Carbolic acid does not mix well wdth 
small amounts of w^ater (15), but is soluble in all proportions 
of glycerin, and the glycerin solution in an}^ amount mixes 
clear with water. It is very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, 
ether, and oils. 

Carbolic Acid is antiseptic, stimulant, anaesthetic, and 
escharotic. It is only superficial in its action as a caustic, 
not affecting the tissues deeply . It is largely employed as 
an antiseptic dressing in surgery. Take of the acid one part 
and w^ater twenty parts. Apply and cover with oiled silk. 



412 AN'TISKPTICS. 

This acid may endanger life by absorption. For extensive 
burns and scalds : 

R. Acid Carbolic, 3 j. 

lyinseed Oil, 5 xvj, M. 
Saturate lint and apply. 

This application has been much neglected for this purpose. 
The following makes an excellent stimulant and deodorizing 
ointment: R. Acid Carbolic, 5 j. 

Basilicon Ointment, 5 xvj. M. 

Carbolic Acid is used as a prophylactic against small-pox. 
In small-pox apply a weak solution to the face to allay the 
distressing itching. 

R. Acid Carbolic, ^ j. 

Ivinseed Oil, O j. M. 
Apply with a pencil. 

Apply Carbolic Acid to the cavity of an aching tooth. 
For phagedenic chancres and ulcers apply the acid full 
strength. As an injection after abortion use a weak solution. 
Apply it to carbuncles. 

R. Acid Carbolic, 5 j. 
Olive Oil, S xvj. M. 

The full strength acid may be applied to poisoned wounds. 
For bubo : R. Acid Carbolic, one part. 
Glycerin, three parts. 

For cancer apply equal parts of glycerin and Carbolic 
Acid. As a local application for chapped hands : 

R. Acid Carbolic Sol., gtt. v. 
Glycerin, 

Rose water, aa. 5 ss. 
Cleanse the hands at night and apply the solution. 

Small doses of Carbolic Acid sometimes relieve obstinate 
vomiting. In poisoning by this acid administer sweet oil 
until the patient vomits. 



ANTISEPTICS. 413 

POTASSll PERMANGANAS. Potassium Permanganate, 

Synonym. — Perma7iganate of Potash. 

Description.— This salt occurs as slender, deep-purple 
crystals, odorless, with a taste at first sweetish and after- 
wards unpleasantly astringent. Soluble in water (i6) and 
boiling water (3), its aqueous solutions being of a deep violet- 
red hue if concentrated, and of a pinkish or rose tint if very 
dilute. Alcohol decomposes this agent. This salt should 
be kept in well-stoppered vials and should not be exposed to 
light. The remarks concerning chlorate of potassium and 
oxidizable bodies apply with the same force to this compound, 
for it is a powerful oxidizer. Distilled water should be used 
if possible in making a solution of it. 

This salt is antiseptic, escharotic, and deodorant. It may 
be used as a mild caustic. Use a weak solution of it on 
fetid surfaces, with granulations half rotten and half alive. 
For ulcerated fauces, with flabby ulcers, catarrhal hyper- 
secretion, diphtheroid and malignant sore throat, and diph- 
theria when the odor is almost unbearable. 

R. Potassium Permanganate, gr. iv. 
Aqua, O j. M. 

Sig. — Use as a gargle frequently and give teaspoonful 
doses internally every three hours. 

For wounds the drug should be first applied in strong 
solution : R. Potassium Permanganate, grs. xv. 

Aqua, flsj. M. 

This acts as a mild caustic. Afterwards to promote the 
growth of granulations add two grains of the salt to one 
ounce of water and apply two or three times a day. 

For nasal catarrh : 

R. Potassium Permanganate, grs. ij. 

Aqua Dist., fl 5 j- M. 

Use as a douche. 



414 ANTISEPTICS. 

For ulceration of the os uteri and leucorrhoea, with offen- 
sive discharge, use an injection of ten grains to the pint of 
water night and morning. As an appHcation to cancer add 
five grains to one ounce of water, saturate cotton with the 
solution and apply to the offensive part, changing the appli- 
cation every hour. For ulcerations of the mouth and gums 
a saturated solution should be first used and afterwards a 
solution of the strength of one or two grains to the ounce of 
water should be applied. 

This agent overcomes the unpleasant odor from carious 
teeth and other local causes. For felons and carbuncles a 
solution of twenty grains of the salt to the pint of water 
should be employed. 

Remove the stains of Potassium Permanganate with a weak 
solution of sulphuric acid. 



lODOL. lodoL 

Synonyms. — Tetraiodopyrrol, Pyrrol Tetr iodide . 

Description. — A shining, yellow-brown powder, without 
odor or taste. Soluble in absolute ether (3), alcohol, chloro- 
form, and oils (fatty), and sparingly soluble in water (5000;. 
It contains nearly ninety per cent, of iodine. 

This remedy is antiseptic and is used as a substitute for 
iodoform. Constitutional effects, such as vertigo, increased 
temperature, weak, irregular pulse, albuminuria, etc., have 
been observed from its external use. Applied directly to the 
laryngeal membranes by insufflation it has given good results 
in laryngeal tuberculosis. It may be used topically for ca- 
tarrhal discharges from the vagina, and in wounds and chan- 
croid. Internally, in doses of two or three grains (several 
daily), it has been employed as an alterative in scrofula, 
syphilis, and as a remedy against diabetes mellitus. Care 
must be had in its use. 



ANTISEPTICS 415 

ACIDUM SALICYUCUM, Salicylic Acid. 

Descriptiox. — This acid is found in combination in many 
plants, but is most largely produced, according to the U. S. 
P., "synthetically from coal-tar." Only that produced 
from oil of wintergreen should be employed m medicine. 

Wintergreen Salicylic Acid, when made by the process of 
J. U. Llo\'d (see Am, Jour. PJiar. ), by means of excess of 
wintergreen oil, has an agreeable wintergreen odor. It is in 
the form of small, microscopical crystals, and usually is m.ore 
or less colored, and often is slightly oily. When made with 
excess of caustic potash it is milk-white and odorless, and 
when dissolved in boiling water and slowly cooled separates 
in large, hard crystals. We use and favor only the small, 
quinine-like acid of wintergreen odor. 

Salicylic acid is antiseptic and deodorant. It is unirri- 
tating except in large quantities, and it is not poisonous. It 
is an excellent drug in many bad conditions of the mouth 
and fauces. For bad l^reath due to carious teeth add ten 
grains of it to one pint of hot water and use as a mouth 
wash. Apply it in fetid nasal catarrh by means of atomiza- 
tion, or by mixing it with some unirritating substance and 
using it as a snuft. 

This acid may be used as an antifermentativein dyspepsia, 
when the food produces gaseous accumulation. It may be 
given in acute rheumatism. Associate it with acetate of 
potassium as follows : 

R. Acid Salicylic, 3 ij. or iij. 

Potassium Acetate, 3 vj . 

Aqua, fl 5 iv. ^I. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every one or two hours. 

It is contra-indicated when the tongue is red and pointed. 

Topically applied Salicylic Acid is useful after abortion. 

Wash the parts ; also in leucorrhcea. It makes a fine appli- 



416 ANTISEPTICS. 

cation to cancer and syphilitic ulcers, and is largely employed 
as a surgical dressing. 



ACIDUM BORICUM. Boric Acid. 

Synonyms. — Boracic Acid, Acidian Boracicum. 

Description. — This acid occurs in the form of pearly- 
lustrous, colorless, transparent scales. If perfectly crystal- 
lized it forms six-sided plates. To the touch it is slightly 
unctuous. It has no odor and a feebly bitter taste. It re- 
tains its integrity in the atmosphere. Soluble in water (25.6), 
and more soluble in this fluid when the latter is acidulated 
with hydrochloric acid; also soluble in alcohol (15) and 
glycerin (10). 

Boracic for Boric) Acid is antiseptic. For diphtheria, 
with a badly ulcerated condition : 

R. Boracic Acid, i part. 

Glycerin, 30 parts. 
Apply locally. 

For suppurative conjunctivitis : 

R. Boracic Acid, grs. x. 

Aqua, fl 5j. M. 

Sig. —Apply a few drops to the conjunctiva. 

This acid makes a good local application in nasal catarrh. 
It is to be applied to dog-bites, keeping the parts constantly 
wet with a saturated solution. 

For the purulent discharge of otorrhoea, first cleanse the 
ear thoroughly with warm water, dry the parts with cotton, 
and pack the ear full of powdered Boracic Acid. If the dis- 
charges wash it out repeat the operation. 

This acid makes a good application to ordinary wounds. 
It is not poisonous. 



ANTISEPTICS. 417 

ACIDUM SULPMUROSUM. Sulphurous Acid. 

Description.— -A colorless, sour acid, of a pronounced 
sulphurous odor and taste. It should be protected from the 
air in a tightly stoppered vial lest it absorb sufficient oxygen 
to become changed into sulphuric acid. 

Only chemically pure (C. P.) sulphurous acid should be 
employed in medicine. It is antiseptic and disinfectant, and 
is of very great value in zymotic diseases. It is often of 
value in typhoid fever, used as follows : 

R. Acid Sulphurous, fl 5 ss, 

Syr. Orange Peel, fi 5 iv. 

Aqua, fi 5 iij. M. 

Sig. — Take a teaspoonful every three hours. 

In diphtheria with full and relaxed, dark-red tissues : 

R. Acid Sulphurous, i part. 

Gh^cerin, 3 parts. Use locally. 

It is a very good local agent in chilblains, cracked nipples, 
etc. In small-pox and erysipelas use it both internally and 
locally. For the topical use combine it with glycerin. 

The indications for the internal use of this agent are, the 
slick, raw-beef tongue, with a maw^kish odor of the breath. 
For this use : 

R. Acid Sulphurous, fl^j. 
Aqua, fi 5 iv. M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful everyone to three hours. 



ARISTOL. Aristol. 

Synonym. — Dithyinol-diiodide . 

Description. — A crystalline, reddish-brown powder, hav- 
ing a not unpleasant aromatic odor. It contains over 45 per 
cent, of iodine. It is insoluble in water or glycerin, spar- 
ingly soluble in chloroform, but is easily dissolved by ether 
or collodion. 



418 ANTISEPTICS. 

This is a valuable topical agent, possessing anodyne, anti- 
septic, and cicatrizant properties. ArLstol is a topical remedy 
for atonic conditions. It may be employed in chronic ulcer- 
ations. It is a fine remedy for atonic piles. Use an ointment 
as follows : 

R, Aristol, 3 j. or ij. 

Vaseline, 5 j . M. 
Apply locally after cleansing the part. 

A similar ointment forms an excellent dressing for non- 
healing barbers' cuts. 



GUAIACOL. Guaiacol. 

Description. — A liquid obtained by distilling beech wood 
creosote, and said to contain from sixty to ninety per cent, 
of creosote. It is a colorless liquid, having a more pleasant 
taste and odor than creosote, and soluble sparingly in water 
(85) and freely in alcohol, ether, and the fatty oils. 

This agent is better borne than creosote, and is said to 
increase the appetite and promote digestion. It relieves flat- 
ulence. The lungs eliminate it, and upon those organs it 
seems to have a special action. 

This remedy is employed in tuberculosis, being adapted to 
the early stage of the disease. From five to six drops may 
be given in a tablespoonful of cod liver oil, or five drops may 
be given in a capsule after each meal. It is likewise em- 
ployed in bad cases of bronchitis. 



ECHINACEA. Black Sampson, 

Botanical Origin.— The root of Echinacea angiistifolia, 
DeCandolle; Nat. Ord., Composites. Western States and 
other parts of the Union. 

Specific Echinacea is made of the root gathered in the 
far West. This differs materially in properties, from that 



ANTISEPTICS. 419 

grown farther East. It has but little taste, but leaves in the 
throat and on the tongue a tingling sensation. 

This is a perennial herb with a thick, black root, the lat- 
ter having a very pungent taste. The plant grows to the 
height of tw^o or three feet, being found in rocky and sandy 
soils. 

This remedy is one of the most important of our recent 
accessions. It is both alterative and antiseptic. It is used 
in man}^ disorders of the blood, as s^^philis, scrofula, and 
chronic ulcerations. It is one of the reliable remedies for 
' ' blood-poisoning. ' ' 

Echinacea causes an excessive flow^ of saliva and perspira- 
tion. The fresh root scraped and given freely is the treat- 
ment used by the Sioux Indians for snake-bite. It is a 
remedy of some value in typhoid fever, and is well spoken of 
in diphtheria, spinal meningitis, and in unhealthy conditions 
of the mouth and fauces. It may be employed in cases in 
which Baptisia is useful. 

The dose of this remedy ranges from Uxo to ten drops of 
the specific preparation. 



420 ACIDS. 



ACIDS. 



Some of the acids have been considered elsewhere, but 
following this will be found a few which have special quali- 
fications entitling them to form a distinct group. Among 
these are the "mineral acids" so-called, which often act as 
restoratives. These acids probably act in a chemical way. 
To an extent they are antiseptics. This is especially true of 
hydrochloric acid in typhoid states. Citric acid is likewise 
an antiseptic, and recent experiments have demonstrated it 
to be antagonistic to the cholera poison. As a rule, pro- 
nounced redness of the tissues calls for acid medication. 



ACIDUM NITRICUM. Nitric Acid. 

Synonyms. — Aqua Fortis, Spirit of Nitre. 

Description.— This fluid contains sixty-eight per cent, 
of absolute Nitric Acid, the remainder being water. It is 
transparent and colorless, extremely corrosive, and very sour 
to the taste. In contact with air it emits white fumes, which 
are decomposed by hght, causing them to appear yellowish 
or reddish, and having a very unpleasant, suffocating odor. 
As found in the market this acid generally has a yellowish 
or pale-straw color. It destroys vegetable colors and fibers, 
and produces an indelible orange-yellow stain upon the skin, 
nails, and most animal tissues. It mixes freely with water. 



ACIDS. 421 

ACIDUM NITRICVM DILUTUM. Diluted Nitric Acid. 

Description. — This acid is an aqueous dilution of the 
preceding, and corresponds with it except in strength. It 
contains ten per cent, of absolute Nitric Acid. 

Nitric acid is made by distilling nitrate of potassium with 
sulphuric acid. When first made it is colorless, but it becomes 
yellow after a time. It oxidizes all metals except gold, and 
in full strength it is a powerful corrosive and escharotic. Its 
properties are alterative, refrigerant, and tonic. It impairs 
the teeth and should be taken through a glass tube and the 
mouth afterwards thoroughly cleansed with an alkaline solu- 
tion. If long used it sometimes produces salivation, though 
it is a valuable remedy in mercurial salivation. It is a good 
remedy in syphilitic ulcerations of the mouth and throat ; 
give it in an infusion of sarsaparilla. In syphilis (constitu- 
tional) where there is great debility and mercury has been 
used, give doses of five drops of Nitric Acid every four hours. 
It is valuable in chronic rheumatism and it sometimes cures 
ague when all other remedies fail. Give five drops ever}^ 
six hours. It is a very good agent in malignant or typhus 
fever, though not so good as h^^drochloric acid. In liver 
troubles, as chronic liver complaint, it is serviceable. Give 
five drops every three hours. 

In diarrhoea, d^'sentery, etc.. Nitric Acid is a very good 
remedy. Use it in obstinate cases of whooping cough. Take 
equal parts of table syrup and water, add enough acid to 
make it pleasantly sour and give a teaspoonful every three 
hours. This is also a good preparation for chronic bronchitis. 
Use it when expectoration is profuse. 

This acid is a very powerful caustic, and is employed to 
remove growths. Use it to destroy- chancres, etc. It is a 
good topical agent in ulcerations of the os uteri. Take a 
pine stick and apply it to the ulcers. It may be used in the 
same manner in sore mouth. Use it to remove warts. 



422 AciDvS. 

In case of poisoning with Nitric Acid antidote it with alka- 
Hes not in themselves poisonous, as soap-suds, baking soda ; 
also give milk, etc. The dose of the strong acid is from five 
to ten drops; of the dilute from twenty to forty drops. 



ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. Hydrochloric Acid, 

Synonyms. — Muriatic Acid, Marine Acid, Chlorhydric 
Acid, Spirit of Sea Salt. 

Description. — An acid containing, by weight, 31.9 per 
cent, of absolute Hydrochloric Acid, the remainder being 
water. It is a colorless, transparent liquid, having a cor- 
rosive taste and irrespirable odor. When the stopper is 
removed from the bottle containing it, white fumes are 
emitted. This is due to the union of the escaping gas with 
the moisture of the air. Specific gravity 1.163 (U. S. P.) 
Like sulphuric acid, if concentrated, it blackens organic 
bodies. It is freely miscible with water. 



ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM, 

Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 

Synonym. — Diluted Muriatic Acid. 

Description.— A diluted form of the above acid contain- 
ing ten per cent, of absolute Hydrochloric Acid. It is odor- 
less and does not fume in the air. This is the form of 
Hydrochloric Acid generally administered. 

This acid is made by the reaction of sulphuric acid on chlo- 
ride of sodium. When pure it is colorless, but as found in com- 
merce it is usually yellowish or brown. It is a powerful 
caustic, and for internal use must be diluted with water. 
Do not let it touch the teeth, and after taking wash the 
mouth with an alkaline solution. Use it as a tonic, stim- 
ulant, and laxative. It is indicated by a dark-red tongue 
and mucous membranes, sordes on the teeth, with evidence 



ACIDS. 423 

of an impaired condition of the blood. In typhus and ty- 
phoid fevers it is a very good agent. In mahgnant scarlet 
fever it is very useful both locally and as a refrigerant. It 
is also valuable in ulcerative stomatitis. 

The dose of the diluted acid is from ten to forty drops in 
water. 



ACIDUM SULPMURICUM. Sulphuric Acid. 

Synonym. — Oil of Vitriol. 

Description. — This is a colorless, dense, transparent, 
oily-appearing liquid, the specific gravity of which is 1.143 
and it freezes at i4°F. It has no odor but an intensely sour 
taste. It absorbs water from the air and abstracts the same 
from organic matter, leaving a charred mass behind. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. Diluted Sulpliuric Acid. 

Description. — 'This preparation contains ten per cent, of 
absolute Sulphuric Acid (hydrogen sulphate), the remainder 
being distilled water. This and the next preparation are 
those usually employed for internal use. Dose, from five to 
twenty drops in water or sweetened water. 

Acidum Sulpliuricum Aromaticum. 

Aromatic Sulpliuric Acid. 

Description. — Aromatic Sulphuric Acid or Elixir of 
Vitriol is composed of Sulphuric Acid ( 100), tincture of gin- 
ger (50), oil of cinnamon (i), and alcohol (849). It con- 
tains of the official Sulphuric Acid about twenty per cent. 
Dose, from five to twenty- drops largely diluted with water. 

In full strength Sulphuric Acid is a powerful caustic, de- 
stroying flesh rapidly. For internal use dilute it with eight 
parts of water. Use the aromatic acid as a local remed3\ 
When properly diluted this acid is refrigerant, astringent, 



424 AciDvS. 

and tonic, and is useful in fevers, hemorrhages, etc. It re- 
strains mucous discharges and improves digestion. It is a 
good agent in calculous troubles when the urine is alkaline. 
It may be employed in hemorrhage from the lungs or the 
stomach, being used in alternation with gallic acid. The 
aromatic acid is very efficient in lessening secretion from the 
skin, as in the colliquative sweating of phthisis, for which 
give ten drops in water. Sulphuric Acid is a good caustic 
in bites and stings. Dose of the dilute acid from five to 
twenty drops. 



ACIDUM TARTARICUM, Tartaric Acid, 

Description. — This acid is in the form of large, trans- 
parent, six-sided crystals, or in crystalline crusts of a sharp 
taste. In the market it is generally in the form of a powder. 
It has a sour taste but no odor. It is a permanent body. 
Soluble in water (0.8), boiling water (0.5), alcohol (2.5), 
boiling alcohol (0.2), ether (250); almost insoluble in 
chloroform. 

This acid is obtained from grape juice. When this juice 
undergoes fermentation, this acid, being insoluble in alcohol, 
is deposited. It is very soluble in water. It is refrigerant, 
antiseptic, and sedative. In large doses it is an irritant 
poison, producing burning in the stomach, vomiting, and 
inflammation of the stomach and bowels. It is used fre- 
quently instead of lemon juice. Two fatal cases are on 
record from its use. Its antidotes are magnesia and carbonate 
or bicarbonate of sodium. 



ACIDUM CITRICUM. Citric Acid. 

Description. — This acid is obtained from the lemon, and 
is very much like tartaric acid, appearing in colorless crystals. 
It has no odor. In moist air it deliquesces ; in dry air it 



ACIDS. 425 

effloresces. Soluble in water (40.63), boiling water (0.4), 
alcohol (1.61;, boiling alcohol (1.43), ether (18). Chloro- 
form scarcely dissolves it. 

Citric Acid is refrigerant, sedative, and antiscorbutic. It 
is a very good agent in scrofula, and as a prophylactic against 
it. Here, however, it is not so good as lemon juice. Some 
cases of rheumatism are greatly benefited by it. It makes 
a good drink for fever patients, being like lemonade for this 
purpose. Use the following : Citric Acid, three drachms ; 
sugar, one ounce ; to this add three drops of oil of lemon. 
Use one or two teaspoonfuls in a tumblerful of water. An- 
other good drink is made by taking seven and one-half 
drachms of Citric Acid in one quart of water and two ounces 
of magnesia. Dose, six ounces. 



420 ANTACIDS. 



ANTACIDS. 



Agents which act in a chemical manner within the body, 
so as to correct excessive acidity of any fluid or part, whether 
it be in the stomach and intestines, the urine, or even the 
blood itself, are denominated antacids. 

While the chief action of antacids is to overcome acidity, 
they often cure remote troubles, evidently depending upon 
states which they correct . Thus a severe sick headache may 
vanish when a * ' sour stomach ' ' has been set right ; and 
rheumatic conditions are often benefited by some action of 
the antacid, just what we are unable to say, but probably a 
chemical change. (See also magnesia. ) 



POTASSri BICARBONAS, Potassium Bicarbonate, 

Synonyms. — Bicarbonate of Potash, Acid CarboJiate of 
Potassium^ Hydrogen Potassium Carbonate. 

Description. — Transparent, colorless, prismatic crystals, 
devoid of odor, and possessing a feebly alkaline, saline taste. 
Nearly insoluble in alcohol ; soluble in cold water (3.2) and 
in warm water (1.9). A temperature higher than i22°F. 
decomposes it, with the liberation of carbon dioxide, leaving 
potassium carbonate. Therefore, it should not be boiled 
nor added to boiling liquids. 

This salt is made by saturating a solution of carbonate of 
potassium with carbonic acid gas and evaporating the solu- 
tion to crystallization. It is antilithic and antacid. As an 



ANTACIDS. 427 

antacid it is not unpleasant to the taste and is unirritating. 
The following is a good combination in atonic dyspepsia : 

R. Potassium Bicarbonate, 5 ij. 
Peppermint Water, fl 5 ij. 
Tr. Rhubarb, 
Tr. Gentian, aa. fisj- 
Sig. —Dose, from a teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful. 

Potassium Bicarbonate is a good drug in gout and rheuma- 
tism, with lithic acid in the urine. Give twenty grains 
every three or four hours. This aids the sedatives in lower- 
ing temperature. In syphilis and scrofula very good re- 
sults are obtained from it. Always give it when the tongue 
and mucous membranes indicate an alkali. 

R. Potassium Bicarbonate, 3iij. 
Peppermint W^ater, fi 5 j • 
S3TUP of StiUingia, fi 5 iij- M. 

Sig. — Dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. 

This salt is a very good antacid in infantile diarrhoea, with 
green, foul-smelling discharges. Give it with Rhubarb and 
Peppermint herb. It enters into the formation of our well- 
known neutralizing cordial (see Rhubarb). In gonorrhoea, 
to relieve irritation produced by the passage of acid urine or 
other acid discharges, it is a valuable agent. It is likewise 
useful in many chronic cutaneous diseases and in dropS3\ 
Dose, from one to thirty grains in w^ater 



SODll BICARBONAS. Sodium Bicarbonate. 

Synonyms. — Aa'd Sodiinn Carbonate, Bicarbonate of Soda, 
Bakmg Soda. 

Description. — An odorless and opaque white powder, 
possessing a cooling and a mildly alkaline taste. It remains 
intact in a dry atmosphere, but in the presence of moisture 
gradualh^ decomposes. Soluble at 59°F. in water (11. 3). 
Above that point it loses carbon dioxide, and at 2i2°F. only 



428 ANTACIDS. 

carbonate of sodium remains. Therefore, it should be dis- 
solved only in cold water. Ether and alcohol refuse to dis- 
solve it. Keep the salt in well-closed bottles. 

This is a mild, unirritating antacid. In fevers it is one of the 
best agents of this class in use. It does great good in some 
cases of sick headache with sour stomach. Give a teaspoon- 
ful in a tumblerful of warm water. This counteracts acidity 
and cleanses the stomach. It is a good remedy in diarrhoea 
with green, sour discharges. Flatulent coHc is generally 
quickly relieved by it. The dose of this salt ranges from 
two grains to one drachm. 

By its continuous use, as persisted in by some dyspeptics, 
pernicious effects result, terminating in an incurable form 
of dyspepsia. But when indicated by sour stomach, with 
pallid membranes, and given in occasional doses, it is a very 
effective drug. 



LIQUOR CALCIS. Solution of Lime, 

Synonyms. — Z.z;;/^ Water, Aqua Calcis, Solution of Cal- 
cium Hydrate. 

Description. — A saturated, aqueous solution of calcium 
hydroxide. An odorless, colorless, clear fluid, having a 
saline and faintly caustic taste. When exposed to the air it 
absorbs carbonic acid gas, and the change is shown by the 
formation upon the surface of the liquid of a pellicle of calcium 
carbonate. It contains less than one per cent. (0.17) of 
lime at ordinary temperatures. 

To prepare this solution slake Lime in water until the lat- 
ter is saturated. Let it stand until clear. Decant the clear 
liquid and throw it away. Put more water upon the remain- 
ing Lime, allow it to again become clear, when the over- 
lying fluid will be ready for use. By this double procedure 
the impurities are eliminated. 



ANTACIDS. 429 

Lime Water is antacid and astringent. In dyspepsia, with 
acidity of the stomach and bowels attended with diarrhoea, 
when food can not be taken, Lime Water with milk is a good 
diet. To a pint of milk add one ounce of Lime Water. One- 
fourth of this can be taken at a dose. This is also very useful 
in obstinate cases of vomiting. Use Lime Water, one part, 
to milk, two parts, and give in teaspoonful doses. Lime 
Water is a good remedy in croup and diphtheria. Use one 
part to fifteen or twenty of water as a spray. With an equal 
bulk of linseed oil it forms the well-known Carron Oil, prob- 
ably the best immediate application for burns. Lime Water 
is one of the reliable remedies for subcutaneous disorders 
resulting in successive crops of boils. When an astringent 
and antacid is needed Lime Water is a very eflScient medicine. 



430 . DIJ^UKNTS. 



DILUENTS. 



Under this head we shall include three agents, it not being 
our purpose to go into a description of many of the agents 
which might come under this class. These agents are pro- 
tectives and emollients also. We include them under the 
term diluents because they are most generally used as oint- 
ment or similar bases for the dilution of medicaments to be ex- 
ternally applied. When glycerin alone is employed the 
product is called a glycerite or glycerole. 



GLYCBRIMUM. Glycerin. 

Description. — The sweet principle — a liquid — obtained 
by decomposing fats and fixed oils. The U. S. P. requires 
it to contain ninety-five per cent, or more of absolute Glycerin. 
It contains a little water. 

Scheele, who discovered this important body in 1789, 
called it the ' ' sweet principle of oils. ' ' It is a thick, syrup- 
like liquid, perfectly clear and colorless, having an oily feel, 
without odor, and pos.sessing a feebly warm and very sweet 
taste. Water and alcohol dissolve it in all amounts. Oils, 
ether, chloroform, benzol, benzin, and carbon disulphide 
refuse to dissolve it. A mixture of alcohol (3) and ether 
( I ) affects its solution. 

This agent is laxative and antifermentative when internally 
administered. It is of value in some forms of fermentative 



DILUENTS. 431 

dyspepsia. As an enema it is one of the best agents we are 
acquainted with to produce evacuation of the rectum in 
infants who go two or three days VN'ithout an alvine passage. 
Persisted in from time to time it breaks up the constipated 
habit. Use for an infant of three or four months a half-tea- 
spoonful of warmed pure Glycerin, using a small glass 
syringe to inject it. As a rule the discharge immediately 
follows. 

Locally Glycerin is of much value in certain skin affec- 
tions. It should, however, be largely diluted with water 
before applying. Glycerin has a great affinity for water, 
and if that fluid be not supplied, it will abstract water from 
the tissues, leaving them dr}^ and irritable. It is an excellent 
agent for chapped hands. Combine it with rose water, or 

R. xA.cid Carbolic Sol., gtt. v. 

Tinct. Arnica, 

Glycerin, aa. 5 ss. 

Rose Water, q. s. 5 iv. M. 
Sig. — Apply to the hands after thorough washing. 

Glycerin is largely used as a vehicle. It is the solvent 
employed in making the glycerites. Introduced into certain 
pills it prevents their hardening ; added in small amounts to 
poultices it preserves their softness ; added to collodion it 
renders it more pliable. Added to aqueous solutions of 
medicines, when not incompatable, it prevents decomposition 
and consequent souring. K little Glycerin upon cotton intro- 
duced into the external auditor}^ meatus prevents the inspis- 
sation of cerumen when due to dryness of the canal. 

For both external and internal use care should be taken 
that a perfectly pure Glycerin be used, else irritation of the 
parts will result. 



432 DILUENTS. 

ADEPS LAN/E HYDROSUS. Hydrous WoohFat. 

Synonym . — La7ioline. 

Description. — A yellowish- white or almost white, ten- 
acious, unctuous substance, of an ointment-like consistence, 
and possessing a characteristic but faint odor. While it is 
not soluble in water it mixes with twice its weight of that 
fluid without losing its ointment-like character. It melts at 
near 40°C. (io4°F. ) 

This fat is employed almost wholly as an ointment base, 
and is particularly adapted to ointments in which water or 
watery solutions of drugs are to be incorporated. Its action 
on the skin is soothing, and it is especially useful as the base 
of unguents which are to be applied to the cutaneous surface. 



PETROLA TUM. Vaseline. 

Synonym . — Petroleimi Ointment. 

Description. — This is the substance popularly known as 
Vaseline, Densoline, etc. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons 
obtained as a residue when the lighter and more volatile 
portions of Petroleum are distilled from that body. There 
are three forms : Petrolatum Molle {Soft Petroleum Oi?it- 
nient), Petrolatum Spissum {Hard Petroleu7?z Ointment), 
and Petrolatum Liquidum {Liquid Petroleum), all differ- 
ing in consistence. 

(i) Soft Petrolatum is a soft, fat-like mass, about the 
consistence of ointment, ranging from white to yellow in 
color, when yellow fluorescent, and being devoid of odor and 
taste. When heated a faint Petroleum odoi is perceptible. 

(2) Hard Petrolatum differs only in being of the consis- 
tence of cerate. 

(3) Liquid Petrolatimi is a transparent fluid, colorless or 
yellowish, oily, odorless, and tasteless. A faint Petroleum 
odor is developed on heating it. 



DILUENTS. 



-ioo 



Petrolatum does not dissolve in water, and scarcely in alco- 
hol, cold or hot, but boiling absolute alcohol effects its solu- 
tion. Kther, chloroform, oil of turpentine, carbon disulphide, 
benzin, benzene, and essential and fixed oils readily dis- 
solve it. 

This agent is used almost solely as a neutral and bland 
protective agent for dressings, etc., and as a base for various 
ointments. 



1 



434 



ClylNICAI. IN DUX. 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Abdominal disorders, 229, 357. 

Abortion, 104, 156, 240, 371, 386, 
390, 391, 412, 415. 

Acidity, gastric, 80, 83. 

Abrasions, 357. 

Abscess, 248 — mammary, 95, 162, 
342— prostatic, 125. 

After-pains, 101, 106, 309, 314,390. 

Ague, 25, 37, 97, 99, 130, 148, 151, 
153, 151, 155, 156, 161, 165, 177 , 
195, 321, 421. 

Ague cake, 151, 360. 

Albuminuria, 115, 126, 175, 176, 
177, 373, 390. 

Alcoholism, 214, 216. 

Amaurosis, 209, 217, 254 

Amenorrhoea, 35, 59, 60, 93, 95, 
100,104, 112,115,116,132,140, 
156,168. 179, 193 201,203,211, 
215, 217, 221, 224, 255, 295, 302, 
331, 340, 355, 356 362, 389,390, 
391. 

Anaemia, 59, 172 173 174, 175, 
179, 193, 208, 250, 302— cere- 
bral, 169. 

Anasarca, 37, 114 116, 119 132, 
266. 

Angina pectoris, 32, 33, 161, 241, 
266, 303. 



Anorexia, 168. 

Apthse, 42, 51, 158, 212, 353, 374, 
401, 403, 404. 

Apoplexy, 294.- 

Ascites, 132. 

Asthma, 26 31, 32, 33, 42, 91, 99, 
115, 134, 136, 138, 154, 160, 166, 
168, 192, 195, 211, 221, 222,231, 
244, 247, 254, 266, 271, 275,293, 
302, 303, 309, 312, 314, 331, 332, 
336, 347, 389. 

Atony, uterine, 115. 

Bed sores, 190, 375. 

Bites, 74, 190, 424— serpents, 113, 
135— dog, 416, 

Biliousness, 192 

Bladder, diseases of, 230, 357, 
358, 386— irritation of, 95, 110, 
112, 114, 217, 226, 245, 256, 331 
—catarrh of, 112, 121, 134, 331 
— ulceration of, 158 — inflam- 
mation of, 390— paralysis of, 
122, 209. 

Blood poisoning, 419. 

Blepharitis, 408 

Bowel disorders, 53 222 260, 380 

Boils, 130, 248, 265, 330, 363, 364, 
429. 

Brain disorders, 40, 50, 73, 206, 



CLINICAI. INDEX. 



435 



261, 299, 325 334— inflamma- 
tion, 294. 

Bright's disease, 92, 122, 136, 255, 
282, 336, 373* 

Breath, bad, 212, 415. 

Breast, soreness of, 95, 342 — 
swelling of, 342. 

Bronchitis, 25, 36, 41, 42, 69, 89, 
91, 110, 119, 122, 125, 127, 135, 
153, 154, 163, 165, 166, 168, 200, 
211, 215, 218, 260, 295, 298, 331, 
336, 338, 349, 359, 361, 371,401, 
410, 418, 420. 

Bronchocele, 334, 343, 349. 

Bronchorrhoea, 120, 410. 

Bruises, 40, 210, 216. 

Barns, 225, 375,391,406,412,429. 

Bubo, 162, 349, 363, 404,412. 

Cachexia, 346, 356, 361, 365 

Calculi, 113, 121, 127, 309, 344, 
376, 424— biliary, 82, 198, 240, 
276, 314— renal, 82, 276, 314. 

CaQcrum oris, 215. 

Cancer, 35, 127, 128,159,180,250, 
314, 358, 359, 375, 387, 412,414, 
416. 

Caries, 201, 334. 

Carbuncle, 163, 207, 265, 349, 414 

Carditis, 344. 

Cataract, 162. 

Catarrh, 25, 35, 36, 89, 95, 16, 100, 
103, 115, 123, 125, 141, 154, 158, 
165, 201, 219, 221, 225,227, 253, 
254, 259, 310, 331, 353, 361, 378, 
404, 407, 413, 415, 416— gastric, 
218— cystic, 217, 223— pulmo- 
nary, 211— in testin al , 153, 218- 
gastro-intestinal, 374 — vesical, 
83, 111, 121, 125, 126, 153, 166, 



170, 179, 194, 301— bronchial, 
371. 

Cerumen, inspissated, 413. 

Chordee, 255. * 

Chancre, 180, 340, 358, 363, 404, 
412, 414, 421. 

Chapped hands, 375, 412, 431, 

Chicken-pox, 302. 

Chilblains, 110, 198, 349, 417. 

Chill, congestive, 149, 223. 

Chorea, 160, 178, 179, 192, 245, 
255, 256, 260, 261, 271, 305, 389 

Chlorosis, 34, 163, 173, 174, 176, 
178, 179. 

Cholera (Asiatic), 29, 196, 214, 
220, 222, 239, 332— infantum, 
26, 40, 42, 169, 192 295, 325, 
352, 375, 380, 381, 382, 409— 
morbus, 42, 101, 169, 192, 224, 
239, 325, 352. 

Coma, 28. 

Colic, 32, 39, 78, 112, 224, 240, 
271, 273— worm, 55— biliary 
and bilious, 43, 55, 70, 78, 101, 
193, 363— flatulent, 70, 90, 95, 
101, 140, 204, 398, 428— spas- 
modic, 193, 244— menstrual, 
103, 194— uterine, 302— lead, 
73, 76, 240, 244, 369. 

Colds, 94, 96 99 203, 224, 253 

Contusions, 210, 226. 

Conjunctivitis, 39, 96, 128, 159, 
201, 219, 225, 369, 372, 404,408, 
416. 

Congestion, 32, 190, 197, 245, 248, 
291, 321, 360— of liver, 83, 129, 
— ovarian, 116. 

Congestive chill, 149, 223. 

Constipation, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 



486 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



52, 59, 65, 69, 73, 76. 77, 78, 79, 
82, 85, 89, 157, 165, 169, 192, 
193, 211^ 240, 244, 247, 260, 301, 
331, 352, 369, 3-6, 431. 

Convulsions, 62, 260, 289, 308, 
312, 325— ttething, 25— infan- 
tile, 245, 251, 271, 275,305, 311— 
hysterical, 230, 254, 255, 275— 
ursemic, 92 — puerperal, 241, 
245, 250, 254, 271 , 275, 288, 309, 
312, 325. 

Coryza, 161, 219. v 

Corns, 3i9. 

Cornea, ulceration of, 337 — opac- 
ity of, 337— wounds of, 406. 

Cough, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 89, 99, 
115, 118, 122, 140, 166, 170, 227, 
230, 236,. 244 219, 251,253, 261, 
262, 273 291, 298 .302, 303, 309 
320, 321, 326 336 349, 354, 359^ 
361, 363, 370, 389 

Craniotomy, 272. 

Cramps, 29, 100, 101, 214, 276, 304, 
390. 

Cracked nipples, 190, 342, 358, 
372, 375, 417. 

Croup, 25, 42, 50, 295, 370, 401, 
411, 429— membranous, 22, 215 

Cuts, 210, 226— barbers', 418. 

Cutaneous vessels, atony of, 203. 

Gynanche maligna, 96. 

Cystitis, 61, 110, 118, 123, 125, 
126, 132, 218, 376, 402. 

Deafness, 298. 

Debility, 215, 356. 

Degeneration, fatty, 201, 365. 

Depression, 187. 

Peposits, inflammatory, 360. 

Pelirium, acuto, 229. 



Delirium tremens, 28, 53, 188, 
213, 240, 249, 272, 276, 288, 305, 
311, 313, 315. 
Diphtheria, 150, 176,246, 315, 323, 
332, 337, 343, 372, 401, 403,404, 
407, 409, 411, 413, 416, 417, 419, 
429. 
Disease, typhoid, 192. 
Diabetes, 81, 92,115,119,126,168, 

179, 246, 376, 414. 
Diarrhoea, 26, 42, 43, 55, 57, 69, 72, 
78, 80, 89, 95, 105, 106, 122, 126, 
151, 153, 154, 156, 163, 164, 167, 
168, 169, 171, 176, 192, 193,201, 
203, 209, 214, 218, 224, 236, 238, 
239, 253, 295, 301, 306, 309, 326, 
329, 331, 352, 357, 371, 375, 376, 
377, 380. 381, 382, 405, 421,427. 
Dislocations, 272, 314. 
Dizziness, 261. 

Dropsy, 29, 35, 37, 43, 44, 50, 61, 
62, 63, 68, 73, 76, 77, 84, 90, 91, 
92, 97, 103, 112, 114, 116, 117, 
119, 120, 121, 130, 132, 134,139, 
140, 141, 161, 165, 209, 279,280, 
282, 288, 304, 336, 344, 353, 427. 
Dysuria, 128, 301. 
Dysentery, 26, 27, 40, 42, 43, 50, 
52. 55, 57, 72, 75, 82, 89, 105, 
106, 118, 122, 126, 151, 153 156. 
162, 168, 169, 171, 179, 203,209, 
218, 224, 239, 295, 306, 309, 326, 
352, 357, 380, 381, 382, 403, 405, 
421. 
Dysmenorrhoea, 56, 67, 95, 102, 
103, 105, 106, 112 132, 134,175. 
176, 183, 193, 201, 204, 215,217, 
230, 244 255, 267, 276, 302, 304, 
309 817, 340, 341, 353, 356, 362, 
377, 389. 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



437 



48, 52, 55, 57, 65, 
112,116,135,140, 
156, 157, 160, 163, 
168, 169, 171, 174, 
193, 211, 212, 213. 
302, 322, 323, 331, 
360,361,364,390, 
427, 428, 429, 431. 



Dyspepsia, 37, 

68, 69, 94, 97, 

147, 153, 155, 

165, 166, 167, 

182, 183, 187, 

221, 223. 224, 

339, 344, 355, 

398, 408, 414, 
DyspncBa, 266. 
Dyscrasia, 363 
Ear, insects in, 74 — suppuration 

of, 198, 408— diseases, 346. 
Earache, 28, 96, 162, 300. 
Earthy phosphates, 142. 
Eclampsia, 275. 
Echymosis, 369. 
Eczema, 265, 330, 364, 405, 409. 
Enuresis, 95. 
Enteritis, 57, 105, 242. 
Entero colitis, 57. 
Epithelioma, 225. 
Epistaxis, 27, 181, 230, 368, 376, 

378. 
Epilepsy, 142, 197, 201, 215, 222 

230, 245, 247, 254, 256, 266, 311, 

335, 346, 390. 
Epididymitis, 324. 
Eruptive diseases, 32, 100, 102, 

215, 230, 254, 308. 
Eruptions, scaly. 363. 
Erysipelas, 117, 123, 151, 177, 206, 

289, 294, 318, 324, 402, 408, 417. 
Ergotism, 385. 
Exanthemata, 28. 
Excoriations, 375. 
Eye diseases, 219, 337, 346, 351, 

369, 378— weak, 300— surgery, 

162. 
Eyelids, sore, 301. 



; Fsecal impaction, 76. 

Felon, 162, 324, 349, 414 

Fermentative diseases, 407,430. 

Fever, nervous, 171 — remittent, 
149, 308— bilious, 50, 57, 70— 
malarial, 147 — hectic, 209 — 
surgical, 316 — inflammatory, 
156, 213, 222— gastric, 294— in- 
termittent, 25, 57, 94, 132, 148, 
149, 155, 164, 168, 180, 182, 183, 
213, 294, 356, 398— rheumatic, 
294— typhus, 209, 299 421, 423 
—typhoid, 53, 97, 103, 123, 139 
149, 189, 197, 206, 209, 216 222, 
249, 251, 386, 404, 408, 417, 419, 
423. 

Fevers, 28, 40, 44, 52 70, 75, 77, 
85, 97, 106, 113, 127, 129, 136, 
138,145, 155, 163, 167, 169,182, 
189, 197, 200, 203, 204, 207. 209 
215, 222, 236, 237, 215, 408,409, 
424, 425, 428. 

Fistulse , 350. 

Fistula in ano, 201, 241. 

Fissure in ano, 158, 162, 347, 350, 
372, 375. 

Flatulence, 213, 220, 260. 

Flux, 212. 

Fractures, 272, 314 

Gall stones, 50, 80, 272, 363. 

Gangrene, 22, 40, 163, 182, 380, 
' 385, 402, 407— pulmonary, 215, 
410. 

Gdstralgia, 238, 255, 304, 323 

Gastritis, 61, 157, 325, 374. 

Gastric disorders, 90, 99, 322, 325, 
405. 

Gastro- enteritis, 118, 

Gastro-intestinal irritation, 102. 



438 



CLINICAI, INDEX. 



Gastrodynia, 304, 323. 

Genitourinary disorders, 176 — 
irritation, 111, 127 — inflamma- 
tion, 127, 133. 

Glands, enlarged, 103, 175, 182, 
201, 256, 347, 348, 360. 

Gleet, 112, 135, 140, 158, 370. 

Gonorrhoea, 22, 39, 67, 100, 109 
111, 118, 124, 127, 132, 133, 135, 
137, 139,158, 162, 176, 198,251, 
255, 302, 310, 324, 364, 404,411, 
427. 

Goitre, 310, 351. 

Gout, 53, 66 68, 82, 90, 103, 104, 
142, 209, 220, 335, 356, 427 

Granulations, excessive, 177. 

Gravel, 81, 142. 

Haemoptysis, 40, 104, 279, 368 
373, 378. 

Hsematuria, 126, 364. 

Hair, to promote growth of, 332, 
360. 

Hay fever, 125, 150, 161, 265,364, 
405, 409. 

Headache, 24, 48, 50, 158, 189, 
230, 253, 311, 317, 318, 351— 
congestive, 303 — intermittent, 
98— frontal, 297— bilious, 78, 

79, 82— occipital, 321— gastric, 
90, 229, 245— rheumatic, 200, 
297, 388— menstrual, 255, 283, 
301— nervous, 161, 209, 261, 
275, 301 — neuralgic, 319 — ner- 
vo-congestive, 245— sick, 36, 40, 

80, 103, 216, 255, 257, 267, 353, 
426, 428. 

Heartburn, 80, 192, 331. 
Heart disease, 50, 67, 103, 161, 250, 
266, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 288, 



293, 308, 321, 340, .344— dropsy 
of, 37— palpitation, 171, 250, 
255, 293, 305, 306, 308, 312, 339, 
377— hypertrophy of, 266, 288. 

Herpes, 207, 330, 354, 376, 408. 

Hemorrhoids, 65, 118, 213, 231, 
241, 250, 321, 331,344 

Hemorrhage, 27, 37, 104, 122, 126, 
150, 152, 163, 168, 172,173,176, 
177, 179, 181, 197, 230, 279, 288, 
296 806, 364, 368, 371, 373, 377 
378, 380 381, 384, 385, 386, 390, 
391, 405. 

Hemicrania, 297. 

Hernia, 272, 276, 314. 

Hiccough, 38. 273. 

Hip disease, 330. 

Hoarseness, 141, 213. 

Hypersemia, 334. 

Hyperaesthesia, orificial, 162. 

Hydrocele, 128, 350, 378. 

Hydrothorax, 116. 

Hydrarthrosis, 350. 

Hydrocephalus, 37, 175. 

Hydropericardium, 299. 

Hypochondria, 261, 283. 

Hysteria, 160, 177, 179. 215, 217, 
220, 230, 249, 259, 260 261. 271, 
275, 301, 304, 503, 308, 310,313, 
389, 390, 398. 

Impotence, 115, 170, 194. 

Innervation, defective. 160. 

Intoxication, alcoholic, 103. 

Ingrown nails, 162. 

Influenza, 410 — epidemic, 99. 

Insanity, 63, 230, 311. 

Insomnia, 104, 160, 236 249, 251, 
255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 305, 306, 
310, 312, 313, 315, 390. 



CI.IXICAI. INDEX. 



439 



Indigestion, 24, 89, 78, 80, 165, 

193, 213, 299, 364. 
Inflammation, 104, 106, 110, 116, 

118, 133, 138, 156, 157, 189,206, 
207, 222, 212, 260, 286, 291,292, 
295, 296, 298, 301, 308, 314, 316, 
323, 310— hepatic, 249, 363— 
renal, 249 — urinary, 116, 

Irritation, 300, 344— bowel, 167— 
cerebral, 206- broncho-pulmo- 
nary, 326, 361— laryngeal, 326 
—spinal, 289— vesical, 376— 
nervous, 361— gastric, 352,353, 
409— urinary, 394. 

Iritis, 67, 110, 247, 337, 343. 

Itch, 332. 

Itching, 315. 

Jaundice, 49, 57, 68, 76, 78, 83, 
117, 193, 201, 227, 299, 363. 

Kidneys, overactivity of, 83, 112, 

119, 126— diseases, 282— ca- 
tarrh of, 105 — granular, 105. 

La grippe, 99, 222. 

Labor, 32, 241, 271, 275, 362, 385, 

388, 390, 392— premature, 390 

pains, false, 362. 
Lacerations, 210, 226. 
Lacteal secretion, to increase, 91, 

95— to lessen, 132, 248, 336. 
Laryngeal diseases, 21, 221, 295, 

414 — constriction, 261. 
Laryngitis, 34, 36, 69, 122, 154, 

168, 200, 218, 338, 359, 378, 409. 
Leucorrhoea, 22, 39, 94, 112, 115, 

116, 125, 133, 134, 154, 158, 163, 

164, 168, 175, 176, 179, 194, 203, 

301, 323 331, 343, 344, 350, 353, 

356, 370, 376, 381, 386, 389, 390, 

402, 404. 405, 409, 414. 



Lids, granular, 358. 

Liver diseases, 35, 49, 55, 57, 65, 
67, 68, 95, 129, 151, 156, 158, 169, 
176, 192, 299, 352, 354, 356, 363, 
421 — spots, 330 — congestion, 
363. 

Lochia, suppressed, 100, 204— of- 
fensive, 402. 

Lumbago, 73, 123, 214, 220, 248, 
272, 366 

Lupus, 349. 

Malaria, 150, 153, 156, 163, 366, 
410. 

Mammitis, 110, 299, 342. 

Mania, 73, 250, 251, 256, 261, 289, 
304, 313— puerperal, 272— hys- 
terical, 230. 

Marasmus, 364. 

Melancholia, 276, 339. 

Menstruation, suppressed, 29, 
203, 222, 253— vicarious, 378— 
disorders of, 267, 320, 340. 

Menorrhagia, 100, 116, 224, 371, 
373, 386. 

Mental diseases, 304. 

Meningitis, cerebro-spinal, 289, 
325— spinal, 419. 

Measles, 63, 73, 97, 99, 116, 141, 
190, 207, 219, 262, 293, 300, 802. 

Metritis, 37, 115, 360. 

Morph, 330. 

Mumps, 207. 

Muscles, atony of, 202— twitch- 
ing of, 196— incoordination 
of, 222. 

Myalgia, 209, 388. 

Nausea, 24, 83, 192. 

Nervous irritability, 90— depres- 
sion, 181 — diseases, 178, 188, 



440 



CIvINICAI, INDEX. 



200, 208, 229, 240, 249, 255, 261, 
302, 308, 310, 335, 389, 393 
Nervousness, 261 , 302. 
Necrosis, 334. 
Nephritis, 118, 132, 134, 200, b76, 

390. 
Neuralgia, 29, 5d, 73, 90, 94, 150 
151, 161, 194, 195, 198, 201, 217, 
220, 225, 238, 246, 248, 250, 255, 
256, 257, 265, 266, 272, 275, 296, 
308, 314, 315, 321, 335, 346, 358 
410. 
Neurasthenia, 258. 
Night-sweats, 89, 127, 166, 177. 
Nymphomania, 310, 319. 
Obstetrical operations, 272, 405. 
CEdema, 37— of throat, 117— of 

tonsils, 117. 
Opium habit, 160, 231. 
Ophthalmia, 39, 110, 117, 207, 217. 
300, 323 330, 337, 346, 363, 369, 
372 
Orchitis, 289. 

Oi uteri, rigid, 241, 275, 309— 
thickening of, 349 — abrasion 
of, 158 — ulceration of, 402. 
Otorrhoea, 416, 441. 
Ovarian congestion, 116 — dis- 
orders, 310 
Ozsena, 405. 

Pain, 237, 248, 249, 255, 256, 276. 
292, 308, 313, 315, 318, 321, 349 
387. 
Parturition, 27, 53. 
Paralysis, 195 207, 209, 213, 224 

230, 332— of bladder, 122 
Pericarditis, 299. 
Peritonitis, 242— puerperal, 197, 
287. 



Periostitis, 334. 
Pediculi pubis, 132. 
Pertussis, 263. 
Pharyngitis, 69, 154. 
Phthisis, 35, 42, 72, 105, 123, 127, 
131, 132, 138, 154, 165, 166, 168, 
171, 175, 176, 188, 200, 201,246, 
250, 258, 262, 288, 303, 305, 314, 
316, 318, 322, 331, 339, 347, 349, 
359, 363, 366, 373, 375, 376, 401, 
404, 424. 
Pimples, 376. 

Piles, 27,50, 77, 180, 320, 418. 
Placenta, retained, 272. 
Pleurisy, 40, 89, 190, 260, 272 293, 

299, 317, 349. 
Pleuro-pneumonia, 299, 
Pneumonia, 26, 35, 40, 42, 88, 97, 
99, 123, 129, 190, 200, 207, 209, 
215, 260, 287, 293, 298, 299, 306. 
Poisoning, 73 — chloral, 315 — 
Rhus, 32, 222, 289 864 369, 
406 — chloroform, 270 — iodo 
form, 359— narcotics, 22,24,28, 
38, 40, 262— silver nitrate, 41, 
323— alkalies, 74— gold and 
sodium chloride, 340 — acids, 
80— serpent, 113— alcohol, 190 
— phosphorus, 199 — Strych- 
nine, 195 — Digitalis, 216 — to- 
bacco, 216 -carbolic acid, 412 
Aconite, 216 2^6 — nitric acid, 
422 —hydrocyanic acid, 216, 
304— arsenic, 81, 178— lead, 74, 
337— mercury, 3'37. 
Polypus, nasal, 22, 372 
Prostration, 199. 

Prostate, irritation of, 217 — dis- 
eases of, 358 — enla>-ged, 226. 



CLINIC AI. INDEX. 



441 



Prostatitis, 114,121. 

Prostatorrhoea, 217. 

Prolapsus ani, 192— uteri, 115, 
194, 344. 

Pregnancy, 25 — nervous troubles 
of, 94 — urinary disorders of, 
115. 

Pi uritus vulva, 265 — ani, 265. 

Psoriasis, 130, 330, 361, 409. 

Ptyalism, 246. 

Purpura hemorrhagica, 207. 

Eectal diseases, 358. 

Retroversion, uterine, 115. 

Reproductive diseases, 183. 

Respiratory diseases, 73, 88, 122 : 
184, 135, 167, 170, 210, 219, 221, 
235, 249, 253, 272 297, 298, 306, 
316, 325, 33S, 340, 344, 376, 380, 
389, 410. I 

Rhus poisoning 32 222,289. 364, 
369, 406. I 

Rheumatism, 25, 29, 35 37, 50,53, 
55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 79, 82, 90, 
91, 94, 97, 106, 121, 123, 130, 131, 
134, 137, 142, 151, 161, 176, 198, 
200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 214, 
220, 227, 231, 251, 253, 255, 256, 
272, 279, 280, 288, 292, 294, 297, 
302, 314, 318, 319, 320, 321, 330, 
335, 337, 341, 343, 350, 351, 353, 
354, 355, 361, 377, 388, 390, 410, 
414, 421, 425, 427. 

Rigidity of os uteri, 32, 33, 275, 
309. 

Ring-worm, 349. 

Silivation, 246, 421. 

Satyriasis, 319. 

Septicajmia, puerperal, 411. 



Scald head, 201, 330, 406. 
Scalds, 406 
Sciatica, 123, 265, 336 
Scorbutus, 212. 
Scurvy, 117. 
Schlerotitis, 110. 
Scarlet fever, 37, 62, 63, 97, 114, 
116, 140, 177, 190, 203, 207, 213, 
245, 279, 293,*298, 372, 402, 411, 
423. 
Scrofula, 35, 37, 68, 69, 92, 97, 121, 
127, 128, 130, 138, 139, 165, 173, 
174, 175, 182, 201, 207, 254, 298, 
329, 333 334, 336, 337, 338, 343, 
346, 348 351, 353, 355, 356, 361, 
363, 364, 374, 389, 402, 414,419, 
425, 427. 
Seasickness, 218. 
Senility, 258. 
Septic diseases, 150. 
Sexual diseases, 199, 226, 312, 319 
—debility, 209, 331— irritation, 
302. 
Skin diseases, 35, 37, 69, 90, 97, 
162, 253, 329, 334, 338, 351, 354, 
355, 359 362 364, 366, 376, 406, 
408, 409, 427, 431— rough, 376 
Small pox, 97. 151. 190, 207. 293, 

389, 408, 412, 417. 
Snuffles, 219. 

Snake bites, 135, 190, 216, 419. 
Sore gums, 203, 350. 
Sore mouth, 49, 117, 138, 162, 
203, 212, 330, 400, 403, 421— 
nursing, 53, 158,360. 
Sore nipples, 331. 
Sore eyes, 330. 
Sore ears, 330. 



442 



CI.INICAI, INDEX. 



Sore throat, 103, 159, 212, 247, 

295, 354, 411, 413— ministers', 

344. 
Sores, 406, 407. 
Somnabulism, 189. 
Spiual disorders, 178, 325. 
Spleen diseases, 129, 151, 192— 

enlarged, 310, 356, 360. 
Spasmodic disorders, 22, 25, 31, 

36, 101, 259, 260, 271, 300, 314 
Spasms, 136, 249, 255, 257, 259, 

305, 307, 311, 314— cystic, 122 

309— anal, 244— urethral, 240, 

244, 309— menstrual, 390— of 

OS uteri, 244 — bowel, 244 — 

bronchial, 336— muscular, 244 

—of heart, 293. 
Sprains, 40. 
Spermatorrhoea, 125, 135, 176, 

194, 199, 218, 309, 310, 319, 340, 

345, 386 
St. Vitus dance, 389. 
Stomach disorders, 219, 260, 374. 
Stomatitis, 369, 400, 403, 423. 
Stings, 74, 135 190, 424. 
Strangury, 114, 122, 132, 137,255. 
Surgery, operations in, 270, 271, 

275, 314, 405, 407, 409, 411, 416. 
Sweating, excessive, 75, 90, 93, 97, 

132, 151, 167,171, 179,209,246, 

373, 424. 
Swellings, 40, 398 — glandular, 

103, 128, 132. 
Syncope, 28 
Syphilis, 31, 37, 68, 92, 95, 97, 98, 

101, 113, 121, 127, 128, 139, 159, 
165, 175, 207, 250, 254, 256, 333, 

334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 



347, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356. 

358, 361, 362, 871, 374, 401, 414, 

416, 419, 421, 427. 
Tabes mesenterica, 346. 
Tape- worm, 396, 397. 
Testes, irritation of, 217. 
Tetter, 408— scaly, 130, 364. 
Tenesmus, 162. 
Tetanus, 38, 190, 241, 256, 271, 

314, 325. 
Teeth, to extract, ]62, 276— loose, 

350— carious, 414, 415. 
Teething, 25, 26, 57, 95, 251, 256, 

307. 
Throat diseases, 40, 97, 161, 213, 

344, 371— irritation of, 113— 

inflammation of, 157, 295, 369 

— constriction of, 34— oedema 

of, 117. 
Thyroid, enlarged, 353 
Toothache, 28, 40, 162,194,207, 

220, 265, 298, 412 
Tonsils, oedema of, 117 -enlarged, 

343 
Tonsillitis, 136, 157, 161, 213, 295, 

377 
Tuberculosis, 171, 202, 365, 409, 

410, 414, 418. 
Tumors, 333. 
Typhomania, 349 
Ulcers, 22, 39, 95, 128, 134, 150, 

154, 162, 163, 177, 203, 207, 214, 

263, 823, 329, 340, 348, 356 357. 

858, 361, 369, 371, 372, 374, 380, 

398, 405, 412, 413— venereal, 

180— in ano, 158— gastric, 255, 

374, 409. 
Ulceration, 39, 121, 329, 334, 343, 



CLINICAL INDKX. 



443 



347, 356, 361, 363, 369, 371, 375, 
381, 402, 403, 410, 413, 414, 418, 
419, 421— intestinal, 110— anal, 
331 — tuberculous, 161 — rectal, 
331 — orificial, 35 — of bladder, 
158 — of septum nasi, 375 — of 
rectum, 22— of os uteri, 323, 
343, 375, 402. 

Uisemia, 62, 91, 92, 282. 

Uric acid, excess of, 80, 142. 

Urine, incontinence of, 115, 125, 
128, 136, 175, 194, 245, 340, 386 
—retention of, 116, 194, 394— 
suppression of, 116, 139. 

Urination, painful, 114. 

Urinary disorders, 122, 134, 138, 
167, 194, 198, 200, 217, 223, 227, 
309, 340, 344, 386, 390, 402— in- 
flammation, 138. 

Urethra, spasm of, 255 — irrita- 
tion of, 110, 217 — inflammation 
of, 110. 

Urethritis, 121, 125, 132, 218, 390. 

Urticaria, 265. 

Uterine disorders, 226, 389, 390 



— inertia, 150 — atony, 115, 255, 
388— subinvolution, 360— ir- 
ritability, 115 — hypertrophy, 
226, 360— enlargement, 320. 

Vaginitis, 118,404. 

Varicocele, 386. 

Veins, varicose, 378, 386. 

Viscera, congestion of, 321 — neu- 
ralgia of, 321. 

Vomiting, 192, 326, 353, 390,412. 
429— of pregnancy, 80, 10 1, 161 , 
169, 188, 192, 218, 295, 312, 322. 

Vulvitis, 369. 

Warts, 39, 83, 421— venereal, 177. 

Weak back, 113. 

White swelling, 134. 

Whooping cough, 115, 230. 247, 
256, 262, 263 266, 303, 309, 311, 
359, 370, 389, 421. 

Worms, d5, 65, 72, 197, 217, 246, 
394, 395, 398. 

Wounds, 22, 32, 212, 225, 407, 
413, 414, 416— corneal, 408— 
poisoned, 412. 

Zymosis, 407, 417. 



444 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



Abies canadensis 

Absinthium 

Absinthin 

Aceta 11 

Acetanilid 

Acetanilide 

Acetanilidum 

Achillea 

Achillea millefolium 

Acid arsenuus 

Acid arsenious 

Acid aromatic sulphuric 

Acid benzoic 

Acid boric 

Acid boracic 

Acid carbolic 

Acid cathartic 

Acid citric 

Acid chlorhydric 

Acid digallic 

Acid dioxysalicylic 

Acid gallic 

Acid gallotannic 

Acid hydrocyanic, diluted.. 

Acid ipecacuanhic 

Acid lobelic 

Acid marine 

Acid muriatic 



PAGE 

, 379 
397 
397 
, 15 
317 
317 
317 
167 
167 
365 
365 
423 
226 
416 
416 
411 
70 
424 
422 
370 
372 
372 
370 
303 
23 
29 
422 
422 



PAGE 

Acid muriatic, diluted 422 

Acid nitric 420 

Acid nitric, diluted 421 

Acid phenic 411 

Acid potassium tartrate 77 

Acid prussic, diluted 303 

Acid salicylic 415 

Acid schlerotic... 391, 384 

Acid sodium carbonate 427 

Acid sulphuric 423 

Acid sulphuric, diluted 423 

Acid sulphurous 417 

Acid tannic..... 370 

Acid tartaric 424 

Acid trioxybenzoic 372 

Acids 420 

Aciduni arsenosum 362 

Acidum benzoicum 226 

Acidum boricum 416 

Acidum boracicum 416 

Acidum carbolicum 411 

Acidum citricum 424 

Acidum gallicum. 372 

Acidum hydrochloricum.... 422 
Acidum hydrochloricum di- 

lutum 422 

Acidum hydrocyanicumdi- 

lutum 303 



SUBJECT INDKX. 



445 



PAGE 

Acidum nitricum 421 

Acidum nitricum diluLum. 421 

Acidum salicylicum 415 

Acidum sulphuricum 423 

Acidum sulphuricum dilu- 

tum 423 

Acidum su'phuricum aro 

maticum 423 

Acidum sulphurosum 417 

Acidum tanuicum 370 

Acidum tartaricum 424 

Aconite 289 

Aconitum 289 

Aconitum napellus 289 

Aconitine 289 

Adeps lanse hydrosus 432 

^sculus 320 

JEsculus glabra 320 

^sculus hippocastanum.... 320 

jEther 273 

Afiican pepper 212 

Agrimonia 137 

Agrimonia eupatoria 137 

Agrimony 137 

Ague weed 97 

Alcohol 185 

Alexandria Senna 69 

Aloe... dS 

Aloe Perryi 5S 

Aloe vera 58 

Aloes 58 

Alom 5S 

Alnus 36i 

Alnus serrulata 364 

Als^onia 154 

Alstonia constncta 154 

Alteratives 327 

Althaea. ll7 



PAGE 

Althaea officinalis 117 

Alum 367 

Alum curd 369 

Alumen 367 

Alumen ustum 368 

Alumen exsiccatum 368 

Aluminii et potassii sulphas 367 
Aluminii et ammonii sul- 
phas 368 

Aluminum and ammonium 

sulphate 368 

Aluminum and potassium 

sulphate 367 

American Aspen 182 

American Columbo 167 

American Hellebore 285 

American Senna 71 

American wormseed 398 

Ammonia alum 368 

Ammonii bromidum 312 

Ammonii carbonas 214 

Ammonii iodidum 351 

Ammonii picras 164 

Ammonium acetate, solu- 
tion of 102 

Ammonium bromide 312 

Ammonium carbonate 214 

Ammonium carbazotate 164 

Ammonium iodide.. 351 

Ammonium picrate 164 

Ammonium sesquicarb 214 

Ammonio-citrate of iron 194 

Ammoniotartrate of iron... 171 

Amyl nitris 265 

Amyl nitrite 265 

Amy gdalis 325 

Amygdalis persica 325 

Analgesine 316 



446 



SUBJECT INDKX. 



PAGE 

Ansesthetics 262 

Anemone Pulsatilla 299 

Anemone pratensis 299 

Anodynes 228 

Antacids 426 

Anthelmintics 393 

Anthemis 93 

Anthemis nobilis 93 

Antiseptics 399 

Antizymotics 399 

Antispasmodics 228, 259 

Antiperiodics 143 

Antibilious Physic 70 

Antifebrin.. 317 

Antifebrine 317 

Antipyrin 316 

Antipyrine 316 

Antipyrinum.. 316 

Antikamnia 319 

Antimony and potassium 

tartrate 41 

Antimonii et potassii tar- 

tras 41 

Aperients 45 

Apis mellifica 116 

Apocynum 36 

Apomorphine hydrochlorate 38 
Apomorphinsehydrochloras 38 

Apocynum cannabinum.... 36 

Apple of Peru 229 

Aqua calcis 428 

Aqua cinnamomi 377 

Aquafortis 420 

Aqua hydrogenii dioxidi.. 410 

Aquae 11, 14 

Aralia hi&pida 139 

Arbor vitse 128 

Arctium Lappa 360 



PA^tE 

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi 122 

Argenti nitras 322 

Argenti nitras dilutus 322 

Argenti nitras fusus 322 

Aristol 417 

Aristolochia reticulata........ 96 

Aristolochia serpentaria 96 

Armoracia 140 

Arnica montana 208 

Arnica flowers 20^ 

Arnicse flores 208 

Arsenic trioxide 365 

Artemisia Absinthium 397 

Artemisia pauciflora 393 

Asafetida 259 

Asafoetida 259 

Asarum 204 

Asarum canadense 204 

Asepsin 404 

Asepsin Soap 406 

Asclepias 88 

Asclepias tuberosa 88 

Asclepias incarnata 100 

Aspidium 397 

Atropia Belladonna. 242 

Atropine 242 

Atropine sulphate 242 

Atropinse sulphas 242 

Auri et sodii chloridum 339 

Australian fever bark 151 

Axioms, therapeutic 9 

Baking soda .., 427 

Balnea 11, 18 

Balsam apple 226 

Balsam of Peru 218 

Balsam of Copaiba.. .. 108 

Bilsamum Peruvianum...... 218 

Balsamodendron myrrha. ., 210 



subje:ct index. 



447 



PAGE 

Baptisia 402 

Baptisia tinctoria 402 

Barbadoes aloes oS 

Barosma betulina Ill 

Barosma crenulata Ill 

Barosma serratifolia Ill 

Baths. 11, 18 

Bayberry bark 202 

Bean of St. Ignatius 195 

Beach's diaphoretic powder 106 

Bearberry 122 

Bear's foot 360 

Belladonna 242 

Black Cohosh 387 

Biack Hellebore. 62 

Black mustard 27 

Biack pepper 223 

Black root 56 

Black Sampson.., 418 

Black snakeroot 387 

Bloodroot 33 

Bloodwort 33 

Blueberry root 389 

Blue Cohosh 389 

Blue Flag 352 

Blue Gentian 156 

Bluestone 39 

Blue vitriol 39 

Bird pepper 212 

Bismuth subnitrate 374 

Bismuthi subnitras 374 

Bitter apple 54 

Bitter cucumber , 54 

Bitter gourd 54 

Bitter root 36 

Bittersweet 252 

Boneset 97 

Borax 403 



PAGE 

Brayera 396 

Brassica alba 27 

Brassica nigra 27 

Bristly sarsaparilla. 139 

Broad leaved Asarabacca.... 204 

Bromoform 262 

Bromoformum 262 

Broom 117 

Bryonia 296 

Bryonia dioica 296 

Bryonia alba 296 

Bryony 296 

Buchu Ill 

-sBuckeye 320 

Bugle weed 305 

Burdock 360 

Burnt alum.. 368 

Burning bush 165 

Butternut 68 

Butterfly weed 8S 

Button snakeroot 112 

Cactus. 282 

Cactus grandiflorus 282 

Caffea 261 

Caffea Arabica 261 

Caffeine 261 

Calabar bean 324 

Calcined magnesia 80 

Calcium sulphide 363 

Calciumhydrate, solution of 428 

Calendula 225 

Calendula officinalis.. 225 

Calumba 169 

Calx sulphurata 362 

Camphor 221 

Camphora 221 

Camphora monobromata.... 304 
Canada Erigeron 373 



448 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



PAGE 

Canada Fleabane. 376 

Canada hemp 36 

Canada pitch. 380 

Canada pine 379 

Canada snakeroot 204 

Cannabis sativa 254 

Cannabis 254 

Cannabis indica 254 

Caudleberry 202 

Cape Aloies 58 

Capsicum.. 212 

Capsicum fastigiatum 212 

Cardiacs 227 

Carolina pink. 394 

Carron Oil 429 

Carum ajowan 406 

Cascara sagrada 65 

Cassia acutifolia 69 

Cassia angustifolia 69 

Cassia marilandica 71 

Cabsia Cinnamon 377 

C.istor oil 71 

Cataplasmata 11, 13 

Cathartics 45 

Caulophyllum 389 

Caulophyllum thalictroides 389 

Cayenne Pepper 212 

Cerata 11, 13 

Cerates U, 13 j 

Cereus grand iflorus ..... ..... 282 ! 

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha 23 

Cerii oxalas 322 

Cerium oxalate 322 

Ceylon Cinnamon 377 ; 

Chamselirium luteum 183 

Chamomilla. 94 

Chenopodium 398 

Chenopodium ambrosoides.. 398 



PAGE 

Chimaphila 120 

Chimaphila umbellata 120 

Chinese Cinnamon 876 

Chionanthus 363 

Chionanthus virginica 363 

Chittem bark 65 

Chloral 312 

Chloral hydrate 3i2 

Chloral formamide 258 

Chloralamid ., 258 

Chloralamide 258 

Chloroform 267 

Chloroformum 267 

Chloramid 258 

Chloride of gold and sodium 339 

Cholagogues 46 

Christmas rose 62 

Cimicifuga 387 

Cimicifuga racemosa 387 

Cinchona 144 

Cinchona, yellow 144 

Cinchona, red 144 

Cinchona calisaya 144 

Cinchona officinalis 144 

Cinchonine 144 

Cinchonidine 144 

Cinchonidine sulphate 144 

Cinchodidinee sulphas 144 

Cinnamon 377 

Cinnamomum 377 

Cinnamomum camphora.... 221 

Cinnamomum cassia 377 

Cinnamomum saigonicum.. 377 
Cinnamomum zeylanicum.. 377 

Citrullus 137 

Citrullus Colocynthis 54 

Citrullus vulgaris 137 

Cldviceps purpurea 384 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



449 



PAGE 

Clavus secalinus.. 384 

Cleavers 127 

Coca 159 

Cocaine 159 

Cocaine hydrochiorate 159 

CocainsB hydrochloras 159 

Cochlearia armoracia 140 

Codeina 232 

Codeine 231, 232 

Cod liver oil 345 

Coffee.... 261 

Colchicum 66 

Colchicum autumnale 66 

Colchicine 66 

Colic root 112 

CoUinsonia... 343 

Collinsonia canadensis 343 

Collodia 11, 16 

Collodions 11, 16 

Colocynth 54 

Colutnbo, American 167 

Commiphora myrrha 210 

Commonsalt 40 

Confections 11, 13 

Confectiones 11, 13 

Conium 256 

Conium maculatum 256 

Conine 256 

Convallaria 280 

Convallaria majalis 280- 

Convallarin 280 

Convallamarin 280 

Convolvulus Scammonia.... 84 

Convolvulin 63 

Copaiba 108 

Copaiba Langsdorffii 108 

Copper sulphate... 39 

Corn smut 391 



I " PAGE 

I Cornus 182 

I Cornus florida 182 

j Cuiydalis 356 

Cory dalis canadensis.. 356 

Cotton root 391 

Cowtail 376 

Cranesbill 381 

Cream of tartar 77 

Crocus 99 

Crocus sativus 99 

Croton oil 72 

Croton Tiglium 72 

Cubeb. 124 

Cubeba 124 

Cucumus Citrullus 137 

Cucurbita Citrullus 137 

Cupri sulphas 39 

Cupric sulphate 39 

Cusso 396 

Cytisus Scoparius 117 

Damiana 170 

Dandelion 67 

Datura Stramonium 229 

Deadly Nightshade 242 

Decocta 11, 15 

Decoctions 11, 15 

Delphinine 216 

Delphinium Staphisagria.... 316 

Densoline 432 

Devil's bit 112 

Diaphoretics 87 

Diaphoretic powder 1C6 

Dicentra canadensis 356 

Diethylsulphon - dimethyl - 

methane 250 

Digitalis 277 

Digitalis purpurea 277 

Diluents... 430 



450 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



PAGE 

Diluted nitrate of silver 322 

Dioscorea 101 

Dioscorea villosa 101 

Disease 6 

Disease, expression of 7 

Dithymol diiodide.. 417 

Diuretin 141 

Diuretics 107 

Drastics 45 

Dried alum 368 

Drosera 262 

Drosera rotundifolia 262 

Dryopteris Filix-mas 397 

Dryopteris marginalis 397 

Dogwood 182 

Dover's Powder 23, 103 

Dulcamara 252 

Dwarf Elder 139 

Ecballium Elaterium 60 

Ecboline 384 

Echinacea 418 

Echinacea angustifolia.. 418 

Elaterin 60 

Elaterium 60 

Elaterinum 60 

Elecampane 166 

Elixirs 11, 15 

Elixiria 11, 15 

Emetic weed. 29 

Emetics 20 | 

Emeto-cathartics 46 I 

Emetine 23 ' 

Emmenagogues 383 

Emmenagogue-cathartics.... 46 

Emollients.... 430 

Emplastra 11, 14 

Epilobium 380 [ 

Epilobium angustifolium... 380 



r.\GE 

Epsomsalt 75 

Ergot 384 

Ergot of rye 384 

Ergota 384 

Ergotine 384 

Erigeron 376 

Erigeron canadensis .. 376 

Erigeron, oil of..... 376 

Eryngium 134 

Eryngium yuccsefolium...... 134 

Eryngium aquaticum 134 

Erythroxylon Coca 159 

Eserine 324 

Ether 273 

Eucalyptus ., 152 

Eucalyptus globulus 152, 409 

Eucalyptol 152, 409 

Eupatorium 97 

Eupatorium aromaticum.... 260 

Eupatorium perfoliatum 97 

Eupatorium purpureum .... 113 
Euphorbia Ipecacuanha...... 43 

Euphorbia corollata 42 

Euphrasia 219 

Euphrasia officinalis 219 

Euonymus 165 

Euonymusatropurpureus... 165 

Extracts 11, 12 

Extracts, fluid 11, ,16 

Extracta 11, 12 

Extracta fiuida 11, 16 

Eyebright , 219 

False Colt's foot 204 

Ferri bromidum 181 

Ferri et ammonii citras 174 

Ferri et ammonii tartras 171 

Ferri ferrocyanidum 181 

Ferri oxidum hydratum 177 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



451 



PAGE 

Ferri phosphas solubilis 181 

Ferri sulphas 179 

Ferri sulphas exsiccatus 179 

Ferri sulphas granulatus 179 

Ferri subcarbonas 178 

Ferric chloride, tincture of.. 176 

Ferric ferrocyanide 181 

Ferric hydrate. ... 177 

Ferric hydroxide 177 

Ferric phosphate, soluble... 181 
Ferric sulphate, solution of 180 
Ferric sulphate, Basic, solu- 
tion of 180 

Ferrous bromide 181 

Ferrous iodide, syrup of 175 

Ferrous subcarbonate 178 

Ferrous sulphate 179 

Ferrous sulphate, dried 179 

Ferrous sulphate, granu- 
lated 179 

Ferrum 172 

Ferrum reductum 173 

Ferula foetida 259 

Filix mas 397 

Flag lily 352 

Flesh-colored Asclepias 100 

Fleur de luce 352 

Flowers of Benjamin 226 

Flowers of sulphur 328 

Fluid extracts 11, 16 

Fowler's solution 365 

Foxglove 277 

Fragrant Sumach 125 

Frasera 167 

Frasera Walteri 167 

Fraxinus Ornus 85 

Fringe tree 363 

Gadus morrhua 345 



PAGE 

Galium 127 

Galium aparlne 127 

Gamboge 83 

Gambogia 83 

Ganga 254 

Garget... , 341 

Garcinia Hanburii 83 

Gentian 155 

Gentiana 155 

Gentiana lutea 155 

Gentiana ochroleuca 155 

Gentiana Cateslsei 156 

Geranium 381 

Geranium maculatuiu 381 

Gelsemium sempervirens.... 306 

Gelsemium 306 

Gelsemine 306 

Ginseng 168 

Glauber's salt 81 

Glycerin 430 

Glycerines 11, 15 

Glycerinum 430 

Glycerites... 11, 15, 430 

Glycerita 11, 15 

Glycerole 430 

Granatnm 395 

Gravel Root 113 

Green vitriol 179 

Ground Holly 120 

Gold and sodium chloride... 339 

Goldenseal 156 

Gossypium 391 

Gossypium herbaceum 391 

Guaiac 354 

Guaiaci lignum 354 

Guaiacum wood 354 

Guaiacum resina 354 

Guaiacum officinale 353 



452 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



Guaiacol ..•••• 

Gaaiacolum 

Ganjah 

Hgematoxylon..... 

Hsematoxylon campeachian 

um 

Hagenia abyssinica 

Hamamelis 

Hamamelis virginica. 

Hartshorn ... 

Hedeoma 

Hedeoma pulegoides 

Helonias 

Helonias dioica 

Helleborus 

Helleborus niger 

Hemlock 

Hemp 

Henbane 

Hepatic Aloes 

Hippocastanum 

Hoflfman's Anodyne 

Honduras sarsaparilla 

Honeys 11, 

Horehound 

Horse chestnut 

Horseradish 

Horsetail 

Horse Nettle 

Horse weed 

Horse balm 

Hydragogues, renal 

Hydragogues, cathartic 

Hydrastis 

Hydrastis canadensis 

Hydrastis, Lloyd's 

Hyoscyamus 

Hyoscyamus niger 



PAGE 

418 
418 
254 
381 

381 
396 
378 
378 
214 
203 
203 
183 
183 

62 

62 
256 
254 
248 

58 
320 
276 
353 

18 
221 
320 
140 
376 
254 
343 
343 
107 

45 I 
156 j 
156 , 
156 I 
248 I 
248 I 



PAGE 

Hyoscyamine. 248 

Hyoscine * 248 

Hydrogen dioxide solution.. 410 
Hydrogen peroxide, solution 

of 410 

Hydrogen potassium car- 
bonate 426 

Hydrous wool-fat 432 

Hunn's Life Drops 220 

Ignatia. =....... 195 

India Senna .. 69 

Indian apple 47 

Indian hemp 36, 254 

Indian paint 33 

Indian pink 394 

Indian Poke 235 

Indian sage 97 

Indian tobacco,.... 29 

Infusa 11, 14 

Infusions 11, 14 

Inula 166 

Inula helenium 166 

Introduction 5 

Iodine 347 

Iodine, compound tincture 

of 350 

Iodine, tincture of 3^8 

Iodoform 357 

lodoformum 357 

lodol 414 

lodum 347 

Ipecac 23 

Ipecac, compound powder of 103 
Ipecac and opium, powder of 103 
Ipecac and opium, com- 
pound powder of. 106 

Ipecacuanha 23 

Ipecacuanha spurge 43 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



453 



PAGE 

Ipomea Jalapa .... 63 

Iron 172 

Iron, reduced 173 

Iron, Quevenne's 173 

Iron by hydrogen 173 

Iron bromide .... 181 

Iron ferrocyanide 181 

Iron sulphate 179 

Iron phosphate 181 

Iron phosphate, soluble 181 

Iron persulphate 180 

Iron persulphate solution... 180 

Iron, soluble citrate of 174 

Iron iodide, syrup of 175 

Iron, hydrated oxide of 177 

Iron, hydrated peroxide of... 177 
Iron, hydrated sesquioxide of 177 

Iron, tincture of 176 

Iron chloride, tincture of 176 

Iron muriate, tincture of 176 

Iron, muriated tincture of... 176 
Iron and ammonium citrate 174 
Iron and ammonium tar 

trate 171 

Iris 352 

Iris versicolor 352 

Iso-amyl nitrite 265 

Jaborandi 90 

Jalap 63 

Jalapa 63 

Jalapurgin 63 

Jamaica dogwood 257 

Jamaica Sarsaparilla 353 

Jamestown weed 229 

Jateorhiza palmata 169 

Jeffersonia. 361 

Jeffersonia diphylla 361 

Jerusalem oak 398 



Jervine 

Jimson weed , 

Jimpson weed 

Juglans 

Juglans cinerea 

Juniper 

Juniperus 

Juniperus communis 

Juniperus Sabina 

Kalium iodatum 

Knobroot 

Kombe arrow-poi*on 

Kousso 

Kusso 

Lac sulphur 

Lanoline. 

Lappa 

Lappa officinalis 

Large flowering Cornel 

Large flowering spurge 

Laxatives 

Leontin.. 

Leopard's Bane 

Leptandra 

Liatris 

Liatris spicata 

Light magnesia. 

Lily of the Valley 

Lime water 

Lime, solution of 

Liniments 11, 

Linimenta 11, 

Liquors 11, 

Liquores 11, 

Liquor ammonii acetatis.... 

Liquor calcis 

Liquor ferri subsulphatis .... 
Liquor ferri tersulphatis .... 



PAGE 

285 

229 

229 

68 

68 

140 

140 

140 

223 

333 

343 

281 

396 

396 

328 

432 

360 

360 

182 

42 

45 

390 

208 

56 

112 

112 

80 

280 

428 

428 

18 

18 

16 

16 

102 

428 

180 

180 



454 



SUBj:eCT INDEX. 



PAGE 

Lisbon sarsaparilla. 353 

Lithii Benzoas 141 

Lithii Bromidum 142 

Lithium bromide 142 

Lithium benzoate 141 

Lobelia 29 

Lobelia inflata 29 

Lobeline 29 

Logwood ., 881 

Long Buchu Ill 

Lotions 11, 18 

Lotiones 11, 18 

Lozenges 11, 13 

Lungwort 321 

Lunar caustic 322 

Lycopus 305 

Lycopus virginicus 305 

Macrotys 387 

Macrotin 387 

Magnesia 80 

Magnesia, carbonate of 83 

Magnesia, oxide of 80 

Magnesia, sulphate of 75 

Magnesia usta.. 80 

Magnesium carbonate 83 

Magnesium oxide. ,, 80 

Magnesium sulphate 75 

Magnesii carbonas 83 

Magnesii sulphas 75 

Male fern 397 

Male shield-fern 397 

Mandrake 47 

Manna o S5 

Mannit 86 

Marigold...... 225 

Marrubium 221 

Marrubium vulgare 221 

Marshmallow 117 



PAGE 

Marsh Gentian , 156 

Mater aecalis .'. 384 

Materia medica... 5 

Matricaria 94 

Matricaria Chamomilla 91 

May-apple 47 

Meadow Saffron 66 

Medicine, forms of 11 

Medicines, action of 5 

Medicines, application of.... 10 

Medicines, specific 11, 17 

Medicated waters 11, 14 

Medicated wines 11, 18 

Melaleuca Leucadendron.... 219 

Mellita 11, 18 

Mentha piperita. 265 

Mentha arvensis var. piper- 

ascens 265 

Mentha canadensis var. glab- 

rata 265 

Menthol 263 

Metadioxy benzene 408 

Metallic iron 172 

Methozine 316 

Methyl theobromine 261 

Mexican sarsaparilla 353 

Milfoil .167 

Milk of sulphur 328 

Mitigated caustic 322 

Mitchella ....o 362 

Mitchella repens..... 362 

Misturse 11, 15 

Mixtures 11, 15 

Momordica 226 

Momordica Balsamina 226 

Monarda punctata 406 

Monobromated camphor 301 

Monkshood 289 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



455 



PAGE 

Mousel'sSalt 180 

Monsel's Solution ISO 

Morphine 231 

Morphine sulphate 232 

Morphinse sulphas 232 

Mother tinctures 11, 17 

Moulded silver nitrate 322 

Mucilages 11, 15 

Mucilagines 11, 15 

Mullein 133 

Mustard 27 

Mustard, volatile oil of 27 

Myrica 202 

Myrica cerifera 202 

Myrrha 210 

Narcotics., 228 

Nascent wintergreen 404 

Native Quinine of Australia 154 

Nitre 135 

Night-blooming Cereus 282 

Nitre, Sweet Spirit of 138 

Nitrous ether, spirit of 138 

Nux vomica 190 

Ohio Buckeye 320 

Ointment, petroleum ... 432 

Ointment, soft petroleum... 432 
Ointment, hard petroleum.. 432 

Ointments 11, 13 

Oleoresins 11, 13 

Oleoresinse 11, 13 

Old Man's Beard 363 

Olive oil 74 

Oil of Cajuput 219 

Oil of Santal 132 

Oil of Sandal Wood 132 

Oil of Turpentine 196 

Oil of vitriol 423 

Olea europcea... 74 



PAGE 

Oleum Cajuputi 219 

Oleum erigerontis 376 

Oleum hepatis morrhuse &15 

Oleum jecoris aselli 345 

Oleum morrhuas 345 

Oleum Olivse 74 

Oleum Ricini 71 

Oleum Santali 132 

Oleum Terebinthinae 196 

Oleum Tiglii. 72 

One-berry. 362 

Orange Swallow wort SS' 

Origanum 224 

Origanum vulgare 224 

Opium 231 

Panax 168 

Panax quinquefolium 168 

Papaver somniferum 231 

Papoose root 389 

Para sarsaparilla 358 

Para-acetamido phenetol.... 318 

Parsley 131 

Parturients 383 

Partridge berry 362 

Passiflora 257 

Passi flora incarnata..... 257 

Pa>slon Flower 257 

Pasque flower 299 

Pelletierine 395 

Pelletierine tannate 396 

Pennsylvania Sumach 378 

Pennyroyal 203 

Penthorum 218 

Penthorum sedoides 218 

Pepper. 223 

Pernambuco Jaborandi 90 

Persica vulgaris 325 

Peruvian bark 144 



456 



SUBJECT INDEX, 



PAGE 

Petrolatum 432 

Petrolatum, hard 432 

Petrolatum, soft 432 

Petrolatum, liquid , 432 

Petrolatum molle 432 

Petrolatum spissum 432 

Petrolatum liquidum 432 

Petroselinum 131 

Petroselinum sativum 131 

Phenacetin 318 

Phenacetine. 318 • 

•Phenacetin um 318 

Phenazon 316 

Phenol 411 

Phenyl-acetamide 317 

Phenyl salicylate 123 

Phosphorus 198 

Physostigma 324 

Physostigma venenosum 324 

Physostigmine 324 

Phytolacca 341 

Phytolacca decandra 341 

Pigeon berry 341 

Pills 11, 12 

Pilulse 11, 12 

Pilocarpus 90 

Pilocarpus selloanus 90 

Pilocarpus jaborandi 90 

Pilocarpine 90 | 

Pilocarpine hydrochlorat^^... 92 ' 
Pilocarpinse hydrochloras . 92 ■ 

Pink Eoot 394 | 

Pinus canadensis 379 

Pious palustris 196 

Piper 223 

Piper Cubeba 124 , 

Piper Nigrum 223 

Pipsissewa 120 



PAGE 

Piscidia 257 

Piscidia erythrina 257 

Pix canadensis 380 

Plasters 11, 14 

Pleurisy root 88 

Podophyllum.. 47 

Podophyllum, resin of 47 

Podophyllum pel Ih turn. 47 

Podophyllin 47 

Pod Pepper.... 212 

Poison Nut.. 190 

Poison Ivy 205 

Poison Flag 352 

Polygonum 222 

Polygonum hydropiper- 

oides ,. 222 

Poly mnia 360 

Polymnia uvedalia. 360 

Poke root 341 

Pomegranate 395 

Poplar 182 

Populus 182 

Populus tremuloides 182 

Potash alum 867 

Potash, acetate of 129 

Potash, bicarbonate of 426 

Potash, chlorate of 399 

Potash, iodide of 383 

Potash, permanganate of 413 

Potassii acetas 129 

Potassii bicarbonas 426 

Potassii bitartras 77 

Potassii bromidum 309 

Potassii chloras 399 

Potassii et sodii tartras 79 

Potassii iodidum 333 

Potassii nitras 135 

Potassii permanganas 413 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



457 



PAGE 

Potassium, acid carbonate of 426 

Potassium acetate 129 

Potassium alum 367 

Potassium arsenite, solution 

of 365 

Potassium bicarbonate 426 

Potassium bitartrate 77 

Potassium bromide 309 

Potassium chlorate 399 

Potassium iodide 333 

Potassium nitrate 135 

Potassium permanganate.... 413 
Potassium and sodium tar- 
trate 79 

Poultices 11, 13 

Powders 11 

Precipitated sulphur.. 328 

Prickly ash 224 

Prince's Pine 120 

Protectives 430 

Prune...... 85 

Prunum 85 

Prunus domestica 85 

Prunus virginiana 170 

Prunus serotina 170 

Prunus persica 325 

Prussian Blue 181 

Prussian Blue, insoluble 181 

Ptelea 168 

Ptelea trifoliata 168 

Puke weed 29 

Pulsatilla 299 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhse et Opii. 103 
Pulvis Ipecd,caanh8e com- 

positus 103 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhas et Opii 

compositus 106 

PulvereBoo..... 11 



Punica granatum 

Purgatives 

Pussy Willow Buds 

Pyrrol tetrioxide 

Quaking Aspen.. 

Quaker Buttons 

Queen's delight 

Queen 's root « , 

Quinine 

Quinine sulphate 

Quinin£e sulphas 

Quinidine 

Queen of the Meadow 

Raccoon berry 

Rattle weed , 

Rattlesnake weed , 

Rectified spirit 

Red clover 

Red Alder 

Red puccoon 

Red River snakeroot 

Reduced iron 

Refrigerants 

Remedies, classifications of.. 

Renal depurants 

Resins 11, 

Resinae 11, 

Resorcin 

Resorcinum 

Resorcinol 

Restoratives 

Rhamnus purshiana 

Rheum 

Rheum officinale 

Rheumatism weed 

Rhubarb 

Rhus 

Rhus aromatica 



PAGE 

, 395 

45 

319 

414 

182 

190 

837 

337 

144 

144 

144 

144 

113 

47 

387 

387 

185 

859 

364 

33 

96 

173 

46 

19 

IO7 

13 

13 

408 

40 3 

408 

143 

65 

51 

51 

120 

51 

205 

125 



458 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



Rhus glabra 873 

Rhus radicans 205 

Rhus toxicodendron 205 

Rich weed 343 

Ricinus communis 71 

Rio Negro sarsaparilla 353 

Rio Janiero Jaborandi 90 

Rochelle salt 79 

Roman Chamomile 93 

Rose Bay 380 

Sabal 225 

Sabal serrulata 225 

Sabina 223 

Sacred bark 65 

Saflfron 99 

Saigon Cinnamon 377 

Sal volatile.... 214 

Salicin 163 

Salixalba 163 

Salix nigra aments 319 

Salix nigra 319 

Salol 123 

Salt 40 

Saltpetre 135 

Sanguinaria 33 

Sanguinaria canadensis 33 

Sanguinarine 33 

Sanguinarine nitrate 33 

Sandal Wood, oil of. 132 

Santalum album 132 

Santonin 393 

Santoninum 393 

Santonica 393 

Sarsaparilla 353 

Savine 223 

Saw Palmetto 225 

Scammony 84 

Scammonium 84 



PAGE 

Schleromucin 384 

Scilla 118 

Scoke 341 

Scoparius 117 

Sea Onion 118 

Sea salt..., 40 

Secale cereale 384 

Secale cornutum 384 

Secale clavatum 384 

Sedatives 284 

Seidlitz Powder 79 

Senna 69 

Senna, Alexandria 69 

Senna, India 69 

Senna and Jalap, compound 

powder of 70 

Serpentaria 96 

Short Buchu Ill 

Silver nitrate. 822 

Silver leaf 337 

Sinapis 27 

Smartweed 222 

Smilax officinalis.. 353 

Smilax medica 353 

Smilax pa pyracea 853 

Smooth Buckeye 320 

Smooth Alder 364 

Smooth Sumach 378 

Socotrine Aloes 5^. 

Soda, bicarbonate of 427 

Soda, phosphate of 7-> 

Sod 86 et potassse tartras 7 ' 

Sodii acetas 131 

Sodii bicarbonas 427 

Sodii boras 408 

Sodii chloridum.. 40 

Sodii phosphas 78 

Sodii sulphas. 81 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



459 



PAGE 

Sodii sulphis 407 

Sodium acetate 131 

Sodium bicarbonate 4127 

Sodium borate 403 

Sodium biborate 403 

Sodium chloride 40 

Sodium orthophosphate 78 

Sodium phosphate 78 

Sodium sulphate 81 

Sodium sulphite 407 

Solanum Dulcamara. 252 

Solanum carolinense. 254 

Sjlanine 252 

Solnine 254 

Solutio 11, 16 

Solutions 11, 16 

Sparteine 117 

Specific medicines 11, 17 

Specifics — ipecac 23, lobelia 29 
sanguinaria 33, apocynum 
cannabinum 36, podophyllum 
47, rheum 51, leptandra 56, 
elaterium 61, jalap 63, colchi 
cum 66, anthemis 93, matii- 
caria 94, eupatorium perfoli 
atum 97, eupatorium purpu 
reum 116, apis 116, cinchona 
145, eucalyptus 152, alstonia 
constricta 154, hydrastis 156, 
coca 159, salix alba 163, euony- 
mus 165, inula 156, frasera 167, 
ptelea 168, damiana 170, pru- 
nus virginiana 170, helonias 
183, rhus 205, arnica 208, sta- 
phisagria 216, sabal scrrulata 
225, belladonna 242, hyoscy- 
amus 248, dulcamara 252, so- 
lanum carolinense 254, can- 



nabis indica 254, passiflora 257, 
cofiee 261, drosera 262, digi- 
talis 277, convallaria majalis 
280, strophanttius 281, cactus 
grandiflorus 282, veratrum 285, 
aconite 289, bryonia 296, Pul- 
satilla 299, lycopus 305, gel- 
semium 306,salix nigraaments 

319, sesculus hippocastanum 

320, sesculus glabra 320, stil- 
lingia 337, phytolacca 341, col- 
linsonia 343, iris versicolor 352, 
polymnia 360, chionanthus 
363, hamamelis 378, urtica 379, 
pinus canadensis 380, geran- 
ium 381, ergot 384, macrotys 
387, gossypium 391, echinacea 
418. 

PAGE 

Spigelia 394 

Spigelia marilandica 394 

Spirit of Mindererus 102 

Spirit of Nitre 420 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether 138 

Spirit of Sea Salt 422 

Spirit of Wine..... 185 

Spirits , 11, 16 

Spiritu? 11, 16 

Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrosi 138 

Spiritus Nitri Dulcis 138 

Spindle Bush 165 

Spurred Rye 384 

Squaw vine 

Squaw weed 

Squaw rcot. 

Squill 

.Squirting cucumber 

Staphisagiii 



.... 362 
387 
.... 389 
.... 118 
.... 60 
... 216 
Starwort 183 



460 



SUBJECT inde:x. 



PAGE 

Stavesacre 216 

Sticta 321 

Sticta pulmonaria 321 

Stiliingia 337 

Stillingia sylvatica 337 

Stimulants... - 184 

Stinkweed 229 

Stinging nettle..... 379 

Stoneroot 343 

Stramonium 229 

Strophanthus... 231 

Strophanthus hispidus 281 

Strophanthin 281 

Strychnina 190 

Strychnine 190 

Strychnine sulphate ........ . 191 

Strychninse sulphas 191 

Strychnos Nux vomica 190 

Strychnos Ignatia 195 

Sublimed sulphur 323 

Sulphonal 250 

Sulphur 327 

Sulphur lotum 328 

Sulphur prsecipitatum. 328 

Sulphur sublimatum 328 

Sulphuret of lime 362 

Sulphurated lime 362 

Sulphuric ether 273 

Sumach 373 

Sundew... 262 

Suppositoria 11, It 

Suppositories 11, 14 

Swamp Alder 361: 

Swamp Hellebore 285 

Swamp milkweed 100 

Sweet Spirit of Nitre 138 

Sweet Sumach 125 

Syrupi 11, 18 1 



Syrups.... 11, 18 

Syrupus ferri iodidi 175 

Table salt 40 

Tablets 11, 12 

Tag Alder 364 

Tamarind 85 

Tamarindus.... 85 

Tamarindus indica 85 

Tampico sarsaparilla 353 

Tanoin... 370 

Taraxacum... 67 

Taraxacum officinale 67 

Tartar emetic. 41 

Tartrated soda 79 

Tartrated antimony 41 

Tartarized antimony 41 

Tetanies 185 

Tetraiodopyrrol 414 

Texas snakeroot 96 

Theobromine sodiosalicy late 141 
Theobromine and sodium 

salicylate 141 

Therapeutics 5 

Therapeutic axioms 9 

Thornapple 229 

Thorough wort 97 

Thousand Leaf 167 

Thuja occidentalis 128 

Tinctures 11, 17 

Tinctures of fresh herbs...ll, 17 
Tinctures, Homoeopathic 

Mother ....11, 17 

Tinctura 11, 17 

Tinctura ferri chloridi. 176 

Tincturse herbarum recen- 

tium 11, 17 

Thymus vulgaris 406 

Thymol 406 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



461 



PAGE 

Toluifera Pareirse 218 

Tonics 143 

Tribromomethane 262 

rrifoliam 359 

Trifolium pratense 359 

Tritnethyl-xan thine 261 

Triturations 11, 12 

Triturationes 11, 12 

Troches 11, 13 

Trochisci 11, 13 

Trumpet weed 113 

Tsuga canadensis 379 

Turkey corn 356 

Tarnera aphrodisiaca 170 

Turpentine, oil of 196 

Turpentine, spirits of 196 

Twinleaf 361 

Ungaenta 11, 13 

Unicorn root 183 

Upland Sumach 373 

Urginea maritima 118 

Urtica 379 

Urtica dioica 379 

Uritiiago.. 391 

Ustilago maidis 391 

Uva Ursi 122 

Uvedalia 360 

Valerian 260 

Valeriana 260 | 

Valeriana officinalis 260 ' 

Vaseline 432 

Vera Cruz sarsaparilla 353 

Veratrum 285 

Veratrum viride 285 

Veratroidine 285 

Verbascum 133 

Verbascum thapsus 133 

Veronica virginica 56 

Vinegars 11, 15 



PAGK 

Vini medicata 11, 18 

Virginia Stone crop 218 

Virginia snakeroot 96 

Vitiiol, oil of , 423 

Vomit weed 29 

Wafer Ash 168 

Wahoo 165 

Washes 11, 18 

Washed sulphur 328 

Water Eryngo 134 

Water pepper 222 

Waters, medicated... 11, 14 

Watermelon seeds 137 

I Waxberry 202 

I Wax Myrtle 202 

i White arsenic 365 

i White bismuth 374 

White Liquid Physic 82 

White mustard 27 

White Poplar 182 

White snakeroot 260 

White Walnut 68 

White vitriol 21 

Wickup 380 

Wild Cherry 170 

Wild Ginger 204 

Willow herb 380 

Wild Indigo 402 

Wild Ipecac 43 

Wild Lemon 47 

Wines, medicated 11, 18 

Wild Marjoram 224 

Wild Yam 101 

Wintergreen 120 

Witch Hazel. 378 

Wolfbane 289 

Wormgrass 394 

Wormwood 397 

Wormseed 398 

X'-inthoxylum 224 

Xanthoxylum Americanum 224 
Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercu 

lis 224 

Yarrow 167 

Yellow Jasmine 306 

Zinci sulphas 21 

Zinc sulphate 21 




DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 



AND- 



lE^I^IOE-LIST 



•OF- 



Eclectic ^ Text-Books. 



FOR SALE BY 




MEDICAL PUBIISHERS, 



301 Plum Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, 

MAY 1, 1895. 
Any Book in this List sent, post-paid, on receipt of Price. 




[S a school of medicine we profess to have a distinctive practice, 
unlike either our old school or homoeopathic neighbors. We 
claim to use different remedies, or in different form and dose, 
and for different effects. We boldly claim a more successful 
practice than either of our competitors, and this claim can only be based 
upon different principles, a different therapeutics, and a different materia 
medica. 

We must, therefore, have distinctive books which clearly state our 
methods of practice. Old-school works will not serve this purpose, 
neither will homoeopathic. With the pretensions we make, if we can not 
show that we have such works, and depend upon them, we are frauds of 
the first magnitude. 

In the early days of Eclecticism, the need of text-books was clearly 
seen, and great sacrifices were made to furnish them. The writers toiled 
without pay, and to publish the earlier works they practiced the most 
rigid economy for years to command the money. By these meana we had 
Beach's works, Jones and Morrow's Practice, King's Dispensatory, and 
some others. The making of books was not an easy nor a profitable job. 

Now we have a full list of text-books, or books of reference, and by 
frequent revision they are kept fully up to our practice of to-day. They 
have been very successful, more so than any American, books in the market, 
and this is the best evidence of their value. They are bought by all schools 
of medicine, and when bought they are brought into active use. 



ECLECTIC TEXT-BOOKS. 



BEACH, WOOSTER, M. D. 

The Founder of Eclecticism. 

The American Practice. 

1vol. 8vo; 873 pages; sheep. Price $4.50. 



ELLINGWOOD, PINLBY, M. D. 

Professor of Chemistry i.i Beuiiett College of Eclectic Medicine. 

Annual of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 

1890, Vol. 1. 8vo; 337 pages; cloth. Price $2 00. 

1891, Vol. IL 8vo; 425 pages; cloth. Price $2.35. 

GOS3, I. J. M., M. D. 

Professor of Practice of Medicine in thi Gjorgia College of Eolectic Medicine and Surgery. 

Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Special Therapeutics. 

8vo, 5S6 pages; cloth, price 13.50; sheep, $4.50. 

The Practice of Medicine; or, The Specific Art of Healing. 

8vo, 569 pages; cloth, price $3 50; sheep, $4 50. 

HOWE. A. JACKSON, M. D. 

Late Professor of Surgery in the Etlectic Medic.tl Institute, CinoinnatL 

•Trof. Howe was recognized as cue of the ablest teachers in this rounlry, and an opcrati.ig 

surgeon with but few peers in the West." 

The Art and Science of Surgery. 

Revised edition. 8vo, 886 pages; sheep. Price $7 00, 

Diagnosis and Treatment of Dislocations and Fractures 

Fourth edition. 8vo, 426 pages ; sheep. Price $4.00. 

Operative Gynaecology. 

8vo, 360 pages; sheep. Price $4 00. 

JEANCON, J. A., M. D. 

Professor of Pathology in the Eclectic Medical institute, Cincinnati. 

Pathological Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis. 

Royal folio, 100 full pige Colored Illustrations, 100 pages of text; 
half morocco. Price $20.00. 

Diseases of the Sexual Organs, (male and female.) 

Royal folio, SO full-pige C.)l()red Illustrations, 160 pages of text; 
half morocco. Price $20.00. 

KING, JOHN, M. D. 

Late Profsssor of Obstetrir-s in th<; E--lectic M^'diral Insf tiit'^. Cincinnati. 

"Prof. Jrthii King, who V as a teacher f 'r more thnn half p reijtuiy. is tio -w 11 known t> 

require juore itian a catalague of Lis books." 1 hey are us follows : 

The American Dispensatory. With Piipplemeut by J. U. Lloyd. 
Seventeenth edition. 8 vo, 1,611 pages; sheep. Price $10.00. 

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Diseases. 



Eclectic tkxt-books. 



( KING, JOHN, Continued.) 

The New American Family Physician, 

>;vo, 1012 pages; morocco. Price $6 60. 

The American Eclectic Obstetrics. 

llevised, re written and enlarged, by E.. C. Wintermute, ]\E. 1). 
Nintli edition. Sv \ 757 piges ; sheep. Price $()oO. 

Woman f Her Diseases and Their Treatment. 

Fourth Edition. ^v<', CGG pages; sheep. Price $350. 

UrolQgical Dictionary. 

8 v-s 200 pages; sheep. Price $2.00. 



LLOYD, J. U. 

Professor nf C'leiuisiry an'l Pharm^ify in the Eclectic Medical Ti\stitnte. Cincinnati ; Vice 

l*resi(l«-iit or riitj vmerii-aii v'tielnit^al Society ; Associate Auth<tr of the Supple- 

lUv^'.il lu liio Aiiieric-iM 1) spe saio v; Author ol" Uiu I'harmacy and 

Ciiyniistryor th3 student's r,»cliet .Mcdicd Lexicon. 

The Chemistry of Medicines. 

A text and refen-uoe h >ok f . r the use o\ students physicans and pharmaci-ts : embod- 
ying the principle- otciieniicHl ph 1 tsophy. and ttuir application to those (thcmii'als that 
are use i in raeditiue fln<l in pharmacy, including all thjsc ihat are officinal in the Phat- 
macopcBia of ilie IJuited Stales. 

One volume, large 12mo. 451 pages. Cloth, $2 75 ; leather, $3 25. 
LOCKE, FKEDEBICE: J., M. D. 

Dean and Frcfess r of Materia Medica «rd Therapent!es in the Eclectic Medical Instllnte, 

Cincinnati, Otiio. 

IIAnVEY W. FELTIZK, M. D , Colla]>orator, 

Demonstr.itor of Anatomy and Quiz-master in Chemistry in same. 

SyHab'JS of Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 

]2mo, 450 pages; doth. Price $2.50. 

MfiRRELL, ALBEaT, M. D. 

Formerly Prfes-or of Chemistry and Pharmacy in American Medical College, Et. Louis. 

Digest of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 

8 vo, 512 pages; cloth. Pi ice $4.00. 

McMILLEIT, BISHOP, M. D. 

Of Columbus, Ohio. 

Mental and Reflex Diseases. 

12mo, about 300 pages ; cloth. Price $2.00 net. 
(fn preparation.) 

NIEDERKOBN, JOSEPH S., K. D. 

A Ready Guide to Specific Medication. 

1 6 :no, limp cloth, Price $1.00, 



ECLECTIC TEXT-BOOKS. 



ECLECTIC MEDICAL JOURNAL 

John K. Scudder, M. D. 

MANAGING EDITOR. 

48 to 64 pages Monthly. $2.00 per Annum in advance. 

FIFTY-FIFTH YEAR. 

The acknowledged organ of liberal medicine, and a strong 
advocate of the doctrines of Specific Medication. 

A Reafty U\k to tlie Stnfty of Specific ffleflication. 

BY JOSEPH S. NIEDERKORN, M. D. 

16mo, 11(3 pages; limp clotli. Price $1.00. 

NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 

We are glad to see so excellent a little work in this special line, The 
book does not treat specific diseases, but considers organs or functions, 
and considers the specific action of our remedies upon them. The book 
is a little gem, and is worth mr^ny times its cost in putting our knowl- 
edge of the action of remedies into a tangible and accessible form. We 
trust every reader of the Times will puuchase a copy of the book at once. 
■ — Chicago Medical Times. 



KING'S ECLECTIC OBSTETRICS, 

REVISED, REWRITTEN, AND ENLARGED, BY 

ROBERT C. WINTERMUTE, M. D. 

Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in Eclectic Medical Institute 

Ninth edition. 8vo, 757 pages ; sheep. Price $6 50. 

WHAT OTHERS SAY OF THE AVORK. 

For the past thirty-five years, King's Eclectic Obstetrics has been the 
standard text-book on obstetrics for practitioners and students of the 
Eclectic school of medicine. The fact that for the last fifteen years there 
has been no new edition of this work is sufficient to demonstrate the 
great need of this revision, which has been undertaken by Dr. Winter- 
mute. The additions and revisions which have had to be made in every 
chapter of the work have necessarily been great, and Dr. Wintermute is 
to l)e congratulated upon the thoroughness with which he has done the 
work. — Cincinnati Lancet- Clinic. 

It will be extremely gratifying to all students of Eclectic medicine to 
know that this most excellent work has been fully revised and brought 
up to date. The labors of Dr. Wintermute are apparent in the absolute 
modern therapeutics. But little improvement was possible on the 
obstetrical methods of Dr. King. When the book was written it was 
twenty years ahead of its time, or more. Those of us who have won 
laurels for ourselves by following its methods do not need the recom- 
mendation of others to convince us of its value. But therapeutics has 
advanced greatly in a few years, and in this particular the book needed 
the thorough revision Dr. Wintermute has given it. It is now the most 
advanced and practical work of its size published, and we bespeak for it 
an immense sale. — Chicago Medical Times. 

SENT, POST-PAID, ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, BY 

.TOHN.M ACTTr>r)l^R'fi RONS. OiNriNNATi. O. 



ECLECTIC TEXT-BOOKS. 



DYNAMICAL THERAPEUTICS. 

A WORK DEVOTED TO THE 

Theory and Practice of Specific Medication. 

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEWER REMEDIES ; 

With a Clinical Index, adapting it to the needs of the busy practitioiur, 

BY HERBERT T. WEBSTER, M. D. 

Professor of the Principles of Medicine and Pathology iu the California Medical 
College (Eclectic), San Francisco. 

8vo, 680 pages. Cloth, $5.00 ; shtep, 16.00. 



WHAT OTHERS SAY OF THE BOOK. 

In perusing this book, the reader is first impressed with its exhaustive 
thoroughness, and next with the author's scholarship and mode«ty. 
Prof. Webster has certainly been a tireless student and investigator, for 
every line of his work discovers the most profound knowledge of the 
topics treated, and these cover all the essentials of practical therapeutics. 
High as our opinion of Dr. Webster's ability has always been, his book 
gave us a mOst grateful surprise. There is nothing in Eclectic literature 
superior to it, and only a little Which can be said to be equal to it. It is 
restful, satisfying reading, because of its reliable solidity, and its inno- 
cence of egotism and ostentation. ^ * ^ A commendable 
feature is the insertion of papers on special subjects by our brightest 
men. Thus, he utilizes "Notes on Pharmacy," by that highest authority, 
Prof. J. U. Lloyd, and there are numerous other quotations from men 
who are bright lights in their specialties. Altogether, Prof. Webster has 
made an addition to the Eclectic book world which is of inestimable 
value, and which will place him in the van of the world's benefactors. — 
Eclectic Medical Gleaner. 

We are glad to bring this work to the notice of our readers. It is a 
new and very practical study of Specific Medication by one who handles 
remedies with skill, and has shown more than usual capacity to teach. 

The first study is the "Principles of Selection," and embraces 100 pages. 
It endeavors to show the reader that there are sound principles or rea- 
sons for the selection of remedies, and that when thus selected with 
care the specific effects may confidently be expected. The successful 
physician trains himself to correct observation. Ho sees the varying 
expressions of disease, recognizes their relation to the known action of 
remedies, and makes a rational adaptation of the one to the other. 

Part II. commences the study of remedies under the head of "Specific 
Therapeutics." The first consideration is the tissue remedies of Schuess- 
ler, from which the author seems to have obtained better results than 1 
have. As we "prove all things, and hold fast that which is good," the 
reader may wish to try the remedies, and here is a guide without buying 
Schuessler. 

The remedies are further taken up under the headings of Blood Mak- 
ers; Antiseptics; Antizymotics; Correctives; the Periosteum; the Ar- 
ticulations; the Nervous System; the Circulatory System; the Lym- 
phatic System ; the Ductless* Glands; the Digestive Organs ; the Respira- 
tory Organs; the Urinary Organs; the Se lual Organs; the Muscles ; the 
Skin ; the Eye ; the Ear. 

This classification may seem familiar to you, if you studied medicine 
in Cincinnati, or have been a reader of the Journal. But I assure you 
Dr.Webster has made an original study under these heads, and whilst 
he is willing to admit indebtedness to his old preceptors, he claims to be 
heard for his own work. I cordially recommend this book to my read- 
ers as one to be read and studied. — Eclectic Medical Journal. 



TEXT-BOOKS, 

Other than Eclectic, in use by the Students of the Several 
Eclectic CollegeSi 



Bell's Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, 
Brubaker's Physiology, - - - _ 
Cleveland's Lexicon, - - - - . 

Dunglison's Dictionary, _ - . . 

Gould's Dictionary, _ . _ . 

'' Indexed, 

Gray's Anatomy, Plain, _ _ - 

u " '' 

Colored Plates, 
Huxley's Physiology, _ _ . . 

Huxley & Martin's Biology, - - ^ - 

Kilgour's Indications, - - - 

Kirke's Physiology, . - _ - - 

Klein's Histology, _ _ - - 

Lloyd's Elixirs, - - - 

Nancrede's Anctomy — C. P., - - - 

Nettleship on the Eye, _ ., _ . 

Norton's Ophthalmic Therapeutics, 

Norton's Ophthalmic Diseases, 

Ranney's Nervous Diseases, 

Reese's Medical Jurisprudence, 

Rohe's Hygiene, - . _ _ - 

Roosa on Diseases of the Ear, 

Hyde's Diseases of the Skin, 

Sajous on the Nose and Throat, - . . 

Steele's Physics, - - - - 

Tenney's Natural History, 

Thomas' Dictionary, . . _ - 



Publishers' 
Binding. List Prices. 

- Cloth, $2.00 


u 


LOO 


u 


75 


Leather, 


1.00 


Sheep, 
- Cloth, 


8.00 
3.25 


Half Mor. 


4.25 


- Cloth, 


6.00 


Sheep, 


7.00 
8.00 


Cloth, 


1.75 


li 


2.50 


u 


1.00 


u 


4.00 


Sheep, 
- Cloth, 


^5.00 
1.75 


a 


1.25 


Oil Cloth, 


2.00 


Cloth, 


2.00 


u 


2.50 


a 


S.50 


u 


5.50 


u 


3.00 


u 


2.50 


u 


5.50 


u 


5.50 


a 


4.00 


u 


1.17 


it 


• 1.38 


u 


3.00 


Sheep, 


3.50 



Sent, post-paid, on receipt op price, by 
JOHN M. SCUDDER'S SONS, Cincinnati, 0. 



